Test 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What does DNA stand for
A
Deoxyribonucleic acid
2
Q
What is the structure of the DNA Nucleotide
A
-Deoxyribose- 5 carbon sugar -Phosphate Group - Nitrogenous base
3
Q
Adenine always equals what?________
A
Thymine
4
Q
Guanine always equals ________?
A
Cytosine
5
Q
The sugar-phosphate component of each nucleotide make up the _______
A
Handrails
6
Q
pairs of __ bases,one from each strand, oppose each other to form the _____
A
(N), Steps
7
Q
What is the base pair of “A”
A
“T”
8
Q
What is the base pair of “C”
A
“G”
9
Q
What is the base pair of “T”
A
“A”
10
Q
What is the base pair of “G”
A
“C”
11
Q
The base pair Adenine pairs with what?
A
Thymine
12
Q
The base pair Guanine pairs with what?
A
Cytosine
13
Q
In the context of DNA what does anti-parallel mean
A
They form in opposite combinations. They also run in opposite directions. ex: AT,GC,TA
14
Q
How can you determine what prime end is what?
A
one end is attached to a phosphate group attached to carbon #5 and one is attached to carbon #3 (hydroxyl)
15
Q
What is the step in leading strand DNA replication: DNA denatures to form two single strands that can replicate
A
1st step
16
Q
What is the step in leading strand DNA replication: The enzyme DNA polymerase is able to catalyze new DNA.
A
2nd
17
Q
As nucleotides align, they are added to the growing end of the new strand by the ____________
A
polymerase
18
Q
this model of replication: -Strands separate -Serve as a template for ordering nucleotides -one at a time nucleotides line up and are joined by phosphodiester bond -Then Forms Daughter Molecules
A
The semiconservative model of replication
19
Q
What stage off the cell cycle does DNA replicate?
A
S phase of interphase.
20
Q
_______ &_______Denatures original strands
A
DNA topoisomerase,DNA helicase.
21
Q
What does DNA single-strand binding proteins do?
A
Prevents Reformation.
22
Q
___ ________ catalyzes the elongation of the new DNA
A
DNA polymerase
23
Q
___ _________Adds nucleotides to the end of an existing chain that is base-paired with the template strand
A
DNA Polymerase
24
Q
___ _________ Proofreads and corrects each new nucleotide against the template nucleotide as it is added
A
DNA polymerase
25
\_\_\_ (\_\_\_\_\_\_) Starts a new Chain
RNA (primer)
26
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Makes the primer
Primase
27
\_\_\_ __________ can start an RNA chain from a bare template strand.
RNA polymerase
28
\_\_\_ ________ proofreads each new nucleotide as it is added to the template nucleotide.
DNA polymerase
29
The Central Dogma is : DNA-\> \_\_\_\_-\>\_\_\_\_\_
DNA-\>RNA-\> Protein
30
This structure contains substitutes the nitrogenous base uracil for thymine.
RNA nucleotide & molecule.
31
This structure has a single strand.
RNA Nucleotide & molecule
32
This type of RNA is the transcript of the coding strand of DNA involved in "carrying " the protein-building instruction; acts as the bridge between the DNA and protein synthesis;template for the synthesis of proteins.
Messenger RNA
33
This type of RNA is the major component of ribosomes involved in the process of assembling amino acids into proteins
Ribosomal RNA
34
This type of RNA delivers amino acids to ribosomes for the process of assembling amino acids into proteins.
Transfer RNA
35
What are the 3 different types of RNA
Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA
36
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the process of using DNA as a template to synthesize mRNA
Transcription
37
During Transcription ____ are added in the appropriate direction
Nucleotides
38
During Transcription only a small stretch of ___ is used as the template,and only one strand of ___ is used to synthesize RNA
DNA,DNA
39
The product of Transcription is a single strand of \_\_\_
RNA
40
Transcription takes place where?\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Nucleus
41
\_\_\_ _________ doesn't proofread in DNA replication.
