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Biology 1st Year > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Equation for magnification

A

Size of image / size of object

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2
Q

Convert mm to nanometers

A

x 1000

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3
Q

Convert nanometers to micrometers

A

x 1000

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4
Q

Definition of magnification

A

How much bigger a sample appears to be under the microscope than it is in real life

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5
Q

Definition of resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between two points on an image

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6
Q

What limits the resolution of an image?

A

The wavelength of radiation used to view the sample

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7
Q

What is a fungi cell wall made out of?

A

Chitin

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8
Q

What is a plant cell wall made out of?

A

Cellulose

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9
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell wall made out of?

A

Peptidoglycan (murein)

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10
Q

What is the nucleoid?

A

A single circular DNA molecule in a prokaryotic cell that:
- free-floats in the cytoplasm
- is not associated with histones proteins
- doesn’t contain introns.

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11
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Circular DNA containing the cell’s genetic code

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12
Q

What can plasmids do?

A

They can code for antibiotic resistance and can be sent from one prokaryote into another.

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13
Q

What is the flagellum?

A

A hair like structure that rotates to propel the prokaryote, facilitating directional movement.

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14
Q

What is a slime capsule?

A

An extra layer on top of the cell wall present in some prokaryotes.

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15
Q

What does a slime capsule do?

A

It prevents the prokaryotic cell from drying out and makes the cell slippery so bacteria cannot be engulfed by white blood cells.

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16
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Translates mRNA into proteins

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17
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The largest organelle in the cell, containing the genetic information

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18
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

It surrounds the nucleus, it contains chromosomes and a dense solid structure called nucleolus

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19
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

It is involved in ribosome synthesis

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20
Q

What is the rough ER?

A

It has ribosomes and is a site of protein synthesis

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21
Q

What is the smooth ER?

A

It has no ribosomes and is the site for lipid and carbohydrate metabolism (including hormone synthesis)

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22
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

Flattened disc shaped sacs that are stacked on top of each other.

23
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

It Processes, packages, transports and modifies the proteins

24
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

It is located on the outside of the cell. It is a bilayer made of phospholipids

25
Q

What does the plasma membrane do?

A

It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

26
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

An organelle bounded by a double membrane, usually rod shaped.

27
Q

What does mitochondria do?

A

The inner membrane is folded into cristae where ATP is generated by the cell by aerobic respiration.

28
Q

What is the matrix?

A

The fluid inside the mitochondria. It contains enzymes for aerobic respiration and is where the biochemical reactions of respiration takes place.

29
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

A small sphere of liquid surrounded by a membrane. They are “pinched off” areas of the Golgi apparatus.

30
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

They contain enzymes that breakdown and hydrolyse food and foreign matter in cells.

31
Q

What is the vacuole?

A

It contains salts, sugars, wastes and pigments, surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast.

32
Q

What does the vacuole do?

A

It supports the plant by making cells turgid. Can act as a temporary food storage and provides colour for the cell.

33
Q

Describe how red blood cells are adapted for their function.

A

Biconcave - increases SA : V ratio
No Nucleus - more room for haemoglobin - binds to oxygen
Small size - larger SA : V ratio - haemoglobin never far from cell surface
Can change shape - can fit into capillaries

34
Q

How is a sperm cell adapted for its function?

A

Tail - moves quickly
Nucleus - fertilise egg
Acrosome enzymes - break egg membrane
Lots of mitochondria - produces ATP via respiration

35
Q

How is a palisade cell adapted for its function?

A

Lots of chloroplasts - increase absorption of sunlight
Large SA - increases intake of substances

36
Q

How is a root hair cell adapted for its function?

A

Large SA - increases absorption rate of water and minerals
Thinner walls - shorter diffusion distance

37
Q

How is a Guard cell adapted for its function?

A

Think inner walls - stretches less
Hoops of cellulose microfibrils - prevents it getting wider
K+ ions released - increase intake of water

38
Q

How is the ciliated epithelium adapted for its function?

A

Microvilli - increase SA - increases diffusion rate of substances
Constant blood supply

39
Q

PMAT (cell cycle)

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, telophase

40
Q

What happens in the prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense and become visible
Centrioles separate (in animals) and move to opposite poles

41
Q

What happens in the metaphase?

A

Chromosomes align along the equator
Spindle fibres released from poles and attach to centromere and chromatid

42
Q

What happens in the anaphase?

A

Spindle fibres start to retract and pull the centromere towards the opposite poles
Centromere divides in two
Individual chromatids are pulled to each opposite pole

43
Q

What happens in the telophase?

A

Chromosomes are at each pole and become longer and thinner
Spindle fibres disintegrate and nucleus starts to reform

44
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm splits in two to create the two new genetically identical cells

45
Q

What do tumour suppressor genes do?

A

Repress the cell cycle & promote apoptosis (self destruction)

46
Q

What do proto-oncogenes do?

A

Promote the cell cycle & stimulate cell division

47
Q

What is the importance of proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes?

A

Ensure cells divide at a fairly constant rate
If there is a mutation in these genes, it can lead to cancer

48
Q

What is cancer?

A

A result of damage to the genes that control mitosis and the cell cycle.
It is a group of diseases caused by normal cells dividing in an uncontrolled way.

49
Q

What are malignant tumours?

A

These tumours are cancerous and the cells divide by mitosis.
Cell division is uncontrolled & cells spread to unaffected areas to form secondary tumours.

50
Q

How do malignant tumours spread?

A

By metastasis via blood or lymph systems

51
Q

How do you remove malignant tumours?

A

Removal requires radiotherapy or chemotherapy as well as surgery.

52
Q

What are benign tumours?

A

They aren’t cancerous and the division is slower than malignant tumours.
The tumours do not invade other tissues

53
Q

How do you remove a benign tumour?

A

Can usually be removed by surgery alone

Biology 1st Year (8 decks)

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