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Lukes flash cards > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

What is the structure of the DNA Nucleotide

A

-Deoxyribose- 5 carbon sugar -Phosphate Group - Nitrogenous base

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3
Q

Adenine always equals what?________

A

Thymine

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4
Q

Guanine always equals ________?

A

Cytosine

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5
Q

The sugar-phosphate component of each nucleotide make up the _______

A

Handrails

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6
Q

pairs of __ bases,one from each strand, oppose each other to form the _____

A

(N), Steps

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7
Q

What is the base pair of “A”

A

“T”

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8
Q

What is the base pair of “C”

A

“G”

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9
Q

What is the base pair of “T”

A

“A”

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10
Q

What is the base pair of “G”

A

“C”

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11
Q

The base pair Adenine pairs with what?

A

Thymine

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12
Q

The base pair Guanine pairs with what?

A

Cytosine

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13
Q

In the context of DNA what does anti-parallel mean

A

They form in opposite combinations. They also run in opposite directions. ex: AT,GC,TA

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14
Q

How can you determine what prime end is what?

A

one end is attached to a phosphate group attached to carbon #5 and one is attached to carbon #3 (hydroxyl)

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15
Q

What is the step in leading strand DNA replication: DNA denatures to form two single strands that can replicate

A

1st step

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16
Q

What is the step in leading strand DNA replication: The enzyme DNA polymerase is able to catalyze new DNA.

A

2nd

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17
Q

As nucleotides align, they are added to the growing end of the new strand by the ____________

A

polymerase

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18
Q

this model of replication: -Strands separate -Serve as a template for ordering nucleotides -one at a time nucleotides line up and are joined by phosphodiester bond -Then Forms Daughter Molecules

A

The semiconservative model of replication

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19
Q

What stage off the cell cycle does DNA replicate?

A

S phase of interphase.

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20
Q

_______ &_______Denatures original strands

A

DNA topoisomerase,DNA helicase.

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21
Q

What does DNA single-strand binding proteins do?

A

Prevents Reformation.

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22
Q

___ ________ catalyzes the elongation of the new DNA

A

DNA polymerase

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23
Q

___ _________Adds nucleotides to the end of an existing chain that is base-paired with the template strand

A

DNA Polymerase

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24
Q

___ _________ Proofreads and corrects each new nucleotide against the template nucleotide as it is added

A

DNA polymerase

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25
Q

___ (______) Starts a new Chain

A

RNA (primer)

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26
Q

_______ Makes the primer

A

Primase

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27
Q

___ __________ can start an RNA chain from a bare template strand.

A

RNA polymerase

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28
Q

___ ________ proofreads each new nucleotide as it is added to the template nucleotide.

A

DNA polymerase

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29
Q

The Central Dogma is : DNA-> ____->_____

A

DNA->RNA-> Protein

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30
Q

This structure contains substitutes the nitrogenous base uracil for thymine.

A

RNA nucleotide & molecule.

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31
Q

This structure has a single strand.

A

RNA Nucleotide & molecule

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32
Q

This type of RNA is the transcript of the coding strand of DNA involved in “carrying “ the protein-building instruction; acts as the bridge between the DNA and protein synthesis;template for the synthesis of proteins.

A

Messenger RNA

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33
Q

This type of RNA is the major component of ribosomes involved in the process of assembling amino acids into proteins

A

Ribosomal RNA

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34
Q

This type of RNA delivers amino acids to ribosomes for the process of assembling amino acids into proteins.

A

Transfer RNA

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35
Q

What are the 3 different types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA

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36
Q

_________ is the process of using DNA as a template to synthesize mRNA

A

Transcription

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37
Q

During Transcription ____ are added in the appropriate direction

A

Nucleotides

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38
Q

During Transcription only a small stretch of ___ is used as the template,and only one strand of ___ is used to synthesize RNA

A

DNA,DNA

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39
Q

The product of Transcription is a single strand of ___

A

RNA

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40
Q

Transcription takes place where?_______

A

Nucleus

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41
Q

___ _________ doesn’t proofread in DNA replication.

A

RNA polymerase

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42
Q

RNA and DNA both have ___________

A

Nucleotides

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43
Q

Only one strand of DNA __________ one strand of RNA

A

Synthesizes

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44
Q

In RNA Uracil is used instead of _______

A

Thymine

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45
Q

In this form of transcription: _________ is when several different transcription factors bind to a specific nucleotide sequence before the beginning of the gene, called the promoter

A

Initiation

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46
Q

In this form of transcription: _________ is when RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, It unwinds the double helix about 10 base pairs at a time.

