test 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Name the Hypothesis: Living organisms arise from intimate material.
A
Spontaneous generation
2
Q
Name the Hypothesis: 13.7 Billion years ago, a dense mass of matter exploded and created atoms.
A
Big Bang.
3
Q
Name the Hypothesis: the solar system was formed from large cloud gases and elements formed from previously existing stars
A
Solar Nubular
4
Q
Name the hypothesis: Life came from other planets
A
Extraterrestrial
5
Q
Name the Hypothesis: key organic molecules originated from deep-sea vents
A
Deep-Sea Vent hypothesis
6
Q
Name the Hypothesis: Humans, life, the earth,and/or the universe were created by a supreme being.
A
Creationism
7
Q
What stage of the 4 overlapping stages hypothesis: Nucleotides and amino acids were produced prior to the existence of cells
A
Stage 1
8
Q
What stage of the 4 overlapping stages hypothesis: Nucleotides become polymerized to form RNA and DNA, and amino acids become polymerized to form proteins.
A
Stage 2
9
Q
What stage of the 4 overlapping stages hypothesis:
Polymers became enclosed in membranes.
A
Stage 3
10
Q
What stage of the 4 overlapping stages hypothesis:
Polymers enclosed in membranes acquired cellular properties.
A
Stage 4
11
Q
_______ are preserved remnants left by organisms that lived in the past.
A
Fossils
12
Q
a _____________ studies Fossils
A
Paleontologist
13
Q
The ages of fossils can be determined by _________ in the rock layers, and ___________ ______.
A
Locations, Radiometric Dating
14
Q
Earth Formed about _.__ Billion Years Ago
A
4.55 Billion Years Ago
15
Q
Prokaryotes appeared about _._ Billion Years Ago.
A
3.5 Billion Years Ago
16
Q
Prokaryotes that produce Oxygen about _._ Billion Years ago
A
2.4 Billion Years Ago
17
Q
Single-Celled Eukaryotes appeared _._ Billion Years Ago
A
1.8 Billion Years Ago
18
Q
Animals Appeared ___ million years ago
A
630 Million Years Ago
19
Q
Plants and fungi appeared ___ Million Years ago
A
520 Million Years Ago
20
Q
Amphibians evolved from ____ and _______ life and moved to land.
A
Fish and Vertebrate
21
Q
This type of environmental change had this affect on the history of life: ________: changes over time; not uniform across earth
A
Temperature
22
Q
This type of environmental change had this affect on the history of life: _________ stared out with no oxygen, but oxygen levels rose significantly 2.4 billion years ago
A
Atmosphere
23
Q
This type of environmental change had this affect on the history of life: __________ formation surrounded by water resulted in two different environments.
A
Landmasses
24
Q
This type of environmental change had this affect on the history of life: _____ & ___________ effect living organisms.
A
Foods & Glaciations
25
This type of environmental change had this affect on the history of life: ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ forms new land masses.
Volcanic Eruptions
26
This type of environmental change had this affect on the history of life: _________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ effects people and the environment
Meteorite impacts
27
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ results from heritable changes in one or more characteristics of a population from one generation to the next.
Evolution
28
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ results from a succession of relatively small genetic variations or mutation within a single population that often cause the formation of new subspecies.
Microevolution
29
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - above the species level resolution in the formation of new species.
Macroevolution
30
This Theory of evolution was based on _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_'s studies: -Hypothesized that existing species evolve from pre-existing species. -Reasoned that the Earth is very old and has been shaped by slow processes and these processes occurring over long periods of time can cause great change. -Believes organisms inhabiting the earth descended with modification from ancestral species.
Charles Darwin's studies.
31
Based on these Facts what can be concluded?
* Individuals with heritable traits that make them better suited to their environment tend to flourish and reproduce, whereas other individuals are less likely to survive and reproduce.
* Not all individuals of a population have an equal chance at survival.
* Natural selection is the process of differential survival and reproduction that inevitably leads to changes in allele frequencies over time as those individuals who are the most fit survive and leave more offspring
Genetic variation and natural selection lead to evolutionary adaptation
32
* Better adapted individuals are more “fit” and tend to survive and reproduce, passing on their adaptations to the next generation in greater frequency
* Fitness- a measure of an individuals ability to survive and reproduce
Role of survival of the fittest in evolution.
33
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-the study of evolutionary “relatedness” between different organisms
Phylogenetics
34
* Different organisms evolve from previous forms via descent, and that all organisms are connected by the passage of genes along the branches of the phylogenic tree that links all of life
* Fossils, biogeography, convergent evolution, selective breeding, and homologies support the theory of evolution
types of evidences that are used to study evolutionary change.
35
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ________ Studies the genetic makeup and variations of populations over time.
Population Genetics
36
What is microevolution?
* **The change in genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation**
* Natural selection
* Sexual selection
* Genetic drift
* Migration and nonrandom mating
37
* Natural selection
* Sexual selection
* Genetic drift
* Migration and nonrandom mating
Are the factors and mechanisms that cuase/effect \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Microevolution
38
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ________ is the process in which individuals with certain heritable traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than those without
Natural selection
39
"Survivlal of the fittest" is a form of ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Natural Selection
40
This type of Natural selection:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_Shifts the frequency curve for variations in some phenotypic character in one direction or another; from rare to average.
