Test 4 pt 2 Flashcards
psychosocial crisis
during each developmental stage, an individual faces and (ideally) masters a new psychological and social challenge
trust vs. mistrust
period of infancy. parents and primary caregivers are dominant environmental or social influences. Caregivers who dependably respond to the infants needs provide a world in which the infant believes that his or her needs will be taken care of and learns to trust the world. Infants who experience lapses in having their needs met learn that the world may or may not meet their needs and develop a sense of mistrust. Similarly, attachment theory desivbes the importance of the mother-infant bong in providing infants with a warm, safe environment.
Autonomy vs. shame/ doubt
the second stage =toddlerhood. children con tune to be most influenced by parents and primary caregivers responses. Toddlers are starting to attempt to do things on their own (walk potty train). Parents who provide opportunities for their children to explore their surroundings without guilt for accidents or mistakes are likely to instill a sense of autonomy in their children. In contrast, parents who are either punitive-disciplining children fro mistakes and accents-or overly protective- not allowing their children to move forward on this own- will instill in their children a sense of same or doubt about their own capabilities.
initiative vs guilt
preschool. 3. family and early childhood educators are influencers. preschoolers who are rewarded for trying new things- coloring, writing, using imagination- are likely to develop a sense of initiate. Adults who resoong to failures by being overly critical or who ridicule children’s creative and innovative behaviors are likely to instill guilt in their children
industry vs. identity
- school-age. parents, teachers, and peers are major influencers. children are learning to master many skills such as reading in school subjects, physical skills, and sports. children develop a sense of industry when they have parents, teachers, and peers who provide opptounities for them to successfully complete fast, learn info, and become competent or skilled in particular area. children develop inferiority when they believe that they are not competent in areas of school-related functioning. (I can’t read, I can make breakfast)
identity vs identity diffusion
adolescence. 5. peer groups and role models. “who am i”. identity is a sense of self understanding. adolescents need a sense of psychosocial moratorium. Many adolescents will be in a state of moratorium for many years as they comtempkate familial and educational aspirations and career or occupational goals, as well as determine their own set of morals and values. Spend more time with friends and romantic partners
intimacy vs isolation
- young adulthood. friends and romantic partners major influencers. opportunities to try new things. focused on developing close, personal relationships with others. “loner” or isolation is characterized by individuals who move from one relationship to the next and typically have an elevated fear of rejection, never becoming completely inmate with others.
generativity vs. stagnation
- middle adulthood. co-workers major influencers. career choices and volunteer experiences. focused on giving back to the next generation. individuals who believe they have given back to society in meaningful ways are likely to have a sense of generativity. In contrast individuals who fail to contribute to society in manful ways may feel bored with life and feel a sense of stagnation.
Integrity vs. despair
- late adulthood. mankind and society major influencers. reelecting on ones own life integrity is a feeling that life was worth living and that death is not a threat. despair involves dissatisfaction with ones life, a stone desire for more times, and fear of dying.
identity achieved
adolescents are provided with opportunities to explore many options involving occupations, academic skills, friendships, and values and to commit themselves to certain foals and values. They typically have parents who use an authoritative parenting style.
identity foreclosure
not given time to explore but have accepted the commitments laid out by their parents. their parents typically have an authoritarian style of parenting. telling them who they are, what they will become, or where they will attend college. these students are likely to be absent from school but also are less likely to perform well academically.
moratorium
actively involved in the exploration process but have not yet made decisions or commitments. high school and early college student. their parents use authoritative style of parents, allowing them to try new things while deferring decisions
identity diffusion
have not yet begun the process of exploration or have been thourhg the exploration process but were unable to make commitments to their goals and values. Their parents may be permissive, allowing them to explore but not asking them to make commitments.
ethnic identity
psychological attitudes and behaviors toward membership in an ethnic and racial group.
sex
biological identity of male or female
