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Microbiology > Test 4 Study Guide > Flashcards

Test 4 Study Guide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

sterilization

A

The complete removal or destruction of all viable microorganisms. Used on inanimate objects.

Ex. Autoclaving, ionizing radiation

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2
Q

disinfection

A

The destruction or removal of vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores. Usually used only on inanimate objects.

Ex. 5% bleach, boiling water

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3
Q

antisepsis

A

Chemicals applied to body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens.

Ex. lodophors, antibacterial soap, chlorhexidine

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4
Q

sanitization

A

any cleansing technique that removes microorganisms from inanimate surfaces to reduce the potential for infection and spoilage

Ex. Dishwashing, laundering clothes

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5
Q

degermation

A

reduction of microbial load from living tissue by mechanical means

Ex. Surgical handscrub, alcohol wipes

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6
Q

pasteurization

A

kills non-spore-forming pathogens and lowers overall microbe count; does not kill endospores or many nonpathogenic microbes

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7
Q

sterilizing conditions

A

Sterilization with Steam Under Pressure

Nonpressurized Steam

Boiling Water: Disinfection

Hot Air and Incineration

Ionizing radiation

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8
Q

thermal death time

A

shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified temperature

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9
Q

thermal death point

A

lowest temperature required to kill all microbes in a sample in 10 minutes

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10
Q

infection

A

a condition in which pathogenic microbe penetrate host defenses, enter tissues, and multiply

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11
Q

disease

A

an infection that causes damage or disruption to tissues and organs

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12
Q

resident microbiota

A

microbes that become established in the body

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13
Q

transient microbiota

A

microbes that occupy the body for only short periods

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14
Q

endogenous agents

A

already exist on or in the body (normal flora)

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15
Q

exogenous agents

A

originate from source outside the body

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16
Q

Conditions for killing different microbes

A

physical
chemical
mechanical

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17
Q

Mode of operation of aldehydes

A

Kill by alkylating protein and DNA

Glutaraldehyde
• In 2% solution (Cidex)
• High level
• Used as sterilant for heat sensitive instruments

Formaldehyde
• Formalin – 37% aqueous solution
• Intermediate to high level
• Disinfectant, preservative, toxicity limits use

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18
Q

Mode of operation of detergents

A

Detergents: Polar molecules, surfactant
• Quaternary ammonia compounds (quats) act as surfactants that alter membrane permeability of some bacteria and fungi
• Very low level

Soaps: alkaline compounds
• Mechanically remove soil and grease containing microbes
• Weak microbicides, destroy only highly sensitive forms (gonorrhea, meningitis, and syphilis)

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19
Q

Mode of operation of alcohols

A

Alcohols exhibit rapid broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against vegetative bacteria (including mycobacteria), viruses, and fungi but are not sporicidal. They are, however, known to inhibit sporulation and spore germination, but this effect is reversible.

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20
Q

Mode of operation of other chemicals

A

s

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21
Q

ionizing radiation

A

deep penetrating power sufficient energy to cause electrons to leave their orbit

Gamma rays
X rays
Cathode rays

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22
Q

non-ionizing radiation

A

little penetrating power

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation

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23
Q

Benefits of filtration as a methods of control

A

Physical removal of microbes by passing a gas or liquid through filter.

Used to sterilize heat sensitive liquids and air in hospital isolation units and industrial clean rooms.

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24
Q

Benefits of heat as a method of control

A

Heat can kill microbes by altering their membranes and denaturing proteins.

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25
Q

Benefits of radiation as a method of control

A

Cold sterilization of packaged products such as medical supplies and instruments that cannot be heat sterilized.

Sterilization of foods, including fruits, lettuce and spinach, grains, spices, meats, and packaged meals.

Sterilization of drugs and vaccines.

Rapid and penetrating, prevents infection and spoilage.

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26
Q

Examples of physical methods of control

A 
Incineration
Dry oven
Steam under pressure
Boiling water, pasteurization
Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation
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27
Q

Examples of chemical methods of control

A

Gases

Liquids

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28
Q

Examples of mechanical methods of control

A

Filtration: air (disinfection) or liquid (sterilization)

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29
Q

Examples of microbial portals of entry and exit

A

Infectious agents enter the body through various portals, including the mucous membranes, the skin, the respiratory and the gastrointestinal tracts.

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30
Q

Difference between virulence factors and infectious doses and their examples

A

Infectivity is the ability of the infectious agent to pass from a sick to a susceptible healthy individual and cause disease.

Virulence determines how severe will be the disease in the infected individual.

Ex. toxins, surface coats that inhibit phagocytosis, and surface receptors that bind to host cells, capsules, exoenzymes, endo and exotoxins.

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31
Q

prodromal stage

A

vague feelings of discomfort; nonspecific complaints

32
Q

convalescent stage

A

as person begins to respond to the infection, symptoms decline

33
Q

incubation period

A

time from initial contact with the infectious agent to the appearance of first symptoms; agent is multiplying but damage is insufficient to cause symptoms; several hours to several years

34
Q

period of invasion

A

multiplies at high levels, becomes well-established; more specific signs and symptoms

35
Q

Difference between symptom and signs of disease and their examples

A

Sign –objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer

Symptom – subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient

36
Q

Definition and examples of inflammatory reactions

A

The inflammatory response (inflammation) occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, or any other cause. The damaged cells release chemicals. These chemicals cause blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, causing swelling.