A

Elongation

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47
Q

In this form of transcription: _________ is when Transcription proceeds until after the RNA polymerase transcribes a terminator nucleotide sequence.

A

Termination

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48
Q

The order of __________ of the DNA determines the order of amino acids in a protein.

A

Nucleotides

49
Q

The _______ ____ specifies which amino acids will be used to build a protein.

A

Genetic Code

50
Q

The Genetic Code is read in increments of 3 nucleotide bases called ______

A

Codons

51
Q

a _____ has: 3 nucleotide bases 64 possible and specifies which one of the 20 amino acids will be incorporated at the corresponding position

A

Codon

52
Q

_____ is the process of making a polypeptide chain from mRNA

A

Translation

53
Q

In this process of translation: _____ brings together mRNA, a tRNA with the 1st amino acid,and the ribosome at the start codon.

A

Initiation

54
Q

In this process of translation: _____ consists of a series of cycles as each amino acid is added to the proceeding one

A

Elongation

55
Q

In this process of translation: _________ occurs when one of the three stop codons is reached resulting in the release of the translation complex.

A

Termination

56
Q

Translation occurs in what 2 places

A

Nucleus and cytosol

57
Q

________ translate protein synthesis.

A

Ribosomes

58
Q

Many ribosomes enter the ER and move through the endomembrane system called (_____ ______)

A

Bound Ribosomes

59
Q

Some Ribosomes enter the cytoplasm those are called (____ _______)

A

Free Ribosomes

60
Q

_______ is a heritable change in the genetic material.

A

Mutation

61
Q

Not all mutations cause a change or significant effect on a _______

A

protein

62
Q

___________ _________ cause several serious human disorders, alterations of chromosome structure,& cause breaking and rejoining of chromosome segments.

A

Chromosomal Mutations

63
Q

_________ occur as a result of problems during DNA replication or repair. _______ occur spontaneously as a result of metabolic processes wishing the cell that produce toxic chemicals.

A

Mutations

64
Q

_______ is a chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA to cause mutations.

A

Mutagen

65
Q

Chemicals,Nicotine,ionizing and non ionizing radiation, and viruses are considered ________.

A

Mutagens

66
Q

____ _________ is essentials for: -replacing dead cells -growth of an organism -wound healing -1) Reproductive signal -2) DNA replication -3) Distribution or segregation of DNA -4) physical division of cell

A

Cell Reproduction

67
Q

_________ are genetic material.

A

Chromosomes

68
Q

_________ consist of 2 sister chromatids

A

Chromosomes

69
Q

humans have 23 pairs(46 total __________)

A

chromosomes

70
Q

Each pair of chromosomes are called __________ chromosomes.

A

Homologous

71
Q

_________ is the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.

A

karyotype

72
Q

______ __________ contain identical copies of the chromosome’s DNA;after replication are later pulled apart and repackaged into two new nuclei at opposite ends of the parent cell

A

Sister chromatids

73
Q

__________- as the chromosomes condense, the region where the strands connect shrinks to a narrow area

A

Centromere

74
Q

Humans have#__ chromosomes

A

46

75
Q

humans receive #__ chromosomes

A

23

76
Q

sperm and egg cells only have one set of chromosomes ___# autosomes and one sex chromosomes(X,Y)

A

22

77
Q

Each pair of chromosomes are called __________ _______, and they carry genes that control the same inherited characters.

A

Homologous chromosomes

78
Q

a cell with a single chromosome set is called ______

A

haploid

79
Q

Humas have a haploid number of #__

A

23

80
Q

A ______ sperm fuses with a _______ Egg via fertilization

A

Haploid,Haploid

81
Q

The fertilized eg and all cell with two sets of chromosomes are called _______ ____

A

Diploid Cells

82
Q

Human Diploid number is _____ (2n= ?)

A

46

83
Q

____ _____ is the distribution of identical genetic material,DNA, to two daughter cells

A

Cell Cycle

84
Q

in this phase the RNA molecules,proteins, and enzymes are being made; cell is growing

A

G1 phase

85
Q

In this phase DNA replication;;each chromosome now consists of 2 sister chromatids

A

S phase

86
Q

In this phase Final preparations for mitosis occur

A

G2 phase

87
Q

at the end of ________, the chromosomes condense.