RNA polymerase
42
RNA and DNA both have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Nucleotides
43
Only one strand of DNA __________ one strand of RNA
Synthesizes
44
In RNA Uracil is used instead of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Thymine
45
In this form of transcription: _________ is when several different transcription factors bind to a specific nucleotide sequence before the beginning of the gene, called the promoter
Initiation
46
In this form of transcription: _________ is when RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, It unwinds the double helix about 10 base pairs at a time.
Elongation
47
In this form of transcription: _________ is when Transcription proceeds until after the RNA polymerase transcribes a terminator nucleotide sequence.
Termination
48
The order of __________ of the DNA determines the order of amino acids in a protein.
Nucleotides
49
The _______ \_\_\_\_ specifies which amino acids will be used to build a protein.
Genetic Code
50
The Genetic Code is read in increments of 3 nucleotide bases called \_\_\_\_\_\_
Codons
51
a _____ has: 3 nucleotide bases 64 possible and specifies which one of the 20 amino acids will be incorporated at the corresponding position
Codon
52
\_\_\_\_\_ is the process of making a polypeptide chain from mRNA
Translation
53
In this process of translation: _____ brings together mRNA, a tRNA with the 1st amino acid,and the ribosome at the start codon.
Initiation
54
In this process of translation: _____ consists of a series of cycles as each amino acid is added to the proceeding one
Elongation
55
In this process of translation: _________ occurs when one of the three stop codons is reached resulting in the release of the translation complex.
Termination
56
Translation occurs in what 2 places
Nucleus and cytosol
57
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ translate protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
58
Many ribosomes enter the ER and move through the endomembrane system called (\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_)
Bound Ribosomes
59
Some Ribosomes enter the cytoplasm those are called (\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_)
Free Ribosomes
60
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a heritable change in the genetic material.
Mutation
61
Not all mutations cause a change or significant effect on a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
protein
62
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _________ cause several serious human disorders, alterations of chromosome structure,& cause breaking and rejoining of chromosome segments.
Chromosomal Mutations
63
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occur as a result of problems during DNA replication or repair. _______ occur spontaneously as a result of metabolic processes wishing the cell that produce toxic chemicals.
Mutations
64
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA to cause mutations.
Mutagen
65
Chemicals,Nicotine,ionizing and non ionizing radiation, and viruses are considered \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Mutagens
66
\_\_\_\_ _________ is essentials for: -replacing dead cells -growth of an organism -wound healing -1) Reproductive signal -2) DNA replication -3) Distribution or segregation of DNA -4) physical division of cell
Cell Reproduction
67
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are genetic material.
Chromosomes
68
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ consist of 2 sister chromatids
Chromosomes
69
humans have 23 pairs(46 total \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_)
chromosomes
70
Each pair of chromosomes are called __________ chromosomes.
Homologous
71
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.
karyotype
72
\_\_\_\_\_\_ __________ contain identical copies of the chromosome's DNA;after replication are later pulled apart and repackaged into two new nuclei at opposite ends of the parent cell
Sister chromatids
73
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_- as the chromosomes condense, the region where the strands connect shrinks to a narrow area
Centromere
74
Humans have#\_\_ chromosomes
46
75
humans receive #\_\_ chromosomes
23
76
sperm and egg cells only have one set of chromosomes \_\_\_# autosomes and one sex chromosomes(X,Y)
22
77
Each pair of chromosomes are called __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and they carry genes that control the same inherited characters.
Homologous chromosomes
78
a cell with a single chromosome set is called \_\_\_\_\_\_
haploid
79
Humas have a haploid number of #\_\_
23
80
A ______ sperm fuses with a _______ Egg via fertilization
Haploid,Haploid
81
The fertilized eg and all cell with two sets of chromosomes are called _______ \_\_\_\_
Diploid Cells
82
Human Diploid number is _____ (2n= ?)
