Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OB/GYN review > Test 4 part 3 > Flashcards

Test 4 part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

whatv provides groundwork for a caridac examination?

A

4 chamber view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the normal postion of the fetal heart?

A

left thorax with the apex directed about 45 degrees to the left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what should the size of the heart be?

A

less than one third of the area of the thorax and heart circumferance should be less than half of the thoracic circumferance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which side of the heart has larger chambers?

A

right side slightly larger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is directly posterior to the aorta?

A

spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what lies directly anterior to the aorta?

A

left atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does long axis view of the left ventricular outflow tract show?

A

cresent left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does the right ventricular outflow tract do?

A

wraps around anterior to the aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what should the normal fetal heart rate be?

A

have a baseline rate of 110-160 beats per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what may be common in early pregnancy with the heart?

A

bradycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when is bradycardia considered?

A

if it lasts several minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is common with the heart in later stages of pregnancy and is associated with fetal movement?

A

tachycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does the fetal heart rate become abnormal?

A

when it exceeds 200 beats per minute or has frequent “dropped” beats (premature ventricular contractions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what do we assess for in the fetal heart?

A
  • enlarged right ventricle
  • hydrops
  • ascites
  • edema
  • pleual effusion
  • pericardial effusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where should the left and right ventricles extend?

A

into the cardiac apex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what should sqeeze during systole?

A

both ventricles simultaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the moderator band?

A

a bright linear structure near the apex of the right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how does blood get from the heart to the lungs

A

blood leaves the right ventricle through the pulmonary artert via the right and left pulmonary arteries to their respective lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is different in the 2 ventricles?

A

left ventrcle is smooth walled compares with the right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what should the 4 chambers be divided by?

A

interatrial septum and interventricular septum to seperate the right from the left side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the foramen ovale?

A

a communication between the right and left atrial cavities in mid portion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what septum is thicker?

A

ventricular septum is thicker than the atrial septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where may septal defects occur?

A

anywhere along the ventricular spetum with membranous defects slightly more visable than musculae defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

when is a clear view of the cardiac anatomy seen?

A

fetus at least 20-22 weeks of gestational age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

when should a patient be offered a more detailed imaging of the fetal heart?

A

when the 4 chamber view and outflow tracts are abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are important additions to a fetal cardiac test?

A

color and doppler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what does a fetal echocardiogram always begin with?

A
  • determination of fetal lie
  • fetal number
  • activity level
  • location and size of placenta
  • evaluation of the umbilical cord
  • gestational age
  • fluid assessment
28
Q

what is the most common major congenital malformation with an incidence of 8:1000 live births?

A

congenital heart disease

29
Q

what are the types of heart disease?

A
  • tiny secundum ASD
  • mild valvular pulmonary stenosis
  • patent ductus arteriosus
  • small muscualr or membranous VSDs
30
Q

what are the risk factor catagories for congenital heart disease?

A
  • fetal
  • maternal
  • familial risk factors
31
Q

what are fetal risk factors for congenital heart disease?

A
  • abnormal visceral or cardiac situs
  • abnormal four-chamber view or outflow tracts
  • cardiac arythmia
  • aeuploidy (trisomy 21)
  • 2 vessel umbilcal cord
  • extracardiac structural malformation
  • IUGR
  • abnormal amniocentesis
  • abnormal amniotic fluid collections
  • abnormal heart rate
  • twins
  • increased nuchal translucency
  • hydrops fetalis
32
Q

what are the maternal risk factors for congenital heart disease?

A
  • previous occurence in siblings or parents
  • a maternal disease known to affect the baby (diabetis, connective tissue disease)
  • viral syndrome (mumps)
  • teratogen exposure
  • maternal use of drugs such as lithium or alcohol
33
Q

what are familial risk factors for congenital heart disease?

