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Biology 110 > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is classification?

A

The grouping off organisms based on their similarities

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2
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The science of dealing with the description, identification, naming, and classification of organisms

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3
Q

How does the binomial system work?

A

It is a 2 part name for each species

a. Genus -more general name
b. Species- specific name

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4
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The evolutionary history of a species

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5
Q

What are cladistics?

A

grouping species by shared quantifiable features

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6
Q

What is a clade?

A

A group of species

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7
Q

What are some major factors that affected plant and animal evolution?

A

There was an increase in size and complexity of organisms

There were more stages to sexual reproduction and life cycles

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8
Q

How have plants adapted to living on land?

A

Roots absorbed water
Vascular tissues move water
(Xylem is for water, Phloem is for sugars)
Became bigger
Waxy layer (cuticle) on epidermis to prevent water loss
Stomates on the underside of lead close to prevent water loss

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9
Q

How have animals adapted to land?

A

Changed from radial symmetry to bilateral symmetry
1 opening gut to 2 openings with tube
Invertebrates and vertebrates
Coelom (cavity between body wall and gut)

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10
Q

What are the major traits of mammals?

A

provide young with milk
have hair or fur
have 4 kinds of teeth

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11
Q

What are monotremes?

A

Egg laying mammals

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12
Q

What are some primate adaptations?

A 
excellent vision (binocular)
highly developed brain
opposable thumbs
bipedalism
modified teeth
greater parental care
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13
Q

How did we evolve from primates?

A

Adaptations for walking upright
better grip and tool use
increased brain capacity

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14
Q

What were the adaptations for bipedal walking

A

change in pelvic area

stopped walking on hands

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15
Q

What are some adaptations for tool use

A

opposable thumbs

power and precision grip

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16
Q

What is the important of the Archaeopteryx

A

it is the missing link between birds and reptiles
feathers and wings like bird/ hollow bones
teeth
claws

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17
Q

What is replacement

A

minerals replace organic materials

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18
Q

How does fossil record support evolution

A

remains of organisms buried in layers of rock

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19
Q

How does comparative anatomy support evolution

A

it shows the overall similarity in body plan for humans and ape like ancestors

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20
Q

How does comparative embryology support evolution

A

primitive traits are often kept in embryo, but not shown in adults, and human embryos share traits with other vertebras (gill slits, rudimentary tail)

21
Q

What are homologous structures

A

structures that look similar and function the same and show shared and common ancestry

these structures show that the same genes directed their development
ex: wings (bats, birds) and arms

22
Q

What are analogous structures

A

Structures have similar function, but arose independently of each other

EX: wings to fly arose more than once (insects, mammals, bird)
EX: fins or flippers for swimming

23
Q

What are vestigial structures

A

under developed organs, some with little or no function, but may have been used by ancestors
ex: appendix, hair, wisdom teeth, Darwin’s point

24
Q

How does comparative biochemistry support evolution

A

it shows similarities in genes and DNA and ATP enzymes

25
Q

What is evolution

A

changes in the species over time due to genetic modification

individuals do NOT evolve, instead evolution forms new species

26
Q

What is micro evolution

A 
evolution in small scale, usually changes in gene frequency
   mutation
   genetic drift
   gene flow
   natural selection
27
Q

What is macro evolution

A

evolution in larger scale
it takes place over a longer time period and produces new species
EX: evolution of seeds in plants

28
Q

What are the basic principles of natural selection

A

Individuals vary in a population and some better adapt
Many more offspring are born for more reproduction
Some individuals are more “fit”
Species can change over time to adapt to environment

29
Q

What are mechanisms of natural selection

A

Directional selection

Artificial selection

30
Q

What is directional selection

A

changes in environment that shifts population traits

EX: melanism (color change)

31
Q

What is artificial selection

A

selection done by humans rather than nature

EX: dog breeding

32
Q

What is speciation

A

formation of a new species to to separating populations in a species

33
Q

What is allopatric speciation

A

speciation due to geographic barrier (mountains, rivers) arising
results in 2 or more species
EX: different species formed in South America (llamas vs camels)

34
Q

What are the components of reproductive isolation

A

seasonal timing
mechanical isolation
sexual behavior

35
Q

what is mechanical isolation

A

physical incompatibilities in finding a mate

36
Q

How do the Galapagos finches demonstrate adaptive radiation

A

many new species from a single species due to finches migrating to open habitats and adapting

37
Q

What is coevolution

A

two species evolving together, and act as agents of selection on each other
ex: pollinator and flower

38
Q

What is ecology

A

study of interactions of living organisms with each other and their physical environment

39
Q

What are the trophic levels?

A 
Producers
Consumers
Carnivore
Tertiary consumer
Decomposer
40
Q

What is a population?

A

A group of individuals all in the same species

41
Q

What is a community

A

All living things in an area (plants and animals)

42
Q

What is an ecosystem

A

Community and the environment

living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic)

43
Q

What is mutualism

A

A positive benefit for both species during their interaction

EX: Acacia tree and ants

44
Q

What is Commensalism

A

When one species benefits and the second is not affected

EX: barnacles and whales

45
Q

What is competition?

A

When both species are harmed because they are competing for the same resources

46
Q

What is predation?

A

When one species benefits and the second is harmed

47
Q

What is mimicry?

A

When a species looks like another in order to confuse predators
EX: Vicerary buttery and monarch butterfly

48
Q

What are some methods prey use to avoid predators?

A 
run
camoflauge
chemical defense
mimicry
physical protection
49
Q

What is social parasitism

A

When one species uses another in a harmful manner

EX: cowbird lays eggs in other birds’ nests

Biology 110 (2 decks)

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