37
Q

morbidity

A

number of people afflicted with a certain disease

38
Q

mortality

A

the total number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease

39
Q

incidence

A

measures the number of new cases over a certain time period, as compared with the general healthy population

40
Q

prevalence

A

total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population usually represented by a percentage of the population

41
Q

endemic

A

disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time in a particular geographic locale

42
Q

sporadic

A

when occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals

43
Q

microbistatic agents

A

slows the growth of microbes

44
Q

microbicidal agents

A

kills microbes

45
Q

Difference between antibiotics and other antimicrobial compounds

A

Antibiotics specifically target bacteria and are used to treat bacterial infections.

Antimicrobials encompass a broader range of products that act on microbes in general.

46
Q

antibiotics

A

Substances produced by the natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms

47
Q

narrow-spectrum drugs

A

effective on a small range of microbes

48
Q

semisynthetic drugs

A

Drugs that are chemically modified in the laboratory after being isolated from natural sources

Ex. antibiotic, penicillin, and the chemotherapy.

49
Q

synthetic drugs

A

Antimicrobial compounds synthesized entirely in the laboratory through chemical reactions

50
Q

broad-spectrum drug

A

greatest range of activity

51
Q

Know the sources of antibiotic compounds

A

Known sources of natural compounds with valuable antimicrobial activity include medicinal plants, and marine and terrestrial organisms such as fungi and bacteria.

52
Q

acute infection

A

comes on rapidly, severe but short-lived effects

53
Q

chronic infection

A

progress and persist over long period of time

54
Q

local infection

A

microbes enter the body and remains confined to a specific tissue

55
Q

focal infection

A

when infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues

56
Q

mixed infection

A

several microbes grow simultaneously at the infection site - polymicrobial

57
Q

primary infection

A

initial infection

58
Q

secondary infection

A

subsequent infection by a different microbe

59
Q

fomite and examples

A

involves a secondary route of exposure such as oral or direct contact for the pathogen to enter the host.

Ex. contaminated vehicles, shovels, clothing, bowls/buckets, brushes, tack, and clippers.

60
Q

carrier vector

A

individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others

61
Q

reservoir

A

primary habitat of pathogen in the natural world

62
Q

source

A

individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired

63
Q

vertical transmission

A

Vertical transmission refers to generational transmission of viruses from parents to their offspring.

64
Q

direct transmission

A

physical contact or fine aerosol droplets

65
Q

indirect transmission

A

passes from infected host to intermediate conveyor and then to another host

66
Q

vector transmission

A

utilizes insects to transport the pathogen. Insects such as fleas, ticks, and mosquitos are unharmed by the pathogens they potentially carry but can transmit the bacteria or virus when they bite a host.

67
Q

oral-fecal transmission

A

occurs when bacteria or viruses found in the stool of one child (or animal) are swallowed by another child.

68
Q

mechanical vectors and their examples

A

not necessary to the life cycle of an infectious agent and merely transports it without being infected.

Ex. House fly

69
Q

biological vectors

A

actively participate in a pathogen’s life cycle

70
Q

infectious disease

A

Infectious diseases are transmitted from person-to-person through the transfer of a pathogen such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites.

71
Q

non-infectious disease

A

A non-infectious disease cannot be transmitted through a pathogen and is caused by a variety of other circumstantial factors.

72
Q

Important characteristics of antimicrobic drugs

A

An ideal antimicrobic:

  • soluble in body fluids
  • selectively toxic
  • nonallergenic
  • reasonable half life (maintained at a constant therapeutic concentration)
  • unlikely to elicit resistance
  • has a long shelf life
  • reasonably priced
73
Q

Know the five major areas on microbes that drugs target and examples

A

Cell wall: penicillin, cephalosporin, bacitracin, vancomycin

Cell membrane: polymyxins, amphotericin B and nystatin

Protein synthesis: aminoglycosides (streptomycin and gentamycin), tetracyclines, erythromycin, chlorampenicol

Metabolic pathways: sulfonamides, trimethoprim, retrovir.

Nucleic acids: chloroquine, quinolones

74
Q

Mode of action of antiviral drugs and their examples

A

they can increase the cell’s resistance to a virus (interferons), suppress the virus adsorption in the cell or its diffusion into the cell and its deproteinization process in the cell (amantadine) along with antimetabolites that causes the inhibition of nucleic acids synthesis.

75
Q

Know the cellular basis for bacterial resistance to antimicrobic compounds

A
  • synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure
  • bacterial chromosomal mutations
  • alteration of drug receptors on cell targets
  • prevention of drug entry into the cell
76
Q

Asepsis

A

Techniques that prevent the entry of microorganisms into sterile tissues

Ex. Cleansing the skin with iodine prior to surgery, using sterile needles

Microbiology (7 decks)

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