A
  • genetic syndromes or the presence of congenital heart disease in a sibling
  • if a siblng has one of the most common cardiovascular abnormalities
  • when one parent has one of the common congenital heart defects there is a risk of recurrence
  • syndromes (Marfan)
  • tuberous sclerosis tumors in the fetal heart
34
Q

what is found inferior to the aortic arch?

A

ductal arch

35
Q

what is the most common heart diseases?

A 
#1=VSD
followed by ASDs and pulmonary stenosis
36
Q

what have a high asssociation with congenital heart disease?

A

chromosomal abnormalities

37
Q

fetuses with __________ have a 50% incidence rate of congenital heart disease, specifically AVSDs

A

trisomy 21

38
Q

what are usually not recognized in fetal life?

A

ASDs

39
Q

what is the most common atrial defect and occurs in the area of the foramen ovale?

A

secundum ASD

40
Q

what ASD is technically more difficult to visualize?

A

the sinus venosus ASD

41
Q

where does the sinus venosus lie?

A

in the superior portion of the atrial septum

42
Q

where does the ostium primum ASD occur?

A

at the base of the atrial septum

43
Q

where is the ostium primum ASD best imaged?

A

in the 4 chamber view with the cardiac chamber perpindicular to the transducer

44
Q

what is the VSD septum divided into?

A

2 basic segments:

  • thin membranous
  • thicker muscular septum
45
Q

muscular defects are usually _________

A

very small and may be multiple

46
Q

what do smaller defects in the septum do?

A

close after birth

47
Q

what is increased if VSD is visualized?

A
  • TOF
  • single ventricle
  • TGA
  • endocardial cushion defect
48
Q

what is complete AVSD?

A

lack of fusion leaves a hole in the middle of the heart, with the primum atrial septum and membranous atrial septum both absent

49
Q

what may happen with the valves with complete AVSD?

A

there may be a cleft in the mitral leaflet and overriding of the atrioventricular leaflets or chordal structures

50
Q

where are the anterior and posterior leaflets?

A

on both sides of the interventricular septum

51
Q

what view is complete AVSD best seen?

A

4 chamber view

52
Q

what is the most common form of cyanotic heart disease and the most common major conenital heart disease associated with a totally normal 4 chamber view?

A

tetralogy of fallot

53
Q

how does the severity of TOF vary?

A

according to the degree of pulmonary stenosis present

54
Q

what is classified as acyanotic disease?

A

a large septal defect with mild to moderate pulmonary stenosis

55
Q

what is considered cyanotic disease (blue baby at birth)?

A

a large septal defect with severe pulmonary stenosis

56
Q

what is TOF associated with?

A
  • diabetis
  • tri 21
  • DiGeorge syndrome
  • omphalocele
  • pentalogy of cantrell
57
Q

what are the sonographic signs of TOF?

A
  • high membranous VSD
  • large anteriorly displaced aorta, which overrides the septal defect
  • pulmonary stenosis
  • right ventricular hypertrophy, which is not seen in fetal life becuase it occurs after birth when pulmonary stenosis causes increased pressures in the right ventricle
58
Q

what is transposition of the great arteries?

A

an abnormal condition that exists when the aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle

59
Q

what are the 2 major types of transposition?

A

dextro and levo

60
Q

how does TGA occcur?

A

transposition occurs because of an abnormal completion of the loop in embryonic development

61
Q

where is the aorta usually located?

A

anterior and to the right of the pumonary artery

62
Q

what is ebstein anomlay?

A

AV valve malformation-straddling of the tricuspid valve

63
Q

what is hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)?

A

underdevelopment of the left heart

64
Q

what is hypoplastic left heart syndrome associated with?

A

increased risk for congenital or acquired central nervous system abnormalities or aneuploidy

65
Q

what is the most classic form of HLHS?

A

characterized by a small, hypertropied left ventricle with dysplastic aortic mital atresia

66
Q

what kind of condition is HLHS?

A

autosomal recissive condition

OB/GYN review (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions