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Biology 1st Year > Test 4 (Mass Transport, Protein Synthesis, Variation + Evolution) > Flashcards

Test 4 (Mass Transport, Protein Synthesis, Variation + Evolution) Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryotic DNA features

A

Free in cytoplasm
Shorter
No introns

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2
Q

Eukaryotic DNA features

A

Double stranded
Linear
Longer
Has introns

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3
Q

Define homologous pair

A

A pair with the same genes
In the same order
From 2 separate pairs

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4
Q

Define a diploid

A

2 complete sets of chromosomes
In a cell
One chromosome from each parents

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5
Q

What is splicing

A

Turns pre-mRNA into mRNA
Introns are spliced out
Functional exons are joined using enzymes

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6
Q

How do genes code for a protein

A

Three bases make a codon
Codon codes for amino acids
They form a polypeptide

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7
Q

Define a mutagenic agent

A

Something that increases rate of mutations

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8
Q

How is genetic variation increased

A

Random fusion of gametes
Produces new allele combinations

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9
Q

Define how gene mutation can have no effect on individual

A

Change in nucleotide
Causes new allele to form
Genetic code is degenerate
Changes amino acid
No effect on tertiary structure

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10
Q

How is chromosome number halved during meiosis

A

Homologous chromosomes
One of each goes to each daughter cell

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11
Q

Define the process of crossing over

A

Homologous pairs of chromosomes form a bivalent
Chiasma form
Alleles are exchanged
Produces new combinations of alleles

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12
Q

Differences between tRNA and mRNA

A

tRNA is clover leaf shape
mRNA is linear
tRNA has hydrogen bonds
mRNA has no hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

How is mRNA produced from an exposed template stand of DNA

A

Nucleotides form complementary base pairs
Phosphodiester bonds form
Due to RNA polymerase

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14
Q

How is a gene a code for the production of a polypeptide

A

Nucleotide sequence
In triplet codes
Determines primary structure of polypeptide

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15
Q

Define term exon

A

Nucleotide sequence coding for polypeptide primary structure

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16
Q

How is a phosphodiester bond formed between two nucleotides

A

Condensation reaction
Between phosphate and deoxyribose
Catalysed by DNA polymerase

17
Q

Name the protein associated with DNA in a chromosome

A

Histone

18
Q

How does an artériole reduce blood flow into capillaries

A

The muscle contracts
Narrows the lumen

19
Q

Cardiac output equation

A

= heart rate x stroke volume

20
Q

How does a small increase in pressure and in rate of blood flow in the aorta occur?

A

Elastic wall recoils
Smooths the blood flow
Maintains rate of blood flow

21
Q

Advantage of Bohr effect during exercise

A

Increases dissociation of oxygen
For aerobic respiration at the tissues

22
Q

What is the effect of increasing CO2 concentration on the dissociation of oxyhemoglobin

A

Increases oxygen dissociation
By decreasing blood pH

23
Q

Name the blood vessels that carry blood to the heart muscle

A

Coronary arteries

24
Q

Why does the initial binding of oxygen to haemoglobin make it easier for a second oxygen to bind

A

Initial binding changes the tertiary structure of haemoglobin
Uncovers another binding site

25
Q

What is the contraction of the heart called

A

Systole

26
Q

What is the relaxation of the heart called

A

Diastole

27
Q

What does contraction fo the heart cause

A

A decrease in volume in the corresponding hammer of the heart

28
Q

Describe atrial systole

A

The walls of the atria contract
Atrial volume decreases while pressure increases
AV valves forced open
Blood forced into ventricles

29
Q

Describe ventricular systole

A

Walls of ventricle contract
Volume decreases while pressure increases
Forces AV valves closed
Pressure in ventricles rises forcing SL valves open

30
Q

Define diastole

A

Ventricles and atria both relaxed
Pressure in ventricles drop so SL valves close
Atria fills with blood
AV valves forced open

31
Q

Structure and function of arteries

A

Thick wall made of collagen, smooth muscle and elastic fibres
Allows artery wall to expand around blood flowing at high pressures
Narrow lumen maintains high blood pressure

32
Q

Structure and function of veins

A

Thin walls with thinner layers of collagen, smooth muscle and elastic fibres
Large lumen
Valves prevent backflow of blood

33
Q

Structure and function of capillaries

A

Very small lumen
One cel thick wall for diffusion of substances
They have gaps in the wall to allow blood plasma to leak out and form tissue fluid

34
Q

How is tissue fluid formed

A

Proteins remain in blood
Hydrostatic pressure forces plasma liquid out
Osmotic pressure moves water back in
Tissue fluid returns to blood via lymphatic system

Biology 1st Year (8 decks)

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