Test 4 Flashcards
MOA of Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists
Stimulate Beta 2 receptors in the lungs –> increased ATP –> increased cAMP –> Relaxation in the lungs
Therapeutic Effects of Beta Adrenergic Receptor Agonists
Bronchodilate, Inhibit bronchoconstricting mediators, increase mucus clearance
MOA of non-selective Beta Adrenergic Agonists
Act on both beta 1 and beta 2 receptors in heart and lungs
MOA of selective Beta Adrenergic Agonists
Act on just beta 2 receptors in lungs unless high doses
Non-Selective Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist Drugs
Epinephrine (Adrenalin, Primatene)
Terbutaline (Brethine)
Epinephrine (Adrenalin, Primatine)
Non-Selective Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist, SABA
Terbutaline (Brethine)
Non-Selective Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist, SABA
Selective Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist Drugs
Albuterol, Levalbuterol, Salmeterol, Formoteral
Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin)
Selective Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist Drugs, SABA
Levalbuterol (Xopenex)
Selective Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist Drugs, SABA
Salmeterol (Serevent)
Selective Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist Drugs, LABA
Formoterol (Foradil)
Selective Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist Drugs, LABA
SABA MOA
Onset 5 min, Duration 4-6h, rescue inhaler
LABA MOA
Onset 30 min, Duration 12 h, maintenance inhaler, last choice
What must you prescribe with a Beta Adrenergic Receptor Agonist?
Corticosteroid, Contra Indicated without
Adverse effects of Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists
Tachycardia, Decreased serum potassium, tremors, Tolerance
Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists DDIs
Adrenergic, beta blockers
MOA Methalxanthines
Inhibit PDE which breaks down cAMP –> 5’-AMP. More cAMP leads to more relaxation in lungs. Increases mucus clearance.
Clinical use Methylxanthines
Limited because of narrow therapeutic index. Maintenance therapy if you’ve tried everything else.
Therapeutic Index of Methalxanthines
5-15
ADE of Methalxanthines
Happen at any concentration. CNS = seizures, insomnia. Tachycardia, N/V, Tremors. Lots of DDI.
Pharmokinetics of Methalxanthines
90% liver metabolism, 10% excreted unchanged by kidneys
Methylxanthines
Theophylline - PO, Aminophylline - IV.
Theophylline
PO. No mg to mg switching, Methylxanthine.
Aminophylline
IV, Methylxanthine
Anticholinergic Agents MOA
Compete with ACH at muscarinic receptor. Decrease vagal tone to airway which leads to bronchodilation.
Anticholinergic Uses
Inhalation only, treat acute asthma with a SABA because they have an additive effect.
What do you need to prescribe with an anticholinergic to treat acute asthma
SABA, additive effect
Corticosteroid MOA
Reduce markers of inflammation, decrease vascular congestion and cellular infiltration, improve beta 2 receptor sensitivity
Corticosteroid Therapeutic Effects
IV or PO (1-2 hrs vs 2wks), for acute use IV –> oral, for prevention use inhalation and dose based on severity.
Corticosteroid Inhallation ADE
Fungal infections in the mouth, wash mouth
Corticosteroid Systemic Short Term ADE
Hyperglycemic, Psychiatric
Corticosteroid Systemic Long Term ADE
Osteoporosis/fractures, HTN, poor wound healing, Adrenal suppression, myopathy, glaucoma
Corticosteroid DDI
Cushings and adrenal insufficiency reported with CYP inhibitors
What three classes/drugs lower seizure threshold?
Beta-Lactams (Imipenem), Buproprion, Meperidine
Sodium Channel Blockers MOA
Reduce Na+ influx which reduces neuron firing, prolongs the inactivation state of neurons and inhibits the release of excitatory amino acids
Class for Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
Sodium Channel Blocker
Carbamazepine Pharmicokinetics
- Highly protein bound
- Autoinduction
- Hepatic Metabolism with active metabolites
- Inducer of CYP34A
- Monitor Serum levels
Carbamazepine Theraputic Uses
Generalized tonic-clonic and partial
Carbamazepine ADE
CNS: Blurred vision, unsteady, headache, sedation. Nausea. Hyponatremia (SIADH)
Carbamazepine BBW
Blood dyscrasia and Derm (Steven’s Johnson and TENS). Worse for Asians due to alleel.
Carbamazepine DDI
Inducer, displacement reactions
Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) Class
Sodium Channel Blocker, analog of Carbamazepine
Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) Pharmicokinetics
- Highly protein bound
- Not CYP450 Metabolized
- Eliminated by kidneys
- Inducer of CYP34A
- Initiate dose at 1.5x > Carbamazepine
How many times higher is an Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) dose than a Carbamazepine dose?
