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Microbiology > Final Exam Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

innate immune response

A

present at birth, provide nonspecific resistance to infection

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2
Q

adaptive immune response

A

specific, must be acquired

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3
Q

first line of defense

A

Nonspecific

Physical barriers: skin, tears, coughing, sneezing

Chemical barriers: low pH, lysozyme, digestive enzymes

Genetic barriers: resistance inherent in genetic makeup of host (pathogen cannot
invade)

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4
Q

second line of defense

A

Mostly nonspecific

Phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, interferon, complement

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5
Q

third line of defense

A

Specific

T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, antibodies

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6
Q

components of a healthy immune system

A
  1. Reticuloendothelial system (RES)
  2. Extracellular fluid (ECF)
  3. Bloodstream
  4. Lymphatic system
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7
Q

functions of a healthy immune system

A

Surveillance

Recognition and differentiation of normal versus foreign material

Attack against and destruction of entities deemed to be foreign

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8
Q

plasma vs. serum

A

Serum: liquid portion of blood after a clot has formed (minus clotting factors)

Plasma: 92% water, metabolic proteins, globulins, clotting factors, hormones, and other chemicals and gases to support normal physiological functions

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9
Q

hematopoiesis

A

production of blood cells

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10
Q

different types of blood cells and origins

A

Platelets (thrombocytes): formed elements in circulating blood that are not whole cells

Red blood cells (RBCs): develop from bone marrow stem cells, lose nucleus, simple biconcave sacs of hemoglobin

Leukocytes or white blood cells (WBCs): responsible for immune function

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11
Q

myeloid stem cells

A

derived from hematopoietic stem cells. They undergo differentiation to produce precursors of erythrocytes, platelets, dendritic cells, mast cells, monocytes, and granulocytes

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12
Q

lymphoid stem cells

A

Lymphocytes – 20-35%, specific immune response

B-cell and T-cell

Lymphocytes are mature, infection-fighting cells that develop from lymphoblasts, a type of blood stem cell in the bone marrow. Lymphocytes are the main cells that make up lymphoid tissue, a major part of the immune system. Lymphoid tissue is found in lymph nodes, the thymus gland, the spleen, the tonsils, and adenoids.

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13
Q

granular vs. agranular leukocytes

A

Granulocytes: lobed nucleus (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

Agranulocytes: unlobed, rounded nucleus (lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages)

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14
Q

inflammation

A

Reaction to any traumatic event in the tissues that attempts to restore homeostasis.

Helps to clear away invading microbes and cellular debris left by immune reactions.

Redness – increased circulation and vasodilation in response to chemical mediators

Warmth – heat given off by the increased blood flow

Swelling – increased fluid in the tissue as blood vessels
dilate – edema; WBC’s, microbes, debris, and fluid collect to form pus; prevents spread of infection

Pain – stimulation of nerve endings

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15
Q

interferon

A

Small protein produced by certain WBCs and tissue cells
Three major types of IFNs:
• Interferon alpha – product of lymphocytes and macrophages
• Interferon beta – product of fibroblasts and epithelial cells
• Interferon gamma – product of T cells
All produced in response to viruses, RNA, immune products,
and anatigens

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16
Q

fever

A

Initiated by circulating pyrogens which reset the
hypothalamus to increase body temperature; signals muscles
to increase heat production and vasoconstriction
• Exogenous pyrogens – products of infectious agents;
endotoxin
• Endogenous pyrogens – liberated by monocytes,
neutrophils, and macrophages during phagocytosis;
interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

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17
Q

complement

A

Consists of 26 blood proteins that work in concert to destroy
bacteria and viruses
Complement proteins are activated by cleavage (cascade
reaction)
Pathways
• Classical – activated by the presence of antibody bound to
microorganism
• Lectin pathway – nonspecific reaction of a host serum protein
that binds mannan
• Alternative – begins when complement proteins bind to normal
cell wall and surface components of microorganisms

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18
Q

phagocytosis

A

General activities of phagocytes:
1. To survey tissue compartments and discover microbes,
particulate matter, and dead or injured cells
2. To ingest and eliminate these materials
3. To extract immunogenic information from foreign matter

19
Q

examples of phagocytic and non-phagocytic leukocytes

A

Phagocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Macrophages

Non-phagocytes: Mast cells, Basophils

20
Q

antigens (and examples)

A

molecules that stimulate response by T and B cells

21
Q

different types of antigens

A

alloantigen: a genetically determined antigen present in some but not all individuals of a species
allergen: An allergen is a substance that can cause an allergic reaction.
superantigen: potent T cell stimulators
autoantigens: produced by the host.

