Test 4 Flashcards
What is classification?
The grouping off organisms based on their similarities
What is taxonomy?
The science of dealing with the description, identification, naming, and classification of organisms
How does the binomial system work?
It is a 2 part name for each species
a. Genus -more general name
b. Species- specific name
What is phylogeny?
The evolutionary history of a species
What are cladistics?
grouping species by shared quantifiable features
What is a clade?
A group of species
What are some major factors that affected plant and animal evolution?
There was an increase in size and complexity of organisms
There were more stages to sexual reproduction and life cycles
How have plants adapted to living on land?
Roots absorbed water
Vascular tissues move water
(Xylem is for water, Phloem is for sugars)
Became bigger
Waxy layer (cuticle) on epidermis to prevent water loss
Stomates on the underside of lead close to prevent water loss
How have animals adapted to land?
Changed from radial symmetry to bilateral symmetry
1 opening gut to 2 openings with tube
Invertebrates and vertebrates
Coelom (cavity between body wall and gut)
What are the major traits of mammals?
provide young with milk
have hair or fur
have 4 kinds of teeth
What are monotremes?
Egg laying mammals
What are some primate adaptations?
excellent vision (binocular) highly developed brain opposable thumbs bipedalism modified teeth greater parental care
How did we evolve from primates?
Adaptations for walking upright
better grip and tool use
increased brain capacity
What were the adaptations for bipedal walking
change in pelvic area
stopped walking on hands
What are some adaptations for tool use
opposable thumbs
power and precision grip
What is the important of the Archaeopteryx
it is the missing link between birds and reptiles
feathers and wings like bird/ hollow bones
teeth
claws
What is replacement
minerals replace organic materials
How does fossil record support evolution
remains of organisms buried in layers of rock
How does comparative anatomy support evolution
it shows the overall similarity in body plan for humans and ape like ancestors
How does comparative embryology support evolution
primitive traits are often kept in embryo, but not shown in adults, and human embryos share traits with other vertebras (gill slits, rudimentary tail)
What are homologous structures
structures that look similar and function the same and show shared and common ancestry
these structures show that the same genes directed their development
ex: wings (bats, birds) and arms
What are analogous structures
Structures have similar function, but arose independently of each other
EX: wings to fly arose more than once (insects, mammals, bird)
EX: fins or flippers for swimming
What are vestigial structures
under developed organs, some with little or no function, but may have been used by ancestors
ex: appendix, hair, wisdom teeth, Darwin’s point
How does comparative biochemistry support evolution
it shows similarities in genes and DNA and ATP enzymes
What is evolution
changes in the species over time due to genetic modification
individuals do NOT evolve, instead evolution forms new species
What is micro evolution
evolution in small scale, usually changes in gene frequency mutation genetic drift gene flow natural selection
What is macro evolution
evolution in larger scale
it takes place over a longer time period and produces new species
EX: evolution of seeds in plants
What are the basic principles of natural selection
Individuals vary in a population and some better adapt
Many more offspring are born for more reproduction
Some individuals are more “fit”
Species can change over time to adapt to environment
What are mechanisms of natural selection
Directional selection
Artificial selection
What is directional selection
changes in environment that shifts population traits
EX: melanism (color change)
What is artificial selection
selection done by humans rather than nature
EX: dog breeding
What is speciation
formation of a new species to to separating populations in a species
What is allopatric speciation
speciation due to geographic barrier (mountains, rivers) arising
results in 2 or more species
EX: different species formed in South America (llamas vs camels)
What are the components of reproductive isolation
seasonal timing
mechanical isolation
sexual behavior
what is mechanical isolation
physical incompatibilities in finding a mate
How do the Galapagos finches demonstrate adaptive radiation
many new species from a single species due to finches migrating to open habitats and adapting
What is coevolution
two species evolving together, and act as agents of selection on each other
ex: pollinator and flower
What is ecology
study of interactions of living organisms with each other and their physical environment
What are the trophic levels?
Producers Consumers Carnivore Tertiary consumer Decomposer
What is a population?
A group of individuals all in the same species
What is a community
All living things in an area (plants and animals)
What is an ecosystem
Community and the environment
living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic)
What is mutualism
A positive benefit for both species during their interaction
EX: Acacia tree and ants
What is Commensalism
When one species benefits and the second is not affected
EX: barnacles and whales
What is competition?
When both species are harmed because they are competing for the same resources
What is predation?
When one species benefits and the second is harmed
What is mimicry?
When a species looks like another in order to confuse predators
EX: Vicerary buttery and monarch butterfly
What are some methods prey use to avoid predators?
run camoflauge chemical defense mimicry physical protection
What is social parasitism
When one species uses another in a harmful manner
EX: cowbird lays eggs in other birds’ nests