1.5 times higher for Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal)
Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) Theraputic Uses
Generalized tonic-clonic, partial
Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) ADE
No BBW, SIADH
Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) DDI
Inducer of 34A, reduced oral contraception
Eslicarbazepine Class
Sodium Channel Blocker, analog of Carbamazepine
Eslicarbazepine Clinical Application
Partial onset seizures
Eslicarbazepine Pharmacokinetics
- Highly protein bound
- Adjust for renal dysfxn
- Inhibits CYP 2C19, Induces CYP 34A
Eslicarbazepine ADE
No BBW, Derm rxn, hyponatremia, hepatotoxicity, reduces oral BC
Phenytoin (Dilatin) Class
Sodium Channel Blocker
Phenytoin (Dilantin) Types
Phenytoin Acid and Phenytoin Sodium - Sodium has 8% less phenytoin. NOT bioequivilent. Check levels when dosing
Phenytoin (Dilatin) Levels
Levels are given with bound + free. Free is usually 10% unless they have hypoalbumin (less is bound) or high urea and bilirubin which can knock it off. Can order “free” level
Phenytoin (Dilatin) Conditions that affect binding
Renal failure, liver failure, hypoalbuinemia (Major trauma, burns, nephrotic syndrome, malnutrition, surgery)
Phenytoin (Dilatin) Metabolism
Dose-dependent, Michaelis-Mentin or capacity limited metabolism. CYP450 interactions. 20% less clerance in the elderly
Phenytoin (Dilatin) Target concentrations
10-20 mcg (1-2 mcg free)
Phenytoin (Dilatin) Adjustments
Adjust for Albumin
Phenytoin (Dilatin) Treatment uses
Generalized tonic-clonic, partial
Phenytoin (Dilatin) Dose dependent ADE
> 20 –> nystagmus, >30 ataxia, seizures, >40 –> lethargy or coma
Phenytoin (Dilatin) Hypersensitivity ADE
Rash, increased LFT, Fever
Phenytoin (Dilatin) Long Term ADE
Gingival Hyperplasia, Hirsuitism
Phenytoin (Dilatin) IV ADE
CV problems from propolene glycol in IV, Purple glove syndrome from extravision
Phenytoin (Dilatin) ADE
N/V/C, Decreased cognitive ability, Leukopenia, Thromboytopenia, Anemia
Phenytoin (Dilatin) DDI
Inducer of 3A4, Metabolized by 2C9/2C19, protein bound, tube feedings and antacids reduce availability, separate by 2 hr
Phenytoin (Dilatin) vs Fosphenytoin
Max infusion of Phenytoin is 50 (25 in elderly) vs 150 because Fosphenytoin has no propylene glycol. Phenytoin cannot be given IM, Fosphenytoin can.
Fosphenytoin vs Phenytoin doses
1.5 mg of fosphenytoin = 1 mg of phenytoin
Fosphenytoin (Cerebyx) Pharmokinetics
Prodrug of Phenytoin, converts in the blood. Can be IM or IV. Same ADE as Phenytoin minus the IV ADE.
Zileuton (Zyflo)
Leukotriene Modifer
Zileuton (Zyflo) MOA/ADE
Prevent leukotriene formation, Hepatotoxicity
Zafirlukast (Accolate)
Leukotriene Modifier
Montelukast (Singular)
Leukotriene modifier
Leukotriene Modifier MOA
Affect Leukotrenes which are potent constrictors produced from arachidonic acid. Affect LTC and LTD4.
Zafirlukast and Montelukast MOA
Receptor antagonists for LTD4
Leukotriene Modifier Uses
Maintenance therapy, alternative to corticosteroids, Prophylaxis and aspirin induced asthma
Leukotriene Modifier ADE
Headache, GI upset, CYP 450 Interactions
Monoclonal Antibody MOA
Inhibits IgE from binding to receptors on mast cells
Monoclonal Antibody ADE
Injection site rxn
Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutic uses
Moderate to severe allergy asthma not controlled by steroids
What should every asthmatic have on hand?
SABA, Beta-2 Rescue inhaler
What should every persistent asmathtic by eon?
