Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OB/GYN review > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the portions of the fallopian tube from medial to lateral?

A
  • cornual (interstitial)
  • isthmus
  • ampulla
  • infindibulum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is another name for rectouterine pouch?

A

posterior cul-de-sac

puch of douglas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the location of the rectouterine pouch?

A
  • anterior to the rectum

- posterior to the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the most inferior part of the pelvic cavity?

A

rectouterine pouch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the significance of the rectouterine pouch?

A

most common site for fluid to collect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is another name for the space of retzius?

A
  • retropubic space

- prevesical space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the location of the space of retzius?

A
  • anterior to urinary bladder

- posterior to symohysis pubis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is another name for the vesicouterine pouch?

A

anterior cul-de-sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the location of the vesicouterine pouch?

A
  • anterior to uterus

- posterior to urinary bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does the uterosacral ligament support?

A

cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how is the length of the uterus measured?

A

from fundus to the external cervical os

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how is the height (thickness) of the uterus measured?

A

perpindicular to the length of the widest portion of the uterine body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how is the width of the uterus measured?

A

widest portion of the uterine body in short axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the size of the uterus for a premenarche?

A

2-4cm length
0.5-1 cm height
1-2 cm width
(cervix as long as uterus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the size of a menarche uterus?

A
  • nulliparous-6-8.5cm x 3-5cm x 3-5cm

- parous-8-10.5cm x 3-5cm x 5-6cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the size of a postmenopausal uterus?

A

3.5-7.5cm x 2-3cm x 4-6cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the hypoechoic area around the endometrium?

A

outer basal layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what should the endometrium not exceed?

A

14mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the ovaries composed of?

A

almond-shaped intraperitoneal endocrine organs that are composed of cortical and medullary tissue covered by epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the site of follicular development?

A

ovarian cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where is the vascular core of the ovary?

A

medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the 2 blood sources that supply the ovary?

A
  • ovarian artery arising from the aorta

- ovarain branch of the uterine artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the function of the ovary?

A

produce ova

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the hormones of the ovary?

A
  • estrogen = secreted by follicle

- progesterone = secreted by corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the measurments if the menarche ovary?

A
  • 2.5-5cm length
  • 1.5-3cm wide
  • 0.6-2.2 cm height
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does ovarian volume vary with?

A
  • age
  • menstraul status
  • body habitus
  • pregnancy status
  • phase of menstrual cycle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the volume of a menarche ovary?

A

9.8 cm3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the volume of a postmenopausal ovary?

A

5.8 cm3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the primary hormone that reflects the activity of the ovaries?

A

estradiol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what does estrodiol do during pregnancy?

A

levels will steadily rise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

where are small amounts of estradiol located?

A

adrenal cortex and arterial walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the normal estrogen levels?

A

5-100 ug/24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the primary female sex hormone?

A

estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is estrogen primarily produced by?

A

developing follicles and the placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what stimulates the production of estrogen in the ovaries?

A
  • FSH

- LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what organs produce a small amount of estrogen?

A
  • breasts
  • liver
  • adrenal glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are the functions of estrogen?

A
  • it promotes formation of female secondary sex characteristics
  • accelerates growth in height and metabolism
  • reduces muscle mass
  • stimulates endometrial growth and proliferation
  • increases uterine growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the function of FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)?

A

initiates follicular growth and stimulates the maturation of the Graafian follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

where is FSH secreted?

A

anterior pituary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what are the levels of FSH in the ages of life?

A

normally low in childhood and slightly higher after menopause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what are the levels of FSH in the cycle?

A

levels decline in the late follicular phase and demonstrate slight increase at the end of the luteal phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what hormone is essential in both males and females for reproduction?

A

LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

where is LH secreted from?

A

anterior pituituary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what stimulates LH production?

A

increasing estrogen levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what triggers ovulation?

A

a surge in LH levels and initiates the conversion of the residual follicle into a corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what does the corpus luteum do?

A

produces progesterone to prepare the endometrium for possible implantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

how long does the LH surge typically last?

A

48 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

when does FSH releasing facotor become active?

A

before puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

where is FSH produced?

A

by the hypothalmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what is the path of FSH?

A

FSH is released into the bloodstream, reaching the anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what stimulates FSH production?

A

low levels of estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what is LH produced by?

A

hypothamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what ages is progesterone low?

A

childhood and postmenopause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

where is progesterone produced?

A

adrenal glands
corpus luteum
brain
placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

when is progesterone produced to increased amounts?