22
Q

main features of adaptive immune response

A

Specificity – antibodies produced, function only against
the antigen that they were produced in response to

Memory – lymphocytes are programmed to “recall” their
first encounter with an antigen and respond rapidly to
subsequent encounters

23
Q

structure (parts) of an antibody molecule and their functions

A

An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a Y-shaped structure which consists of four polypeptides — two heavy chains and two light chains. This structure allows antibody molecules to carry out their dual functions: antigen binding and biological activity mediation.

24
Q

difference between B and T cell receptors

A

B-cell receptors – bind free antigens

T-cell receptors – bind processed antigens together with
the MHC molecules on the cells that present antigens to
them

25
Q

examples of T Lymphocytes and their functions

A

cytotoxic: (Tc cells) have a co-receptor called CD8 on their cell surface. CD8 partners with the T cell receptor and with MHC class I molecules, acting as a sort of bridge
helper: They help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells.
regulator: (TReg) essential for maintaining peripheral tolerance, preventing autoimmune diseases and limiting chronic inflammatory diseases.

26
Q

examples of B Lymphocytes and their functions

A

transitional: Transitional B cells mark the crucial link between bone-marrow (BM) immature and peripheral mature B cells.

naïve: once exposed to an antigen, either becomes a memory B cell or a plasma cell.

plasma: A plasma cell releases antibodies that circulate in the blood and lymph, where they bind to and neutralize or destroy antigens.
memory: They form memory cells that remember the same pathogen for faster antibody production in future infections.

27
Q

difference between antigen, hapten, and epitopes

A

Antigens are any substance that binds specifically to an antibody or a T-cell receptor.

Hapten is a molecule that reacts with specific antibody but is not immunogenic by itself, it can be made immunogenic by conjugation to a suitable carrier.

An epitope, also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by an antibody, B-cell receptor or T-cell receptor.

28
Q

opsonization

A

When coated with antibodies microorganisms or other particles are more readily recognized by phagocytes which engulf and dispose of them.

29
Q

neutralization

A

Antibodies fill the surface receptors on a virus or the active site on a bacterial protein, which prevents them from attaching to their target cells.

30
Q

agglutination

A

Because each antibody has two identical binding sites, cells can be bound together to form large clumps. This renders the microbe immobile, increasing the rate at which they are phagocytized.

31
Q

complement fixation

A

Antibodies bound to the surface of a microbe can activate the complement system, leading to lysis of the cell, and some viruses.

32
Q

different classes of antibodies

A

IgG: most prevalent, produced by plasma and memory cells

IgM: first class synthesized

IgA: circulates in blood, dimer in mucous and serous secretions

IgD: serves as a receptor for antigen on B cells

IgE: involved in allergic responses and parasitic worm infections

33
Q

difference between the primary and the secondary (anamnestic) antibody responses

A

A primary (1°) immune response is the response that occurs following the first exposure to a foreign antigen.

A secondary (2°)/anamnestic immune response occurs following subsequent exposures.

34
Q

class of the first antibody secreted in the blood

A

IgM

35
Q

class of the most abundant antibody secreted in the blood

A

IgG

36
Q

sites of B and T cell maturation

A

B cells mature in the bone marrow.

T cells mature in the thymus.

37
Q

examples of the primary and the secondary lymphoid organs

A

Primary lymphoid organs: These organs include the bone marrow and the thymus. They create special immune system cells called lymphocytes.

Secondary lymphoid organs: These organs include the lymph nodes, the spleen, the tonsils and certain tissue in various mucous membrane layers in the body (for instance in the bowel).

38
Q

difference between humoral and cell mediated immunity

A

The major difference between humoral and cell-mediated immunity is that humoral immunity produces antigen-specific antibodies

Cell-mediated immunity does not. T lymphocytes, on the other hand, kill infected cells by triggering apoptosis.

39
Q

Type I hypersensitivity reaction

A

Type I: reaction mediated by IgE antibodies.

allergen, anaphylaxis

40
Q

Type II hypersensitivity reaction

A

Type II: cytotoxic reaction mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies.

(wrong blood type)

41
Q

Type III hypersensitivity reaction

A

Type III: reaction mediated by immune complexes.

antitoxin, antivenom

42
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity reaction

A

Type IV: delayed reaction mediated by cellular response.

contact dermatitis

43
Q

Herd Immunity

A

Immune individuals will not harbor it, reducing the occurrence of pathogens – herd immunity

Less likely that a nonimmunized person will encounter the
pathogen

44
Q

examples of the different types of vaccines

A

Live attenuated bacteria: tuberculosis, typhoid

Acellular vaccines: anthrax, meningitis, pneumonia

Inactivated vaccines: hepatitis A, flu, polio, rabies.

Live-attenuated vaccines: measles, rotavirus, smallpox, chickenpox, yellow fever

Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines: Hib, hepatitis B, HPV, shingles.

Toxoid vaccines: diphtheria, tetanus

DNA vaccines: lyme diease, hepatitis C, herpes, influenza, tuberculosis, malaria.

Microbiology (7 decks)

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