Corticosteroid
Goals of COPD Therapy
Prevent disease progression, relieve sxs, tx and prevent acute exacerbations, smoking cessation
Long term management of COPD
Supplemental oxygen, regular tx with bronchodilators (Anticholinergics), inhaled corticosteroids
Acute COPD Exacerbations
SABA, Antibiotics (if not viral infection)
Most important part of smoking cessation
Set a quit date
Nicotine Replacement MOA
Maintain levels of dopamine over time, can be slowly decreased
Nicotine Replacement Cautions
Patients that are post MI, with arrhythmias or angina
Bupropion SR (Zyban) Mechanism of Action
Blocks the reuptake of dopamine
Bupropion SR (Zyban) Therapeutic Uses
Use with NR, first choice for depressed patients, well tolerated in patients with CV disease, delays weight gain, begin therapy 1-2 weeks before quit date
Bupropion SR (Zyban) Caution
Seizure disorders
Varenicline (Chantix) MOA
Selective for nicotine receptors, partial agonist, prevents full agoinst activity
Varenicline (Chantix) ADE
Serious neuropsychaitric symptoms such as agitation, depression, suicial ideation
Which Insulin should be cloudy
NPH
What do you use Rapid/Short acting insulin for?
Meal intake, elevated glucose, IM or IV
What do you use intermediate/long acting insulin for
Basal insulin needs, NOT to cover long meals, must be given IM
How much does 1 unit of insulin lower blood glucose?
50-100 mg/dL
How long do you wait before adjusting the dose?
24hr to prevent hypoglycemia
Insulin injection sites
Abdomen > buttocks > arm/leg. Exercise/rubbing.heat accelerates absorbtion
Treat Mild Hypoglycemia
Simple sugar (juice, candy, sugar_
Treat Severe hypoglycemia (Unconscious)
20-50 mL of 50% dextrose by IV. 1mg glucoagon subq or IM
Technosphere insulin
Dry, powder insulin. Dose at begining of meal. BBW for bronchoconstriction, not recommended for smokers
Lispro (Humalog)
Rapid acting insulin
Aspart (Novolog)
Rapid Acting insulin
Glulisine (Adventis)
Rapid Acting insulin
Rapid Acting Insulin
Onset 15-30min, Peak 1-2h, Duration 3-4h, Admin before meal, IV or SubQ, clear
Regular (Humulin R)
Short Acting Insulin
Short Acting Insulin
Onset 30 min, Peak 2-3h, Duration 4-6h, Admin 40-45min before meal, IV or SubQ, clear
NPH (Humulin N) and NPH (Novolin N)
Intermediate Acting Insulin
Intermediate Acting Insulin
Onset 2-4h, peak 4-8hr, duration 8-12hr, usually BID, Only SubQ, Cloudy
Glargine (Lantus)
Long Acting Insulin
Detemir (Levemir)
Long Acting Insulin
Insulin ADE
Hypoglycemia, Insulin allergy, Insulin resistance (Animal), Lipohypertrophy –> reduced absorbtion
Glipizide
Sulfonylurea
Glimepiride
Sulfonylurea
Glyburide
Sulfonylurea
Sulfonylureas MOA
Target Sulfonylurea receptor on beta pancreatic cell to force insulin to be released without needing glucose to be present
Sulfonylureas Use/Pharmikokinetics
Extended duration of action, DM 2, reduce dosing with hepatic impairtment
Sulfonylurea ADE
Hypoglycemia, Sulfa moity –> Derm (rash, photosensitivity), GI: N/V/LFTs, weight gain
Glipizide Preferred Use
Elderly, no renal excretion “Glip is Hip”
Glyburide Risks
50/50 renal and hepatic excretion, accumulates in pts with CrCl
Repaglinide (Prandin)
Meglitinide
Nateglinide (Starlix)
Meglitinide
Meglitinide MOA
Same as Sulfonylurea but no sulfa moity
Meglitinide uses
Preferable for those who skip meals, shorter duration of action, preferable for those with renal dysfunction
Meglitinide ADE
Hypoglycemia, weight gain, DDI: Inhibit CYP450
Metformin (Glucophage)
Biguanide
Biguanide MOA
Decrease hepatic glucose output, increase peripheral glucose utilization
Biguanide Uses
DM 2
Biguanide Advantages
Cause weight loss, decreaes triglicerides
Biguanide Contraindications
Men CrCL >1.5, Women >1.4, Hypoxia, Renal impairment, hepatic impairment, contrast materials all lead to lactic acidosis
Biguanide ADE
GI upset, bloating and flatulance, lactic acidosis
Acarbose (Pregose)
Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitor
Miglitol (Glyset)
Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitor
Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitor MOA
Inhibit brush border alphaglucosidases which slows down digestion of complex carbohydrates
Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitor ADE
Flatulence, Abd pain, diarrhea, CI in pt with GI disorders
Acarbose (Pregose) ADE
Increases LFTs
Rosiglitazone (Avandia)
Thiazolidinedione
Pioglitazone (Actose)
Thiazolidinedione
Thiazolidinedione MOA
Promote uptake of glucose into muscle/adipose. Decrease insulin resistance, increase insulin sensitivity, no effect on insulin secretion
Thiazolidinedione ADE
Hepatotoxicity and edema, fracture risk, caution in CHF patients and risk for ostoporosis
Pioglitazone (Actose) ADE
Risk for bladder cancer, CI in bladder cancer
Exenatide (Byetta), Ligalutide (Victoza), Albiglutide (Tanzeum), Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
GLP-1 Antagonists
GLP-1 Antagnosts MOA
Mimic Action of GLP-1. Stimulate insulin release, delay gastric emptying, suppress glucagon release. Recombinant form.