46
83
\_\_\_\_ _____ is the distribution of identical genetic material,DNA, to two daughter cells
Cell Cycle
84
in this phase the RNA molecules,proteins, and enzymes are being made; cell is growing
G1 phase
85
In this phase DNA replication;;each chromosome now consists of 2 sister chromatids
S phase
86
In this phase Final preparations for mitosis occur
G2 phase
87
at the end of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the chromosomes condense.
interphase
88
In this phase is the resting state where cells are performing normal function;Not replicating;not in the cell cycle ; most cells are in this phase; nerve cells can not get out of this phase; liver cells can
G0 phase
89
Identify what phase this cell is in:
Prophase
90
Identify this phase of the cell:
Metahase
91
Identify this phase of the cell:
Anaphase
92
Identify this phase of the cell:
Telophase
93
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the division of the cell to form daughter cells.
Cytokinesis
94
in what stage does cytokinesis occur?
* Prophase
* metaphase
* anaphase
* telophase
Telophase
95
plant cells do not have _________ but are still able to produce the spindles.
Centrioles
96
During Cytokinesis ______ \_\_\_\_ form a clevage furrow and _____ \_\_\_\_\_ from a cell plate.
Animal Cells
Plant Cells
97
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is when germ-line cells (egg and sperm), which develop in the ovaries and testes.
Meiosis
98
In _______ the chromosome number is divided in half.
* Meiosis
* Mitosis
Meiosis
99
Human eggs or sperm have a haploid set of ___ different chromosomes one from each homologous pair.
23
100
Meiosis I is proceeded by __________ where DNA replicaton occurs
Intrerphase
101
In this stage of MEIOSIS:
## Footnote
Individual chromosomes become visible; nuclear envelope begins to break down; centrioles move to opposite poles; spindles begin to form; homologous chromosomes pair with one another; crossing over may occur
Prophase I
102
In this stage of MEIOSIS:
## Footnote
synapsed pairs of chromosomes move to the equatorial plate; centromeres of each chromosome are attached to the spindle; the difference from mitosis is that the homologous chromosomes are still attached; chromosomes randomly align along the metaphase plate.
Metaphase I
103
In this stage of MEIOSIS:
## Footnote
During this stage, the chromosome number is reduced from diploid to haploid; each pair of homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles; each chromosome is independently attached to a spindle at the centromere; the centromeres do not replicate at this stage
Anaphase I
104
In this stage of MEIOSIS:
## Footnote
chromosomes uncoil and become long, thin threads; the nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes; cytokinesis divides the cell into two daughter cells
Telophase I
105
In this phase of MEIOSIS:
This occurs instead of interphase and is before meiosis II
S Phase
106
In this stage of MEIOSIS:
## Footnote
the nuclear envelope breaks down; the spindles are formed
Prophase II
107
In this stage of MEIOSIS:
## Footnote
chromosomes move to the equatorial plate; pairs of chromosomes are not attached, therefore, each chromosome moves as a separate unit; chromosomes randomly align
Metaphase II
108
In this stage of MEIOSIS:
## Footnote
the diference between 1 and 2 is in 2 the centromere of each chromosome divides; the chromatids move to the opposite poles as in mitosis; there are no paired homologues at this stage
Anaphase II
109
In this stage of MEIOSIS:
## Footnote
nuclear envelope reforms; chromosomes uncoil, nuclei re-form; the spindles disappear; cytokinesis occurs; 4 haploid cells are formed 9(egg or sperm); in humans and other organisms only one functional egg is produced. The other three disinigrate
Telophase II
110
Identify the phases of Meiosis II:
111
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is when Homologous chromosomes pair with one another. This occurs in prophase I
Synapsis
112
Crossing over causes genetic \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_?
Diversity
113
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ __________ Ensures a mixture of maternal and paternal chromosomes being passed on.
Independent assortment
114
Meiosis leads to _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_Crossing over,new combinatons of genes are produced. This ensures a mix of maternal and parental chromosomes are passesd allong
Genetic diversity
115
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is When a pair of homologous chromosomes remain attached during meiosis and end up in the same gamete
Nondisjunction
116
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ produces daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent and to teach other.
* Mitosis
* Meiosis
Mitosis
117
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ one division resulting in two genetically identical cells
* Mitosis
* Meiosis
Mitosis
118
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is two consecutive divisions resulting in four cells that are not genetically identical
* Mitosis
* Meiosis
Meiosis