Directional Selection
41
This type of Natural selection:
## Footnote
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_acts against extreme phenotypes
Stabilizing Selection.
42
This type of natural selection:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _______ Favors the survival of 2 or more variants of opposite extremes over the intermediate individual.
Diversifying Selection
43
This type of natural selection:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ________ Does not favor the survival of one over the other, but maintains genetic diversity.
Balancing Selection
44
\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_results from individuals with certain traits being more likely to successfully reproduce than others
Sexual selection
45
This type of Sexual selection:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Between members of the same sex
Intrasexual Selection
46
This type of Sexual selection:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Between members of the opposite sex
Intersexual Selection
47
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_is the genetic fluctuation due to random chance
Genetic drift
48
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_: a sudden change in the environment may drastically reduce population size
Bottleneck effect
49
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_: occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new colony in a new location
Founder Effect
50
the Bottleneck effect and founder effect are ____ likely to have genetic variation?
Less or More?
Less
51
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_is the movement of individuals in or out of a population
Migration
52
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_tends to reduce differences in allele frequencies
Migration
53
Migratoin Tends to _______ genetic diversity within a popualtion.
Enhance
54
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_occurs when the probability that two individuals in a population will mate is not the same for all possible pairs of individuals.
Nonrandom mating
55
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_:
## Footnote
The study of evolutionary changes that create new species and groups of species
Generally refers to evolution above the species level
Macroevolutoin
56
A ________ is a group of related organisms that share a distincitive set of attribute in nature.
Species
57
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the process of generating a new species
Speciation
58
* Morphological traits
* reproductive isolation
* molecular features
* ecological factors
* evolutionary relationships
Are all characteristics used to define a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**_species_**
59
Who proposed this concept?
"A species is defined as a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to breed with each other in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring, but who cannot produce viable, fertile offspring with other species"
***_Ernst Mayr_***
60
Who proposed this concept?
"A biological species is the largest set of populations in which genetic exchange is possible and that is genetically isolated from other populations"
***_Ernst Mayr_***
61
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_The existence of biological factors that impede one species from successfully interbreeding with another species
Reproductive Isolation
62
\_\_\_ _______ prevent formation of a zygote
Pre Zygotic
63
\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_:Block development of a viale and fertile individual after fertilization.
Post Zygotic
64
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Isolation: two species rarely encounter because they live in different habitats
Habitat Isolation
65
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_: species breed at different times
Temporal Isolation
66
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: morphological differences prevent successful mating
Mechanical isolation
67
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Isolatoin :two species attempt to interbreed, but the gametes of one species may not be able to fertilize the gametes of another species
**_Genetic_**
68
\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_:fertilized egg cant develop
Hybrid inviability
69
\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_: hybrid is viable but sterile EX: mule
Hybrid sterility
70
\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_:Some first-generation hybrids are fertile, but when they mate they create lethal offspring
Hybrid Breakdown
71
\_\_\_\_\_\_:The study of the interactions of organisms with each other and their environment
Ecology
72
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ecology- individual organism’s behavior
**_Organismal ecology_**- individual organism’s behavior
73
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Ecology- how organisms are adapted to the environment.
**_Physiological Ecology_**- how organisms are adapted to the environment.
74
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Ecology- how the behavior of individual organisms contributes to their survival and reproductive success
**_Behavioral Ecology_**- how the behavior of individual organisms contributes to their survival and reproductive success
75
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_- all of the interactions among the organisms such as humans
**_Biotic_**- all of the interactions among the organisms such as humans
76
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_- all interactions such as light, temp, water etc.
**_Abiotic_**- all interactions such as light, temp, water etc.
77
How does the environment effect the distribution and abundance of organisms?
Through Temp, wind, water, light, ph, periodic disturbances
78
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Ecology: Factors that effect population size and how these factors change over space and time
**_Population Ecology:_**
Factors that effect population size and how these factors change over space and time
79
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-groups of interacting individuals of one species occupying the same environment/area.
**_Population_**-groups of interacting individuals of one species occupying the same environment/area.
80
Role of _________ in population ecology:
Populations can have different patterns of dispersion for where they live and this distribution can also change during different times of the year.
**_Role of dispersion in population ecology._**
81
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_distribution- individuals live closer together in groups; most common
**_Clumped distribution_**- individuals live closer together in groups; most common
82
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ distribution- individuals live at a constant distance from one another
**_Uniform distribution_**- individuals live at a constant distance from one another
83
\_\_\_\_\_\_ distribution- individuals live at variable and random distances from one another; this is the rarest
**_Random distribution_**- individuals live at variable and random distances from one another; this is the rarest
84
A populations size is dependent upon four factors:
1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
3. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
4. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A populations size is dependent upon four factors:
1. **_Rate of natality: number of organisms that are born_**
2. **_Rate of fatality_**
3. **_Rate of immigration_**
4. **_Rate of emigration_**
5. **_Humans have a limit of carrying capacity: what an environment could hold_**
85
Given these facts what is this reffered as
* This is the environmental impact we have
* Not everyone benefits equally
* U.S. footprint is much greater than world average
**_Ecological footprint:_**
What is meant by ecological footprint?
* Environmental impact we have
* Not everyone benefits equally
* U.S. footprint is much greater than world average