GLP-1 Antagonists Contraindications
CrCl
GLP-1 Antagonists ADE
N/V, Headache, **Pancreattitis
Sitagliptin (Januvia), Saxagliptin (Onglyza) Alogliptin (Nesina), Lingagliptin (Tradjenta)
DPP-4 Inhibitors
DPP-4 Inhibitors MOA
Inhibit DPP-4 Enzyme that breaks down GLP-1.
DPP-4 Inhibitors ADE
Adjust for renal dysfunction, Pancreatitis
What do you start a DM2 patient with very high glucose on first?
Insulin
What is the backbone of all HA1C treatments?
Metformin
Zosinamide (Zonegran)
Calcium Channel Blocker
Zosinamide (Zonegran) Pharmikokinetics
Low Protein Binding, PO only, Hepatic metabolism, kidney excretion
Zosinamide (Zonegran) ADE
CNS: Somnolence, Agitation, cognitive impairment, Renal Stones, Sulfa Moity
Lamotrigine (Lamictal)
Calcium Channel Blocker
Lamotrigine (Lamictal) Pharmikokinetics
Low protein binding, PO
Lamotrigine (Lamictal) ADE
BBW for skin rxn if patient is positive for allelle (TENS or SJS). DDI with Valproic acid (Adjust dosing)
Rufinaminde (Banzel)
Calcium Channel Blocker
Rufinaminde (Banzel) Pharmikokinetics
Hepatic metabolism, CYP Inducer
Rufinaminde (Banzel) ADE
Short QT interval, multi-organ hypersensitivity
Lascosamide (Vimpat)
Calcium Channel Blocker
Lascosamide (Vimpat) Pharmikokinetics
100% bioavailible PO, hepatic metabolism, renal elimination
Lascosamide (Vimpat) ADE
Prolong QT interval, heart block, no DDI
Valproate
GABAergic Agent
GABAergic Agent MOA
Increase the activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in order to prevent and treat seizures
Valproate Pharmicokinetics
Many forms, stick to one. Highly protein bound. Inhibit CYP450**, Concentration 50-100 or higher if needed
Valproate ADE
BBW for hepatotoxicity, tetrogenaity and pancreatitis. Weight gain, thrombocytopenia, Hyperammonemia, Displacement reaction (Phenytoin), Increase Lamotrigine levels (Skin Rxn), CYP Inhibitor
Gabapentin
GABAergic Agent
Gabapentin Pharmikokinetics
Oral, renal elimination
Gabapentin ADE
CNS: Somnolence, dizziness, ataxia, emotional lability, agitation. No DDI. Withdrawl
Tigabine (Gabatril)
GABAergic Agent
Tigabine (Gabaril) Pharmikokinetics
Highly protein bound
Tigabine (Gabaril) ADE
Hallucinations/paranoia, Displacement DI
Vigabatrin (Sabril)
GABAergic Agent
Vigabatrin (Sabril)
MUST be an approved provider
Vigabatrin (Sabril)
BBW - Irriversible vision loss
Clobaxam (Onfi)
GABAergic Agent
Clobaxam (Onfi) Pharmikokinetics
PO, Highly protein bound
Clobaxam (Onfi) ADE
Benzo affects
PHENObarbitol
GABAergic Agent
PHENObarbitol Pharmikokinetics
PO only, Highly protein bound
PENTObarbitol
GABAergic Agent
PHENObarbitol ADE
Benzo affects
PENTObarbitol Pharmikokinetics
IV not PO
PENOTbaribol ADE
Benzo affects
What is the first drug you reach for with status epilipticus?
IV Benzos, IM Midazolam, PR diazepam