A

interphase

88
Q

In this phase is the resting state where cells are performing normal function;Not replicating;not in the cell cycle ; most cells are in this phase; nerve cells can not get out of this phase; liver cells can

A

G0 phase

89
Q

Identify what phase this cell is in:

A

Prophase

90
Q

Identify this phase of the cell:

A

Metahase

91
Q

Identify this phase of the cell:

A

Anaphase

92
Q

Identify this phase of the cell:

A

Telophase

93
Q

__________ is the division of the cell to form daughter cells.

A

Cytokinesis

94
Q

in what stage does cytokinesis occur?

  • Prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
A

Telophase

95
Q

plant cells do not have _________ but are still able to produce the spindles.

A

Centrioles

96
Q

During Cytokinesis ______ ____ form a clevage furrow and _____ _____ from a cell plate.

A

Animal Cells

Plant Cells

97
Q

_______ is when germ-line cells (egg and sperm), which develop in the ovaries and testes.

A

Meiosis

98
Q

In _______ the chromosome number is divided in half.

  • Meiosis
  • Mitosis
A

Meiosis

99
Q

Human eggs or sperm have a haploid set of ___ different chromosomes one from each homologous pair.

A

23

100
Q

Meiosis I is proceeded by __________ where DNA replicaton occurs

A

Intrerphase

101
Q

In this stage of MEIOSIS:

Individual chromosomes become visible; nuclear envelope begins to break down; centrioles move to opposite poles; spindles begin to form; homologous chromosomes pair with one another; crossing over may occur

A

Prophase I

102
Q

In this stage of MEIOSIS:

synapsed pairs of chromosomes move to the equatorial plate; centromeres of each chromosome are attached to the spindle; the difference from mitosis is that the homologous chromosomes are still attached; chromosomes randomly align along the metaphase plate.

A

Metaphase I

103
Q

In this stage of MEIOSIS:

During this stage, the chromosome number is reduced from diploid to haploid; each pair of homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles; each chromosome is independently attached to a spindle at the centromere; the centromeres do not replicate at this stage

A

Anaphase I

104
Q

In this stage of MEIOSIS:

chromosomes uncoil and become long, thin threads; the nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes; cytokinesis divides the cell into two daughter cells

A

Telophase I

105
Q

In this phase of MEIOSIS:

This occurs instead of interphase and is before meiosis II

A

S Phase

106
Q

In this stage of MEIOSIS:

the nuclear envelope breaks down; the spindles are formed

A

Prophase II

107
Q

In this stage of MEIOSIS:

chromosomes move to the equatorial plate; pairs of chromosomes are not attached, therefore, each chromosome moves as a separate unit; chromosomes randomly align

A

Metaphase II

108
Q

In this stage of MEIOSIS:

the diference between 1 and 2 is in 2 the centromere of each chromosome divides; the chromatids move to the opposite poles as in mitosis; there are no paired homologues at this stage

A

Anaphase II

109
Q

In this stage of MEIOSIS:

nuclear envelope reforms; chromosomes uncoil, nuclei re-form; the spindles disappear; cytokinesis occurs; 4 haploid cells are formed 9(egg or sperm); in humans and other organisms only one functional egg is produced. The other three disinigrate

A

Telophase II

110
Q

Identify the phases of Meiosis II:

A
111
Q

________ is when Homologous chromosomes pair with one another. This occurs in prophase I

A

Synapsis

112
Q

Crossing over causes genetic ________?

A

Diversity

113
Q

__________ __________ Ensures a mixture of maternal and paternal chromosomes being passed on.

A

Independent assortment

114
Q

Meiosis leads to _______ ________Crossing over,new combinatons of genes are produced. This ensures a mix of maternal and parental chromosomes are passesd allong

A

Genetic diversity

115
Q

___________ is When a pair of homologous chromosomes remain attached during meiosis and end up in the same gamete

A

Nondisjunction

116
Q

_______ produces daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent and to teach other.

  • Mitosis
  • Meiosis
A

Mitosis

117
Q

_______ one division resulting in two genetically identical cells

  • Mitosis
  • Meiosis
A

Mitosis

118
Q

_______ is two consecutive divisions resulting in four cells that are not genetically identical

  • Mitosis
  • Meiosis
A

Meiosis

Lukes flash cards (6 decks)

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