Test 4 Flashcards
What types of research methods are often used in leadership research?
individual, team, department, organization
What is the relationship between scientists and practitioners in leadership research?
Enormous overlap amongst scientists and practitioners in leadership research
What is the definition of leadership?
social process through which an individual exerts influence over others to structure behaviors and relationships
What is effective leadership?
Successful long-term performance of subordinates
Leaders function through the effective use of power
What are the sources of power?
Legitimate Reward Coercive Expert Referent
What is the trait approach to leadership?
: leadership is understood through the characteristics or traits that the leaders have
What traits are related to leadership success?
High energy level Stress tolerance Emotional maturity Integrity Self-Confidenc
What is leadership self-efficacy?
perceived capabilities of an individual to successfully complete leadership tasks
What are the three motives for leadership?
Need for power Enjoyment of influencing others Need for achievement Enjoyment of goal attainment Need for affiliation Desire to have close, social relationships with others
Are traits predictive of leader effectiveness?
Stogdill (1948) revealed inconsistent relationships between traits and leadership capabilities
Intelligence and dominance were traits that were mildly associated with leadership
What is the relationship between traits, situations and leadership?
Traits interact with situation and leader constraints to create influence
May not be especially predictive
What is the behavioral approach to leadership?
Leadership is best understood in terms of the actions taken by a leader
Focus is on what leaders actually do
What are the two parts of the Fleishman Taxonomy?
Initiating structure: role definition of subordinates
Consideration: Extent to which leaders act in a supportive manner
What is contingency theory?
theory that takes into account the situation of the leader instead of just traits of the leader
Fiedler’s contingency theory states that leader success is based both on leader traits and situational constraints
What is the least preferred co-worker?
Measure leader’s commitment to task accomplishment based around a co-worker who gets in the way
When do task-oriented leaders succeed?
Task-oriented leaders perform well in situations of both high and low-control
When do relationship-oriented leaders succeed?
Relationship-oriented leaders perform well in situations of moderate control
What is path-goal theory?
stresses importance of leaders indicating to followers what paths (behaviors) they need to exhibit to attain the objective (goal)
What are the different types of leadership in the path-goal model?
Directive: leader provides specific guidelines
Supportive: leader demonstrates concern for subordinates’ well-being
Participative: leader solicits ideas from subordinates, involves them in decision-making
Achievement-oriented: leader sets challenging goals, stays focused on work performance above all else
What is the implicit leadership theory?
Focus on subordinates’ perceptions of leader
Perceptions based on prototype
Subordinate perceptions of leader based on how close the leader matches their (subordinate’s) prototype
What is a prototype?
Prototype: an individual’s mental representation of a leader
What is transformational leadership?
idea that leadership is the process of inspiring a group to pursue goals and attain results
What is transactional leadership?
Relationship between leader and follower are based on exchanges (transactions)
What is charismatic leadership?
Idea that leadership is a product of charisma
Charisma inspires confidence in followers
What is the dark side of leadership?
Underneath likability are major adjustment problems
What are some substitutes of leadership?Be ready to list some
Job itself
Technology
Work unit
Leader
What is the relationship between leadership and culture?
Cultures value leaders based on implicit leadership theory
A leader must match a culture’s prototype
Example: General Patton, Gandhi
What is the relationship between gender and leadership?
Glass ceiling: qualified individuals (usually women) are stopped from receiving promotions due to discrimination
Individuals are less likely to encode task-based (or masculine) traits when the leader was female rather than male (Scott and Brown, 2006)
What is an attitude?
Degree of positive or negative feeling a person has toward a particular person, place, or thing
What do attitudes affect?
Job performance
Experience of work
Work-life balance
What are the three parts of an attitude?
1) Beliefs about aspects of the job.
“My work has long stretches with nothing to do.”
2) The evaluative component, i.e., the attitude itself.
“I am dissatisfied with my job.”
3) Work-related behavioral intentions that follow from the attitude.
“I’m intending to quit my job.”
What is the theory of planned behavior?
Know and understand the relationships in the theory of planned behavior
Rational choice model similar to expectancy theory and equity theory
Assumes a strong relationship between intention and behavior
“I intend to work hard on this project” Effort
What is job satisfaction?
pleasurable, positive emotional state resulting from the cognitive appraisal of one’s job or job experiences
What are job characteristics, individual characteristics, social factors, growth opportunities?
…
Why is there such a moderate effect between satisfaction and performance? Know and list the causes
Satisfaction task performance relationship not as strong as commonly thought
Only a moderate correlation
Satisfaction contextual performance (OCBs) relationship
Moderate correlation, however satisfaction is clear antecedent to OCB
1) Research and Measurement Issues:
Is “job performance” defined correctly?
Can you predict specific behaviors from a general attitude toward the job.
2) “Moderator” Effects:
Satisfaction-performance relationship is highly complex (Katzell, Thompson & Guzzo, 1992)
For example, the sat-perf relationship may be limited by constraints on performance, e.g., group norms for performance, environmental variables such as the speed of an assembly line.
3) Dispositional Effects:
Some research has found that a substantial amount of the variability in job satisfaction may relate to “trait affect.”
What are withdrawal behaviors?
Absenteeism
Costs organizations $789/employee
Time off for caring for older relatives is $12 billion/year
Attendance motivation (Steers and Rhodes Model)
Based on
Pressure to attend
Pressures include economy, rewards, workgroup norms, personal ethics
Ability to attend
Actual illness
Family commitments
Transportation
What is absenteeism? Know the model of employee attendance.
Actual illness
Family commitments
Transportation
What is turnover? Know and understand the model of turnover
voluntary or involuntary removal of an individual from the organization
i.e. quitting or firing
Turnover rate of 18% in the United States
Higher in service and retail industry
Antecedents of turnover:
Perceived ease of movement
Perceived desirability of movement
Modest relationship with job satisfaction
What is organizational commitment?
relative strength of an individual’s identification with and involvement in an organization
What are the three components of commitment?
Affective commitment: emotional attachment to an organization, characterized by strong commitment to goals, and belief in the mission of the organization, and a desire to remain a part of the organization
Continuance commitment: Attachment based on what employee has given to the organization
Normative commitment: attachment from sense of obligation to remain at the organization
What is job involvement?
extent to which employees are cognitively engaged in their jobs
Work centrality?
degree of importance that work holds in one’s life
What is a workaholic?
work involvement and drive create work-life imbalance
What is perceived organizational support?
global belief concerning the extent to which the organization values and cares about employees
What is emotional regulation?
methods by which an individual controls their emotions and the way those emotions are expressed to others
What is emotional labor?
effort, planning and control required by employees to express organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal interactions
What is leader-member exchange?
Leaders develop relationships with each member of work group
What are the steps to leader-member exchange?
Leaders develop relationships with each member of work group High quality relationship member is part of “in-group” more responsibility, higher satisfaction Low quality relationship member is part of “out-group” less responsibility, lower satisfaction
What are the phases of Leader-Member Exchange?
Phase 1: Role-taking member enters organization leader assesses member’s abilities/talents Phase 2: Role-making informal, unstructured negotiation of role Phase 3: Role-routinization social exchange pattern emerges becomes routine
What are some precursors to leader-member exchange?
Member attributes influence relationship extroversion abilities ingratiation behaviors Leader provides social support Affective responses influence relationship perceived similarity attraction leads to increased interaction trust
What are the outcomes of Leader-Member Exchange?
Job satisfaction Organizational commitment Moderated/affected by other factors type of task matters level of challenge situational factors size of group workload financial resources
What are two leadership skills?
Technical skills: knowledge of work processes
Interpersonal skills: understanding of group processes
Conceptual skills: ability to analyze situations and identify problems