A

during pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what are the functions of progesterone?

A

preparing the endometrium for possible implantation or starting the next menstrual cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

descrive menstrual phase

A
  • days=1-5
  • functional layer necroses
  • decreased estrogen and progesterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

describe early proliferation

A
  • days 6-9
  • thin echogenic endometrium
  • increasing estrogen
  • coincides with follicular phase of the ovary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

describe late proliferation

A
  • days 10-14
  • preovulatory
  • triple line appearance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

describe secretory phase

A
  • days 15-28
  • post ovulatory or premenstrual phase
  • functional layer thickens
  • progesterone increases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

how is ovulation regulated?

A

by the hypothalmus within the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

when does LH usually reach its peak?

A

10-12 hours before ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what triggers ovulation?

A

a surge in LH accompained by a smaller FSH surge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

describe early follicular phase

A
  • days 1-5

- 5-11 small follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

descrive late folliciaular phase

A
  • days 6-13
  • before ovulation
  • graafian follicle: 2-2.4 cm
  • estrogen levels increase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

describe ovulatory phase

A
  • day 14
  • rupture of graafian follicle
  • pelivc pain-mittelschmerz
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what happens in the ovarian phases?

A

graafian follicle

-some vascularity at periphery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

describe early luteal phase

A
  • days 15-18
  • post ovulation
  • corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone
  • free fluid in cul-de-sac
69
Q

when does the corpus luteal cyst regress if fertlization does not occur?

A

late luteal

70
Q

when is menopaue defined?

A

cessation of menstration for 12 months

71
Q

Approximately________ of cases will demonstrate a simple ovarian cyst with post menopause

A

15%

72
Q

Simple ovarian cysts less than ____ in diameter are most likely benign

A

5 cm

73
Q

what does hormone replacement therapy include?

A

both estrogen and progesterone

74
Q

what should the endometrium measire in post menopause?

A

under 8mm

75
Q

what should endometrium thickness not exceed in post menopausal women?

A

should not excees 8mm in asymptomatic patients or 5mm in patients with vaginal bleeding

76
Q

what can decrease in estrogen in post menopausal women do to pelvic organs?

A

shorten the vagina and decrease cervical mucous

77
Q

what are oral contraceptives?

A

inhibit ovulation, endometrium has a thin echogenic line

78
Q

what is depot-medroxprogesterone?

A

inhibits ovulation, endometrium has a thin echogenic line

79
Q

what is levonorgestrel implant?

A

thin capsule is placed under the skin for 5 years, endometrium is thin

80
Q

what do intrauterine devices do?

A

ovulation and corpus luteum continue

81
Q

what are types of intrauterine devices?

A

paraguard (copper T)

mirena (hormone releasing)

82
Q

what is the 3rd most common gynecological malignancy?

A

cervical carcinoma

83
Q

cervical carcinoma is an __________ neoplasm

A

epithelial

84
Q

what occurs with a cervical carcinoma?

A
  • intermenstrual or postcoital bleeding
  • hypoechoic or heterogenous retrovesical mass
  • endometrial fluid collection
85
Q

what are nabothian cysts?

A

obstructed inclusion cysts in cervix

86
Q

what may cause nabothian cysts?

A

chronic cervicitis

87
Q

are nabothian symptomatic or asymptomatic?

A

asymtomatic

88
Q

what do nabothian cysts look like?

A
  • multiple or solitary anechoic structures <2cm

- may contain internal echoes

89
Q

what is another name for leiomyomas?

A

myoma

fibroid

90
Q

what is the most common pelvic tumor?

A

leiomyoma (fibroid)

91
Q

what is the leading cause of hysterectomy?

A

leiomyoma

92
Q

what are the most common leiomyoma?

A

myometrial

93
Q

when may leiomyomas be painful?

A

when they degenerate

94
Q

what are the fibroid locations?

A
  • intramural (myometrial)
  • subserosal
  • pedunculated
  • submucosal
95
Q

what fibroid distorts the uterine contour?

A

subserosal

96
Q

what fibroids cause abnormal uterine bleedng?

A

submucosal and intramural

97
Q

what is adenomyosis?

A

glands and stroma from the basal layer of endometrium penetrate into the myometrium

98
Q

adenomyosis is found in _______ of hysterectomy specimens

A

70%

99
Q

what does adenomyosis cause?

A

dysmenorrhea and AUB

100
Q

what is the sonographic appearance of adenomyosis?

