Test 4 (unit 3) - matter and energy

Question 1

What are The four biomolecules, elements that make them up, functions, and monomers

Answer 1

• Carbohydrates (-ose)
  
  • elements made of CHO 1:2:1
  • function - short term energy
  • monomer - glucose and monosacarides
• Lipids
  
  • elements made of CHo 1:2
  • function - store energy and help with structure and function of cell membrane
  • monomer - glycerol and fatty acids
• Proteins
  
  • elements made of CHON
  • function - provides structural support, catalysts, cellular transport
  • monomer - amino acids
• Nucleic Acids
  
  • elements made of CHONP
  • function - stores genetic info (ATP is the storehouse of chemical energy)
  • monomer - neoclotides

Question 2

What does poly mean

Answer 2

many

Question 3

What does mono mean

Answer 3

oned

Question 4

What builds polymers

Answer 4

monomers combine to form larger molecules, called polymers

Question 5

ADP vs ATP

Answer 5

ATP has three phosphates. the three phosphates make it an unstable molecule that stores energy in the bond and releases that enery when it turns into ADP.

ATP is an energy carrying molecule

ADP is what is resulted after ATP has released energy and can be re-phosphorilated

Question 6

Where is energy stored in the ATP

Answer 6

the pyrophosphate bond

Question 7

How is energy released in ATP

Answer 7

By breaking the bond between the second and third phosphate molecule

Question 8

Full name of ATP

Answer 8

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 9

ADP / ATP Cycle

Answer 9

phosphate released creating ADP and energy

energy absorbed from food and received new phosphate creating new ATP molecule

Question 10

Draw light dependent cellular respiration reaction

Question 11

Importance of the electron transport chain in photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Answer 11

The electron transport chain in photosynthesis generates ATP and NADPH by transferring energized electrons, driving the light-dependent reactions essential for energy production and oxygen release.

Question 12

What is photolysis?

Answer 12

Photolysis is a type of chemical reaction in which molecules are split into smaller by absorbing light.

Question 13

Chemical Equation of Photosynthesis (balanced and label the reactants and products, what kind of organism dose it)

Answer 13

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Reactants:
Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
Water (H₂O)
Light energy

Products:
Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)
Oxygen (O₂)

plants

Question 14

Chemical Equation of Cellular Respiration (balanced and label the reactants and products, what kind of organism dose it)

Answer 14

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy (ATP)

Reactants:
Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)
Oxygen (O₂)

Products:
Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
Water (H₂O)
Energy (ATP)

all organisms

Question 15

What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Answer 15

Photosynthesis makes glucose and oxygen, which are used by cellular respiration to produce energy. Cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide and water, which are the reactants used by photosynthesis, creating a cycle. photo makes glucose which celular uses to make atp

Question 16

Why do we breathe?

Answer 16

We breathe to supply oxygen to our cells for cellular respiration, a process that generates ATP, the energy needed for cellular activities. Breathing also removes carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration, to maintain a healthy balance in the body.

Question 17

Alcoholic Fermentation. Types of cells. Equation (reactants and products). How many ATP molecules produced?

Answer 17

Alcoholic Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration that occurs in some cells, such as yeast cells and some bacteria, when oxygen is not available.

Types of Cells: Yeast cells and some types of bacteria perform alcoholic fermentation.

Equation:
C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2 C₂H₅OH + 2 CO₂ + 2 ATP

Reactants: Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)
Products: Ethanol (C₂H₅OH), Carbon dioxide (CO₂), ATP
ATP Produced: 2 ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule during alcoholic fermentation.

Question 18

Lactic Acid Fermentation. Types of cells. Equation (reactants and products). How many ATP molecules produced?

Answer 18

Lactic Acid Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration that occurs in muscle cells and certain bacteria when oxygen is scarce.

Types of Cells: Muscle cells (during intense exercise) and some bacteria (like those used in yogurt production) perform lactic acid fermentation.

Equation:
C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2 C₃H₆O₃ + 2 ATP

Reactants: Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)
Products: Lactic acid (C₃H₆O₃), ATP
ATP Produced: 2 ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule during lactic acid fermentation.

Question 19

Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of _______, while anaerobic occurs in the absence of _________.

Answer 19

Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen, while anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen.

Question 20

The byproduct of lactic acid fermentation that makes our muscles burn is ______________________.

Answer 20

The byproduct of lactic acid fermentation that makes our muscles burn is lactic acid.

Question 21

What do chloroplasts do in photosynthesis?

Answer 21

Chloroplasts are parts of plant cells where photosynthesis happens. They turn sunlight into energy for the plant.

Question 22

How do plants use light in photosynthesis?

Answer 22

to change water and carbon dioxide into a sugar called glucose

Question 23

What is the Calvin cycle, and why is it important for photosynthesis?

Answer 23

the Calvin cycle is the light-independent reaction in photosynthesis, where energy from ATP and NADPH is used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

Question 24

How is light energy transformed into chemical energy in photosynthesis?

Answer 24

Light energy is captured by chlorophyll in the thylakoid membranes, which is then used to generate ATP and NADPH. These energy molecules are used in the Calvin cycle to form glucose.

Question 25

How are chemosynthetic producers different from photosynthetic producers?

Answer 25

Chemosynthetic producers use chemicals, like hydrogen sulfide, for energy, while photosynthetic producers use sunlight to make food.

Question 26

Ethanol vs. Glucose:

Answer 26

Ethanol is a linear molecule, while glucose is circular.
Both are energy sources, but glucose is used by living organisms, and ethanol is a renewable fuel.

Question 27

Energy Origin

Answer 27

Nearly all energy comes from the sun. Plants convert sunlight into glucose through photosynthesis, which consumers use for energy through cellular respiration.

Question 28

What is an exothermic reaction?

Answer 28

Cellular respiration is an exothermic reaction, releasing more energy than it absorbs, helping to form ATP.

Question 29

What are mitochondria?

Answer 29

Mitochondria are the “powerhouses” of the cell where ATP is produced during cellular respiration

Question 30

What happens during glycolysis?

Answer 30

The first step of cellular respiration, glycolysis, breaks down glucose into pyruvate and generates ATP. It occurs in the cytoplasm without oxygen.

Question 31

What happens during the Krebs cycle?

Answer 31

The Krebs cycle further breaks down glucose by releasing carbon dioxide and transferring high-energy electrons to carriers like NADH and FADH2.2 atp released

Question 32

What happens in the electron transport chain?

Answer 32

This process generates ATP by transferring electrons and pumping hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial membrane, which powers ATP production.

Question 33

How does anaerobic respiration work in bacteria?

Answer 33

Anaerobic respiration enables bacteria like bifidobacteria to survive in oxygen-free environments, like the digestive tract, by producing ATP without oxygen.