test 4 units 13-16 Flashcards by Elaina Pontarelli

The early adulthood years ages are from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A) 20-30
B) 20-40
C) 25-40
D) 25-45

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age-related physical changes that have a biological basis and are universally shared and inevitable

Primary aging

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age-related changes that are due to social and environmental influences, poor health habits or disease

Secondary aging

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hearing- how does it change as you age

hearing

loss of ability to hear very high and very low tones, between 50-60

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smell-how does it change as you age

about 40- decline in ability to detect and discriminate among different smells

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taste-how does it change as you age

no age- no apparent loss in taste discrimination

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muscles-how does it change as you age

about 50 - loss of muscle tissue, particularly in “fast twitch” fibers used for bursts of strength or speed

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bones-how does it change as you age

mid 30 - loss of calcium in bones called osteoporosis; also wear and tear on bones is marked after or about age 60

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nervous system-how does it change as you age

probably gradual throughout adulthood - some loss of neurones in the brain; gradual reduction in density of dendrites; decline in total brain volume and weight

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immune system-how does it change as you age

adolescence - loss in size of thymus; reduction in number and maturity of T cells; may be stress-related

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reproductive system-how does it change as you age

mid 30s (women)
mid 40s (men)
increased reproductive risk and lowered fertility in women; gradual decline in viable sperm (about age 40) and decline in testosterone (from early adulthood)

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height-how does it change as you age

40ish - compression of disks in the spine, resulting loss of 2.5-5 cm by age 80

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weight-how does it change as you age

nonlinear - weight reaches a max. in middle adulthood then gradually declines into old age

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hair-how does it change as you age

about 50- thinner and grey

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IQ scores remain across middle childhood, adolescence and early adulthood.
A) quite low
B) quite high
C) quite stable
D) flexible

c) quite stable

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knowledge and judgement acquired through education and experience

crystallized intelligence

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the aspect of intelligence that reflects fundamental biological processes and does not depend on specific experiences

fluid intelligence

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Which of the following is an example of fluid intelligence test?
A) reaction time test
B) technical job skill
C) knowledge about your culture
D) the ability to read

a) reaction time test

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Research suggests that adults maintain _______________throughout early and middle adulthood, but that _______________declines fairly steadily over adulthood, beginning perhaps at age 35 or 40.

crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence

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Summarize the conclusions about intellectual maintenance or decline over adulthood.

It seems safe to conclude, tentatively, that intellectual abilities show essentially no decline in early adulthood except at the very top levels of intellectual demand. In middle adulthood, though, declines on fluid intelligence abilities - those tasks that are thought to represent the efficiency of basic physiological processes - becomes evident.

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For Erikson's, the central crisis of early childhood is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_?
A) industry VS inferiority 
B) identity VS role confusion
C) intimacy VS isolation
D) integrity VS despair

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According to Erikson’s theory, what must the young adult do during the Intimacy VS Isolation stage?

they must find a life partner, someone outside her own family with whom she can share her life, or face the prospect of being isolated

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The ability to fuse your identity with someone else's without fear that you are going to lose something yourself, is the definition of 
A) selflessness
B) intimacy
C) generativity
D) role confusion

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Erikson predicted that individuals who reach early adulthood without having established a _____________ would be incapable of _______________. That is, such young adults would be_____________________.

sense of identity would be incapable of intimacy…

predestined to social isolation

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``` All the roles an individual occupies, all his or her relationships , and the conflicts and balance that exist among them is called A) a life structure B) intimacy C) homogamy D) a kin-keeper ```

List the three phases of each life factor:

1) novice phase: 2) mid-era phase 3) culmination phase

culmination phase:

adults have succeeded in creating a life structure that allows them to manage the demands of the new developmental challenges with more confidence and less distress

mid-era phase

adults become more competent at meeting new challenges through reassessment and reorganization of the life structure they created during the novice phase.

novice phase:

adults enter a period in which new life structure is required. period of adjustment

In predicting the quality of relationships as well as who mates with whom, several psychological factors seem to be of importance. What are these factors?

academic: study skills friendship: skills needed to make and keep friends conduct: process of adopting to rules these are the 3 more important

List three components of Robert Sternberg`s theory of love:

intimacy Passion commitment

Define intimacy:

feelings that promote closeness and connectedness

Give an example of each of the following influences on marital success: Personality Characteristics

especially important a high degree of neuroticism in one or both partners usually leads to dissatisfaction and instability in the relationship

Give an example of each of the following influences on marital success: Attachment to family of origin

nearly two thirds of a sample of about-to-be-married young ppl showed the same attachment category when they described their love relationship as when they described their relationship with their parents

Give an example of each of the following influences on marital success: conflict Management

3 different types of stable or enduring marriages: 1. validating couples 2. volatile couples 3. avoidant couples

Give an example of each of the following influences on marital success: Emotional affection

characteristics of the emotional bond that holds a couple together. influence the unique pattern of interaction that develops in each intimate relationship

``` In early adult life, each of us creates a social network made up of: A) friends B) Family C) our life partner D) all of the above are correct ```

What generally happens to a young adult`s attachment to his/her parents when the young adult seeks to establish his or her own household? A) the attachment to parents ends B) the attachment to parents becomes central C) the attachment to parents continues, but is less central D) It depends on the sex of the young adult

We choose our friends as we choose our partners, from among those who are similar to us in ______________.

education, social class, interests, family background, family life cycle stage

True or False | Cross-sex friendships are more common than same-sex friendships in young adulthood

True

``` Young adults' friends are overwhelmingly drawn from: A) their families B) their co-workers C) those older than themselves D) their own age group ```

Which of the following statements about adult friendship appears to be true? A) Men are generally less satisfied with their friendships than women B) Men's friendships involve a lot more social support than women's friendships C) Women have fewer friends, but they are very close to them D) There tends to be no real significant differences in men's and women's friendship

Define kin-keeper and name who most often fills that role:

a family role usually occupied by a woman which includes responsibility for maintaining family and friendship relationships

``` Middle adulthood years are from the age ____ to __ A) 35-55 B) 40-55 C) 40-65 D) 50-65 ```

B or C (not in text)

*The stage of menopause during which estrogen and progesterone levels are erratic, menstrual cycle may be vary irregular, and women begin to experience symptom such as hot flashes

Peri-menopause phase

*The term used to describe the adult period during which reproductive capacity declines or is lost

Climacteric

*The stage of menopause during which estrogen levels fall somewhat, menstrual periods are less regular, and anovulatory cycles begin to occur

Pre-menopausal phase

*The cessation of monthly menstrual cycles on middle-aged women

Menopause

*The last stage of menopause; a woman has had no menstrual periods for a year or more

post-menopausal phase

Which of the following statements is true about the brain at mid-life A) There is no difference in the distribution of electrical activity in the brains of alcoholics and non-alcoholics B) cognitive tasks activate a larger area of brain tissue in middle-aged adults than they do in younger adults C) in middle age, more new synapses are formed than are lost D) Synaptic density continues to increase across adulthood

How is middle aged cohort "sandwiched'

they are sandwiched in between adolescent or young adult children and aging parents

Describe male climacteric, including the causal factors

Is extremely gradual, with a slow loss of reproductive capacity, although the rate of change varies from one man to another. -causal factor=slow drop in testosterone levels, beginning in early adulthood and continuing through old age.

List the hormones involved in menopause

Progesterone;Estrogen

Describe the results of research on the psychological and sexual activity effects of menopause and/or middle age

Depressive symptoms increase during menopause. | -Still sexually active, but declines in sexual activity.

Define osteoporosis

-loss of bone mass with age, resulting in more brittle and porous bone.

Define presbyopia

normal loss of visual acuity with aging, especially the ability to focus the eyes on near objects.

Define presbycusis

normal loss of hearing with aging, especially of high-frequency tones.

Explain Nancy Denney's model of physical and cognitive changes in adulthood

Suggests both a basic decay curve and a fairly large gap between actual level of performance on exercised and unexercised abilities.

``` According to Denney, exercise means: A) physical exercise B) mental exercise C) to practice] D) both physical & mental exercise ```

Which of the following statements describes Nancy Denney's model of physical and cognitive aging A) Denney uses the word exercise to refer to physical exercise B) Unexercised abilities generally have a lower peak of performance; exercised abilities generally have a higher peak C) Only crystallized intelligence, not fluid intelligence, is affected by exercise D) Skills that are not exercised by age 30 can never be improved

any situations in which two or more roles are at least partially incompatible, either because they call for different behaviours or because their separate demands add up to more hours than there are in a day.

role conflict

the strain experienced by an individual whose own qualities or skills do not measure up to the demands of some roles

ROLE STRAIN

The timing of the _________ ______ stage in the family life cycle obviously depends on the person's (or couples) age when the last child is born.

Empty Nest

lack of energy, exhaustion, & pessimism that results from chronic stress

Burnout

Erikson's early adulthood stage, in which an individual must find a life partner or supportive friends to avoid social isolation.

Intimacy versus Isolation

We choose our friends as we choose our partners, from among those who are similar to us in education, social class, interests, family background, or family life-cycle stage.

Adult friendships

The occurrence of major events along the timeline of life was relatively lockstep and predictable, especially for men. Includes terms such as inner turmoil, marital or job dissatisfaction, and a sense of declining power.

mid-life crisis

How do we manage conflict in our relationships? | 3 types of conflict management:

Validating couples- express mutual respect, even when disagree listen well Volatile Couples- squabble a lot, disagree, and don't listen to each other well, still have more positive than negative encounters Hostile/detached couples- partners who fight regularly, rarely look at each other, and lack affection and support

A model that can account for older adults coping with difficult situations or obstacles in a way that maintains their well-being and prevents depression

flexible and tenacious goal pursuit

True or False | Most people in their middle years find themselves in the most powerful positions of their lives.

True

Which of the following individuals is exhibiting generativity? The person who_____. A) believes that having children is important for ones identity B) is doing volunteer work training youth C) has come to terms with what he/she has done with his/her life D) feels that his/her life has had little meaning

B) is doing volunteer work training youth

Middle aged adults are sometimes referred to as the sandwich generation because: A) financial burdens of retirement begin to push in on these persons. B) these individuals are squeezed for help from both children and their own parents C) time begins to seem as if it were passing faster than ever before D) the changes in role status cause these individuals to feel less needed

True or False On average, it is clear that middle adulthood is likely to be a time when more help is given to children and parents than is received.

True

Which of the following statements is true about the continuity and change of personality? A) Masculinity and femininity are correlated with self-esteem in adults of all ages B) The Big Five Personality traits are relatively stable across adolescence and adulthood C) Personality consistently changes with age D) Traits are gained across adulthood, but traits are not lost