A
  • myometrial alterations
  • trans vag may demonstrate poor defintion of the endometrial and junctional zone caused by endometrial tissue extending from the basal layer
101
Q

what is endometrial hyperplasia?

A

an abnormal proliferation (growth) of the endometrium in responce to excess or unopposed estrogen

102
Q

what does endometrial hyperplasia look like sonograhically?

A

endometrium is diffusely thickened although asymmetric or focal thickening may be present

103
Q

what is the most common gynecologic cancer, affecting 1 in every 50 women?

A

endometrial adenocarcinoma

104
Q

when are most cases of endometrial adenocarcinoma diagnosed?

A

post menopausal women

105
Q

what is the most common clinical presentation for endometrial adenocarcinoma?

A

postmenopausal bleeding

106
Q

what are the risk factors for endometrial adenocarcinoma?

A
  • unopposed estrogen stimulation
  • obesity, nulliparity, diabetis, hypertension
  • tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer
  • chronic anovulation
  • presence of atypical endometrial hyperplasia
107
Q

what does endometrial carcinoma look like sonographically?

A
  • thickened endometrium >4mm in postmenopausal women

- heterogenous echotexturem hematometra, enlarged uterus

108
Q

what is needed to differentiate between hyperplasia and a carcinoma?

A

biopsy

109
Q

what are endometrial polyps?

A

bengin focal overgrowths of endometrial glands and stroma

110
Q

where can polyps extend?

A

into the cervix or vagina

111
Q

who is endometrial polyps more prevalent in?

A

perimenopausal and postmenopausal women

112
Q

what can polyps cause?

A
  • coital spotting
  • intermenstrual bleeding
  • menorrhagia
  • menometrorrhagia
113
Q

what is the sonographic appearance of a polyp?

A
  • typically isoechoic to the surrounding endometrium causing the appearance of wither focal or global endometrial thickening
  • cystic spaces within the polyp
  • evidence of a vascular feeding vessel on color doppler
  • well define by saline
114
Q

why is tamoxifen given to cancer patients?

A

block estrogenic effects on breast tissue

115
Q

what endometrial abnormalities can occur with tamoxifen?

A
  • carcinoma
  • hyperplasia
  • polyps
116
Q

what is ashermans syndrome?

A

adhesions from a previous deep curretage or endometrial infection

117
Q

what are the clinical symptoms of ashermans syndrome?

A
  • asymptomatic
  • amenorrhea
  • dysmenorrhea
  • hypomenorrhea
  • infertility
118
Q

what is retained products of conception?

A

some of the gestational contents may remain within the uterine cavity and cause bleeding or infection

119
Q

what do retained products of conception uaully consist of?

A

placetal tissue which can persist for months and result on AUB

120
Q

what is the sonographic appearance post pardum?

A

uterus immediately is enlarged and typically returns to normal size and shape within 6-8 weeks after delivery

121
Q

what are some immediate post pardum finsings with RPOC?

A

residual fluid and echogenic material=hemorrhage within the endometrial cavity

122
Q

how do you rule out RPOC?

A

evaluate the endometrial cavity for a focal echogenic mass and assess endometrial thickness

123
Q

what measurement shows RPOC is unlikely?

A

endometrial thickness is less than 10mm

124
Q

when is RPOC likely?

A

an echogenic mass with vascularity is present

125
Q

what may an echogenic mass without vascularity represent?

A

either RPOC or blood clots

126
Q

what is a hematometra?

A

blood trapped in the endometrial cavity

127
Q

what are the symptoms of hematometra?

A

pelvic pain
amenorrhea
hypomenorrhea
pelvic mass

128
Q

what is hematometra caused by?

A

imperforated hymen
cervical stenosis
vaginal neoplasm

129
Q

what is a gartner duct cyst?

A

small cysts within the vagina

130
Q

what is hematocolpos?

A

blood accumulation in the vagina

131
Q

what is hematometrocolpos?

A

blood accumulation in the uterus and vagina

132
Q

what is a hydrosalpinx?

A

distally blocked fallopian tube filled with serous or clear fluid

133
Q

is hydrosalpinx usually bilateral or unilateral?

A

bilateral

134
Q

what may hydrosalpunx be caused by?

A
  • old infection
  • STD
  • previous surgery
  • adhesions
  • endometriosis
135
Q

what is a IUCD?

A

a flexible contraceptive device inserted through the vaginal canal into the endometrium

136
Q

what is IUCD made of?

A

T-shaped made of plastic, wrapped in copper, and may or may not contain hormones

137
Q

where shoudl all tyoes of IUD be located?

