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Human Physiology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Gap junctions allow communication between adjacent cells through what kind of proteins

A

connexins

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2
Q

Paracrines work on cells near the site of secretion while autocrines work on

A

the same cell that secreted it

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3
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

chemicals secreted by neurons

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4
Q

What are neurohormones?

A

chemicals released by neurons into blood

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5
Q

What is needed to induce a response in a cell with a neurocrine agent?

A

A receptor that is compatible with the neurocrine agent

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6
Q

Lipophilic signal molecules bind with their receptor in the ______ or on the ______ ______

A

Cytosol, nuclear membrane

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7
Q

What do lipophilic signal molecules typically induce?

A

Turning on genes or signaling cell division

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8
Q

Which binds quicker, a lipophilic or lipophobic signal molecule?

A

Lipophobic

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9
Q

What are the four categories of membrane receptors?

A

Channel, Receptor enzyme, G-Coupled, Integrin

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10
Q

Ligand binding to a channel receptor results in

A

opening or closing the gate

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11
Q

If a ligand binding alters intracellular enzyme, what was the possible receptor type

A

receptor-enzyme

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12
Q

G-protein coupled receptors may alter enzyme activity or open ion channels.

A

True

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13
Q

Which receptor is closely linked to the cytoskeleton?

A

Integrin receptor

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14
Q

Amplifier Enzymes are used to

A

speed up production of 2nd messenger proteins

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15
Q

What are two results of the production of 2nd messenger molecules?

A

Activation of protein kinases, Increase intracellular calcium

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16
Q

Signal amplification allows for

A

a small amount of signal to induce a large change

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17
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) turns into cyclic Adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) by which enzyme

A

Adenyl cyclase

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18
Q

The amplifier enzyme _______ _______ converts membrane phospholipids into diacylglycerol and IP3.

A

Phospholipase C

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19
Q

PKC is activated by _______, phosphorylating proteins. IP3 causes what?

A

Diacylglycerol, release of Calcium from smooth ER

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20
Q

Calmodulin is a

A

calcium binding protein that alters other protein activity

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21
Q

Is [Calcium] higher extracellularly or intracellularly?

A

Extracellularly

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22
Q

Arachidonic acid is a _____ _____ to lipid soluble paracrines.

A

Pre cursor molecule

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23
Q

A ligand or a _____ can activate a receptor, while an _____ blocks a receptor

A

Agonist, antagonist

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24
Q

What is Dual innervation?

A

Using different signals to send a parameter in opposite directions i.e. Heart rate

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25
Q

Norepinephrine increase heart rate, making it a _____ response, while _____ decreases heart rate, making it a _____ response

A

sympathetic, acetylcholine, parasympathetic

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26
Q

Afferent neurons are along _____ tracts and communicate a signal of a stimulus, but _____ neurons are along _____ tracts and go to the target cell.

A

Ascending, efferent, descending

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27
Q

The classic Simple neural reflex is the knee jerk reflex when the _____ _____ _____ is stressed and sends a signal to the spinal cord

A

Golgi tendon organ

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28
Q

An abnormal ______ receptor shortens the _____ of the receptor and results in Congenital Diabetes insipidus

A

Vasopressin, Half-life

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29
Q

Oligodendrocytes can be found in the _____ or _____

A

Spinal cord or brain

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29
Q

With respect to a endocrine reflex, a neural reflex is

A

faster and more direct

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30
Q

The cells that make myelin in the peripheral nervous system are

A

Schwann cells

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31
Q

What is the region where an axon begins?

A

The axon hillock

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32
Q

The presynaptic axon terminal synapses with the postsynaptic cell at the

A

Synaptic cleft

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33
Q

The neurotransmitter of motor neurons is

A

Acetylcholine

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34
Q

Small derivatives of amino acids

A

Neurotransmitter a

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35
Q

The vesicles containing neurotransmitters are moved by the _____ along _____.

A

Cytoskeleton, microtubules

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36
Q

Vesicles are _____ when intracellular calcium _____.

A

Exocytosed

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37
Q

The organelle responsible for the packaging of vesicles is

A

The Golgi apparatus

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38
Q

Name the four types of glial cells in the CNS

A

Ependymal cells, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes

39
Q

Which glial cell is responsible for the take of potassium water and neurotransmitters?

A

Astrocytes

40
Q

These glial cells create a barrier between compartments and are a source of neural stem cells

A

Ependymal cells

41
Q

The immune cells of the CNS are

A

Microglia

42
Q

____ on astrocytes encase capillaries in order to create a blood brain barrier

A

Podocytes

43
Q

If a graded potential is suprathreshold an _____ _____ is generated

A

Action potential

44
Q

What causes the graded potential in the cell body?

A

An influx of sodium

45
Q

What is rate coding?

A

The frequency of action potentials in a neuron.

46
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

-70 mV

47
Q

What inhibits the continuos rise of depolarization in an action potential?

A

Inactivation gates on sodium channels shut

48
Q

In order to restore the membrane potential, what gates are open after the initial depolarization?

A

Potassium channels

49
Q

What is the type of gated channel that controls the efflux of potassium

A

Voltage gated

50
Q

How many seconds is one action potential? How long is the absolute refractory period?

A

4 msec, 1.5 msec

51
Q

The absolute refractory period is the byproduct of the activation gates slowly resetting.

A

True

52
Q

Saltatory conduction occurs in _____ axons

A

Myelinated

53
Q

Where are ion channels located on a myelinated axon?

A

At the Nodes of Ranvier

54
Q

Hyperkalemia results in lower than normal stimulus to trigger an action potential.

A

True

55
Q

What occurs with a depolarization at an axon terminal?

A

Intracellular calcium increases and neurotransmitters are exocytosed

56
Q

What channel pumps back choline from extracellular fluid into the axon terminal?

A

Sodium-Choline symport

57
Q

What are the three possible outcomes for leftover neurotransmitter?

A

Return to axon, destroy by enzymes, diffuse out of cell

58
Q

The amount of neurotransmitter released is inversely proportional to the frequency of action potentials

A

False, directly proportional

59
Q

What channels enact a fast post synaptic response? And slow?

A

Ion channels, GPCR

60
Q

If three subthreshold signals sum to be suprathreshold at the trigger zone, the post synaptic potential is _____.

A

Excitatory

61
Q

Post synaptic inhibition occurs when an inhibitory neuron enacts a hyperpolarization on a neuron resulting in subthreshold signal at the trigger zone

A

True

62
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

The sum of two close grade potentials is suprathreshold.

63
Q

What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS that plays a large role in long-term potentiation?

A

Glutamate. It binds to both AMPA and NMDA receptors

64
Q

What are the three receptor types for ACh

A

Cholinergic, nicotinic, muscarinic

65
Q

What are the two adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha and beta

66
Q

The rostral side of the brain is near the forebrain or cerebellum?

A

Forebrain

67
Q

Which area of the cranium above the brain and below the skin absorbs cerebral spinal fluid?

A

Arachnoid membrane

68
Q

What are the three components of the meninges?

A

The pia mater, dura mater, and arachnoid membrane

69
Q

Which area in the brain makes the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Choroid plexus

70
Q

Astrocytes do what to brain capillaries to protect from harmful substances?

A

They secrete paracrines that promote tight junction formation.

71
Q

Which root carries information to the CNS?

A

Dorsal

72
Q

The ventral root carries what kind of information?

A

Efferent

73
Q

What is the counterpart to a ganglion in the CNS

A

Nucleus

74
Q

White matter in the brain carries information to and from the brain.

A

True, dorsal side and peripheral of cord has ascending tracts, ventral side has descending tracts

75
Q

The gray matter contains interneurons.

A

True

76
Q

In a spinal reflex, the spinal cord is the integration center

A

True

77
Q

The ____ ____ is on the rostral side of the cerebrum. It is opposite of the ____ ____ and above the ____ ____ and _____ ____.

A

Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe

78
Q

Going towards the brain, the transition from the spinal cord to the brain in order is…

A

Medulla oblongata, midbrain, pons

79
Q

What is the view of the brain if you looked at the profile of one hemisphere?

A

Mid sagittal view

80
Q

What are the four components of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal, and pituitary gland

81
Q

Where do the axons of the right and left hemisphere merge?

A

In the corpus callosum

82
Q

What are the three components of the limbic system

A

Cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala

83
Q

The occipital lobe is associated with ____ while the temporal lobe is associated with ____.

A

Vision, hearing

84
Q

Which waves are associated with alertness? Which waves are associated with sleep?

A

Alpha waves, delta waves

85
Q

Wernicke can’t write, Broca becomes mad

A

Method of remembering the effect of damage to certain language processing areas

86
Q

What separates a simple, complex, and special sense receptor?

A

Simple have free nerve endings
Complex have connective tissue capsules
Special sense have a synapse that requires a neurotransmitter

87
Q

Most sensory pathways go through the thalamus to cortical centers. What is one sense that does not?

A

Olfactory. It goes through olfactory bulb.

88
Q

Equilibrium pathways project to the

A

Cerebellum

89
Q

Lateral inhibition enables localized stimulus by

A

Inhibiting neurons in its vicinity presynaptically

90
Q

Which are slower to diminish in frequency of action potentials, tonic or phasic receptors?

A

Tonic

91
Q

Fine touch, proprioreception, vibration decusate in the medulla or the spinal cord?

A

Medulla

92
Q

Does decupation occur with the primary, secondary, or tertiary sensory receptor?

A

Secondary

93
Q

If he says corpuscle, high likelihood he is talking about a receptor in the skin.

A

Too much stuff to know dead gummit

94
Q

Normally, a C fiber is inhibited from sending a signal to the brain by way of an inhibitory interneuron. What occurs during an especially high pain stimulus and where would this then decusate?

A

The C fiber disinhibits the inhibitory neuron and decusates in the spinal cord on its way to the brain.

95
Q

All parasympathetic responses are mediated by ____ receptors. Sympathetic responses are mediated by ____ receptors.

A

Muscarinic, adrenergic

Human Physiology (4 decks)

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