test 3 units 9-12 Flashcards
**School aged children will show the most dramatic increase in? A) jumping ability B) intelligence C) running speed D fine motor coordination
D
**A set of mental schemes, including reversibility, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and serial ordering, that enable children to understand relations among objects
concrete operation
**The understanding that both physical actions and mental operations can go not only forward, but also in the other direction
Reversibility
**A type of reasoning based on hypothetical premises that requires predicting a specific outcome from a general principle
Deductive logic
**The understanding that matter can change in appearance without changing in quantity
conservation
**Which of the following assumption based on these specific facts:
A) Sally makes the following assumption based on these specific facts: her friend’s parents live in a mansion and have servants working for them; therefore, her friends parents are wealthy
B) understanding that a rose is a flower and that flowers are plants
C) Thinking up examples that illustrate the concept of equality
D) Knowing how to take a general principle and predict a specific outcome
A
**In general, Robert Sternberg says IQ tests measure how
familiar a child is with “school” culture
Describe the sex difference in terms of overall rate of coordination and strength
girls have better coordination but are slower and weaker
Across middle childhood years, children learn how to:
maintain conversation, create sentences, & speak politely
**True or False
Personality assessment in middle childhood may be a useful way to identify factors that are associated with criminal behaviour on children
true
**affectionate, forgiving, generous, kind, sympathetic, trusting
aggreeableness
**efficient, organized, prudent, reliable, responsible
conscientiousness
**anxious, self-pitying, tense, unstable, touchy, worrying
emotional instability
or neuroticism
**artistic, curious, imaginative, insightful, original
openness / intellect
**Define the term psychological self
understanding of his/her enduring psychological characteristics
**Childrens "Who am I" responses become more\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ across middle childhood A) positive B) rigid C) focused on physical characteristics D) complex and comparative
D
**A global evaluation of ones worth is called A) self-perception B) self-esteem C) self-Concept D) self-evaluation maintenance
B
**Susan Harter suggests that self-esteem is influenced by the
A) discrepancy between who a child feels he ought to be and who he thinks he is
B) sum total of the assessments the child makes about his skills
C) addition of all the positive assessments minus the negative ones
D) relationships between physical abilities and cultural expectations
A
**Which of the following statements describing others is an example of behavioural comparison? A) she draws the best in our whole class B) He's a real stubborn boy C) She is mean D) He is so kind
A
**Which of the following statements describing others is an example of psychological construct?
A) Billy runs a lot faster than Jason
B) sarah is so kind
C) Judy draws the best in our whole class
D) Johnny cannot read as well as I can
B
**Connection between moral emotions (like guilt, shame and pride) and moral behaviour may depend on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ development A) spiritual B) cognitive C) physical D) Social
B
From Freud’s perspective, what is the important thing from school aged children’s social behaviour?
middle childhood years challenge was to form emotional bonds with peers
Industry vs inferiority stage
4th of ericksons psychological stages, children develop a sense of their own competence through defined learning tasks
**Which of the following is NOT one of the suggestion for encouraging moral reasoning?
A) encourage children to base obedience on fear
B) Teach children about reciprocity
C) require children to give reason for what they want
D) Challenge children’s egocentrism
A
What is the key to self esteem?
The amount of discrepancy between what child desires & what child thinks he has achieved
**Physical aggression _______ across middle childhood in Canadian children
A) becomes even more common for girls
B) goes up dramatically for boys but down for girls
C) is directed more towards inanimate objects
D) becomes even less common
D
**The beginning of menstrual cycles
Menarche
**changes that include growth of the testes and penis in the male and of the ovaries, uterus and vagina in the female
primary SEX CHARACTERISTICS
**crucial in the formation of male genitals prenatally; also triggers characteristics at puberty in the male
testosterone
**releases the hormone thyroxine and contributes to normal brain development and overall growth rate
Thyroid gland
**A form of estrogen; involved in the development in the menstrual cycle and breasts in girls
Estradiol
**The gland that triggers other glands to release hormones; it is sometimes called the master gland
Pituitary gland
**releases the hormone adrenal androgen; involved in the development of secondary sex characteristics in girls
Adrenal gland
**this gland found only in boys secretes testosterone
testes
**the gland found only in girls secretes a form of estrogen call estradiol
ovaries
**According to Piaget, the adolescent is in the formal operational cognitive stage and
A) engages in more sophisticated concrete logic than ever before
B) is able to consider possible occurrences more than before
C) still cannot demonstrate adult like logic
D) still shows irregularities in approach to problem-solving
B
**Which of the following statement about formal operational reasoning is true?
A) Piaget was overly pessimistic about adolescents thinking abilities
B) People develop formal operational thinking even if their life situations or cultures do not require it
C) In adulthood, rates of formal operational thinking decrease with education
D) Piaget as overly optimistic about adolescents’ thinking abilities
D
What happens when a child reaches elementary school in regards to disciplinary interactions with parents?
decline- key issues now include childrens household responsibilities, allowance, and school standards
**attributes the causes of experiences, such as school failure, to factors outside himself.
external locus of control
**view personal variables, such as ability and effort, as responsible for outcomes.
internal locus of control
**Level 1 of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
- the child or teenager decides what is wrong on the basis of what is punishment. Obedience is valued for its own sake, but the child obeys because the adults have superior power.
- Children and teens follow rules when it is in their immediate interest. What is good is what brings pleasant results
**Level 2 of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
- Moral actions are those that live up to the expectations of the family or other significant group. “being good” becomes important for its own sake.
- Moral actions are those so defined by larger social groups or the society as a whole. One should fulfill duties one has agreed to and uphold laws, except in extreme cases.
**Level 3 of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
This stage involves acting so as to achieve the “greatest good for the greater number”. Teenager or adult is aware that most values are relative and laws are changeable although rules should be upheld to preserve the social order. Importance of each person’s life and liberty.
-The small number of adults who reason at stage 6 develop and follow self-chosen ethical principles in determining what is right. These ethical principles are part of an articulated, integrated carefully thought out and consistently followed system of values and principles.
**In this level of mortality, the child's judgements are based on sources of authority who are close by and physically superior- usually the parents A) preconventional mortality B) conventional mortality C) post-conventional mortality D) Ultra-post- conventional mortality
A
**At the level of\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, judgements are based on an integration of individual rights and the needs of society A) preconventional mortality B) conventional mortality C) post-conventional mortality D) Superior-post- conventional mortality
C
**At the level of____________, rules or norms of a group to which the individual belongs becomes the basis of moral judgements, whether that group is the family, the peer group, a church, or the nation.
A) preconventional mortality
B) conventional mortality
C) post-conventional mortality
D) Ultimate-post- conventional mortality
B
**Teenagers’ underlying emotional attachment to their parents remain ___________ on average.
A) weak
B) strong
C) non- existant
D) flawed
B
**Which of the following is an appropriate summary of what adolescents need from their parents?
A) To be left alone to figure out who they are
B) Money, money and more money
C) A psychological safe base
D) A firm, consistent set of rules and diciplines
C
**What appears to be the primary function of peer groups in adolescence?
A) Mutual play and learning about the world
B) A comparison group for judging one’s uniqueness
C) a vehicle for making the transition into adulthood
D) a buffer against the negativity felt toward parents
A
the fourth of Piaget’s stages, during which adolescents learn to reason logically about abstract concepts
formal operational stage
the stage during which adolescents attain a sense of who they are
Identity vs role confusion
psychological state of emotional turmoil that arises when an adolescent’s sense of self becomes “unglued” so that a new, more mature sense of self can be achieved. Also can be defined as “troubled by his lack of an identify”.
Identity crisis
By late adolescence, how do most teenagers think of themselves or describe themselves
- In terms of enduring traits, beliefs, personal philosophy, and moral standards
- come to see themselves as students, with friends, with parents, and in romantic relationships
Why does the combination of low self esteem; introversion; & neuroticism cause difficulty for teens who possess these characteristics?
They have a very negative outlook on life, resist efforts by parents and friends to help them, and are at greater risk for all kinds of adjustment problems than their peers.
What are the outcomes for teens using an avoidant coping strategy?
Because he tends to blame others for his problems, he is unlikely to be able to learn from the experience.
**A global evaluation of ones worth
Self-esteem
**The ability to search methodically for the answer to a problem
systematic problem-solving
**Aggression to get back at someone who has hurt you
Retaliatory Aggression
Short answer!!!
**Describe four types of intelligence (Gardner):
Linguistic- ability to use language
Logical- problem solving
Musical- the ability to appreciate and produce music
Intrapersonal- the ability to understand onesef
**Aggression aimed at damaging another person’s self-esteem or peer relationship’s, such as by ostracism, cruel gossiping, or facial expressions of disdain
Relational aggression
**Individuals see themselves as having both masculine & feminine traits
Androgynous sex-role orientation
What are the three types of intelligence purposed by Robert Sternberg?
Contextual Intelligence- knowing the right behaviour for a specific reason
Experimental Intelligence- learning to give specific responses without thinking about them
Componential Intelligence- ability to come up with effective strategies
What are Piaget’s stages of Cognitive Development?
- sensorimotor
- preoperational
- concrete operational; 3rd stage-can logically think about objects
- formal operational
What are some conflicts between parents and adolescents?
Teens disagree with their parents mostly over chores, school, and their parents reaction to how they talk to them, and their safety
Describe the development of the self-concept in adolescence:
Teens self-concepts are hierarchical in nature: perceived competencies in various domains serve as building blocks for creating global academic self-concept
In Erikson’s theory, the stage during which adolescents attain a sense of who they are
Identity versus role confusion
The fourth stage of Erikson’s psychosocial stages, during which children develop a sense of their own competence through mastery of culturally defined learning tasks
industry vs inferiority
Which type of children are most strongly characterized by high levels of aggression or bullying and low levels of agreeableness and helpfulness.
Rejected children
Which type of children and most likely to suffer depression?
Neglected children
Aggressive children can be very…
Popular
Describe the physiological events of puberty in girls
Occurs around 9-12 for girls- early changes in breast and pubic hair, menarche
Describe the physiological events of puberty in boys
genital & pubic hair development happen first, first ejaculation occurs around 13-14, production of viable sperm does not happen until mths later, development of beard and lowering of voice happens at the end
What can a parent do to help children achieve mature levels of moral reasoning?
HAVE EXAMPLES- I DIDN’T HAVE IT FOR THE TEST BUT IT’S ON IT TEST!!! :)
SHORT ANSWER
- Play developmentally appropriate games
- Praise them for saying please and thank you
- provide explanations when punishment is necessary
- Help encourage them to base obedience on love and respect rather than fear
There is a short answer on this theory so understand it!!!! I didn’t know it for my test!
The Big Five Personality