A

in the midline portion of the endometrial cavity

138
Q

what does the ParaGuard IUD look like?

A

2 parallel hyperechoic linear echoes with intense posterior acoustic shadowing

139
Q

what does the Mirena IUD look like?

A

a hypoechoic or mildly echogenic stem with thin echogenic “T-arms”

140
Q

what does a lippes loop look like?

A

multple echogenic dots within the endometrial canal

141
Q

what are abnormal or ectopic locations of IUD’s?

A
  • migration from the superior fundal to the inferior portion of the endometrium or vaginal canal
  • myometrial penetration
  • perfration into the peritoneal cavity
142
Q

what are some additional complications of an IUD?

A
  • PID
  • ectopic pregnancy
  • a coexisting IUP
143
Q

when does ecplusion of the IUD generally occur?

A

within the first year most commonly during the first few months after insertion

144
Q

when is expulsion more likely to occur?

A

when inserted soon after childbirth or in women with a history of previous expulsion, nulliparity, or severe menorrhagia

145
Q

what do women present with clinically with expulsion of IUD?

A
  • aymptomatic
  • complian of cramping
  • vaginal discharge
  • intermenstrual or postcoital bleeding
  • spotting
  • dyspareunia
146
Q

what are the sonographic findings of expulsion of IUD?

A

absence of the IUD within endometrial cavity

147
Q

what must be done when IUD is not visualzed in the pelvis?

A

film radiograph of the abdomen and pelvis should be ruled out perforation into the peritoneal cavity

148
Q

when is an IUD abnormally located?

A

if it sits inferiorly within the endometrial cavity or if any part extends past the confines of the cavity into the uterus or cervix

149
Q

what may be a result when an IUD is in an inferior location?

A

may result of migration or improper insertion of the device, and patients may experience pain or be asymtomatic

150
Q

what does an inferior located IUD decrease?

A

the contraceptive effectiveness and is at risk for being expelled

151
Q

what is required if the IUD is embedded in the myometrium?

A

operative hysteroscopy

152
Q

what does myometrial penetration mean?

A

extension or penetration of the IUD through the basal layer of the endometrium into the uterine myometrium

153
Q

what is the usual myometrial penetration location of the IUD?

A

generally the T portion of the IUD extends partially or completelly through the lateral and fundal portions of the endometrial layers embedding into the myometrium of the uterus

154
Q

what are the symptoms of myometrial penetration?

A

women may be asymptomatic or experience pelvic pain or irregular bleeding

155
Q

when does perforation occur?

A

almost always occurs during inserton and is associated with an inexperienced clinician, retroverted uterus, and congenital uterine anomalies

156
Q

what is the principal clinical finding for perforation?

A

pelvic pain

157
Q

what are complications with perforation?

A

damage and scarring of the surrounding organs and pelvic infection

158
Q

when may infection occur with IUD?

A

bacteria may enter the endometrial cavity as the IUD is inserted through thee vaginal canal

159
Q

what is a womens risk of infection strongly related to?

A

previous history of a sexullay transmitted disease and insertion technique

160
Q

how can pelvic infection develop into a serious condition?

A

affect the:

  • uterus
  • fallopian tubes
  • adnexa
  • peritoneum
161
Q

what may pelvic infection result in?

A
  • endomyometritis
  • pyosalpinx
  • tubovaran abscess
162
Q

what does in situ mean?

A

right place

163
Q

what does the endometrium look lke with endomyometritis?

A
  • the endometrium may appear thick and irregular, and the uterus may appear enlarged and inhomogenous
  • hypervascular endometrium and myometrium may be evident with color doppler
164
Q

when is the risk of pregnancy with an IUD in place the highest?

A

in the first year after IUD insertion

165
Q

what are the complications with pregnancy in the presence of an IUD?

A
  • most noted complication is ectopic pregnancy

- spontaneous abortion with an IUD that remains in situ is 40-50%

166
Q

what are other rare complications with pregnancy and IUD?

A
  • chorioamniotiis
  • premature rupture of membranes
  • preterm labour
  • septic abortion
  • maternal death
167
Q

true or false? Using an IUD increases a womens risk for ectopic pregnancy

A

false

Using an IUD does not increase a woman’s risk for ectopic pregnancy

168
Q

where are most ecoptic pregancies located?

A

in the ampulla segment of the fallopian tube

169
Q

what is the treatment of an ectopic pregnancy?

A

medical therapy (methotrexate) or surgical intervention

OB/GYN review (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions