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Test 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Divergent tectonic plates have _____ volume, _____ eruptions

A

high volume, gentle

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2
Q

Convergent tectonic plates have ____ volume, _____, ____ eruptions

A

low volume, periodic, violent

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3
Q

What are “Hot Spots”?

A

Volcanic activity in the interior of a tectonic plate

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4
Q

What is a rising plume of hot mantle material that is stationary?

A

A hot spot

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5
Q

When Oceanic crust is involved, a hot spot creates what?

A

Constant, high volume, gentle eruptions

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6
Q

When a continental crust is involved, a hot spot creates what?

A

Very periodic eruptions, extremely violent

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7
Q

Yellowstone National Park is a _____ crust volcano

A

continental

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8
Q

Hawaii is a _____ crust volcano

A

oceanic

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9
Q

What is the term for stuff that comes out of a volcano?

A

Ejecta

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10
Q

What are the 4 gases that come out of a volcano?

A

Steam, Sulfur gases, acidic gases, carbon gases

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11
Q

What are the 3 things that come out of a volcano?

A

Gases, liquids, pyroclastics

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12
Q

wHAT ARE THE TWO FORMS OF LAVA?

A

Pahoehoe and Aa

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of Pahoehoe lava?

A

Low viscosity and a smooth, ropy appearance

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of Aa lava?

A

High viscosity, broken, jagged appearance

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15
Q

What is the composition of Felsic lava?

A

Rhyolitic, >65% silicon, very viscous, Aa only, high gas content, explosive eruption

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16
Q

What is the composition of Intermediate lava?

A

Andesitic, 55-65% silicon, Medium viscosity, Aa only, medium gas content, medium eruption

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17
Q

What is the composition of mafic lava?

A

Basalitic, 45-55% silicon, low viscosity, pahoehoe or Aa, low gas content, gentle eruption

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18
Q

What controls viscosity?

A

silica

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19
Q

What controls gas content?

A

viscosity

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20
Q

What controls explosion?

A

gas content

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21
Q

What are pyroclastics?

A

solids released during an eruption

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22
Q

What are the sizes of pyroclastics?

A

dust, ash, lapilli, bombs

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23
Q

Volcanic dust is composed of what?

A

clay and silt

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24
Q

What can alter climate?

A

volcanic dust

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25
Q

What size is ash?

A

sand-sized

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26
Q

What is lapilli?

A

gravel-sized cinders

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27
Q

What are the 4 types of volcanoes?

A

Shield, composite, cinder cone, lava dome

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28
Q

What are the characteristics of a shield volcano?

A

Broad, gently sloping, constructed of repeated lava flow, low viscosity, very runny.

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29
Q

What are the characteristics of a composite volcano?

A

tall, steep sloped volcano, composted of alternating layers of pyroclastics and lava flows

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30
Q

What are the characteristics of cinder cone volcanoes?

A

small, steep-sided, grows on sides of bigger volcanoes, made entirely of pyroclastics, single eruptions flowing out of base,

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31
Q

What are the characteristics of a lava dome?

A

build-up of viscous lava around a vent that expands outward like a balloon.

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32
Q

What are the 4 volcanic hazards?

A

Lava flow, ash fall, pyroclastic flow, Lahar

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33
Q

What is lahar?

A

Mixture of pyroclastics and water that flows down the volcano

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34
Q

How many volcanoes does the US have within it’s borders?

A

108

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35
Q

What is weathering?

A

Breakdown and decomposition of rock and minerals at the earth’s surface through physical and chemical processes

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36
Q

What are the two categories of weathering?

A

Mechanical and chemical

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37
Q

What is mechanical weathering?

A

Physical processes that break up minerals and rocks into smaller pieces by applying a force

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38
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

Decomposition of rocks through chemical reactions

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39
Q

What does chemical weathering require?

A

liquid water

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40
Q

What is oxidation?

A

when a mineral reacts with oxygen dissolved in water

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41
Q

Biological weathering is sometimes not included as a separate weathering category. Why is that?

A

Plants and animals are agents of mechanical and chemical weathering

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42
Q

What are the three products of weathering?

A

1) Reduction in grain size
2) Creation of new minerals
3) Soil

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43
Q

What is regolith?

A

Loose mineral and rock fragments in situ (in place)

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44
Q

What is sediment?

A

regolith that has been transported by surface processes

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45
Q

What kind of new minerals does weathering create?

A

oxides and clay minerals

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46
Q

What kind of clay minerals does weathering create?

A

sheet silicates with clay-sized crystals

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47
Q

What is soil?

A

complex mixture of mineral and organic material, liquids, and gases

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48
Q

What forms a thin veneer on the earth’s surface?

A

soil

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49
Q

What is soil made of?

A

25% air, 45% minerals, 25% water, 5% organic material

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50
Q

What are the factors of soil formation?

A

Parent material, climate, topography, living organisms, time

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51
Q

what is a kame

A

irregular conic shaped hill formed by topographic inversion, low areas/holes in ice that have filled with sediment

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52
Q

what is a kettle

A

irregular circular depression from topographic inversion, melting of an iceblock

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53
Q

what is a crest

A

high part of a wave

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54
Q

what is a trough

A

low part of a wave

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55
Q

what is wave length

A

distance between similar parts of adjacent waves

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56
Q

what is wave heigt

A

difference between a crest and a trough

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57
Q

oscillatory motion

A

path the water/particles in wave travel, rolling cirular motion

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58
Q

what is the wave base

A

depth below which water is not disturbed by a wave, about 1/2 wavelength

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59
Q

what are the controls on wave height

A

wind speed, duration of the wind, fetch

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60
Q

what is fetch

A

length over which a wave can grow

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61
Q

What does time influence?

A

thickness of the soil, accumulation of weathering products, horizon development

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62
Q

what is wave refraction

A

bending of wave fronts as they come into shore

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63
Q

what does wave refraction create

A

long shore current

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64
Q

what is the long shore current

A

weak current parellel to shore

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65
Q

what is long shore drift

A

movement of sediment w/ wave activity, parallel to shore

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66
Q

what is a rip current

A

this is where a long shore current moves off shore

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67
Q

what is a tide

A

local fluctuation in sea level caused by the gravitational pull of the sun and the moon

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68
Q

what are the 2 bulges

A

solar and lunar

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69
Q

explain what a spring tide looks like

A

solar and lunar bulges are aligned, occurs at new moon and full moon, highest high tides, lowest low tide

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70
Q

explain what a neap tide looks lik

A

solar and lunar bulges are perpendicular, 1/4 moon and 3/4 moon, lowest high tide, highest low tide

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71
Q

what is a beach

A

accumulation of loose material on a shoreline

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72
Q

put the zones of a beach in order from furthest inland to furthest away from land

A

coast line, backshore, foreshore, nearshore, offshore

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73
Q

what are characteristics of the coast line

A

wave activity has no influence, cliffs, bluffs, dune, vegetation

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74
Q

what are characteristics of the backshore

A

not washed by normal wave activity, periodic activity

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75
Q

what are charactersits of the foreshore

A

exposed during low tide, washed by high tide

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76
Q

what are characteristics of nearshore

A

always submerged, within wave base

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77
Q

what are characteristics of offshore

A

submerged 24/7, deeper than wave base, no impact of normal wave activity

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78
Q

what are berms

A

erosional scarp/ridge that marks the highest extend of wave activity, slope back toward coast

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79
Q

what is a beach face

A

slopes seaward/lakeward, washed by activity

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80
Q

what is the longshore bar

A

slight rise in sea/lake bed, submerged

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81
Q

what is a spit

A

long shore current extends the beach partially across and indentation in the coast, peninsula of sediment

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82
Q

what is a bay mouth bar

A

sip that has gown completely across and indentation in coast

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83
Q

what is a tombolo

A

an accumulation of sediment behind break waters

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84
Q

what is a barrier island

A

long, low island oriented parallel to shore

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85
Q

when wave energy increases speed of water does what

A

goes up

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86
Q

storage=

A

inputs-outputs

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87
Q

what are inputs of sediment

A

streams, longshore drift, erosion on cliffs and rocks

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88
Q

what are outputs of sediment

A

seaward/lakeward movement, landward movement, longshore drift

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89
Q

what are factors that induce beach erosion

A

sea level rise, dam a river or a stream, interfere with longshore drift/current w our structures

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90
Q

what are some solutions to beach erosion

A

shore parallel structures, shore perpendicular structures, beach nourishment

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91
Q

What is parent material?

A

Regolith/sediment a soil forms or develops in

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92
Q

What does parent material influence?

A

starting grain size and composition, porosity and permeability

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93
Q

What is porosity and permeability controlled by?

A

grain size

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94
Q

What is permeability?

A

Ability of a soil to transmit a fluid

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95
Q

What is climate?

A

Average temperatures and precipitation patterns

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96
Q

What does climate influence?

A

abundance and diversity of living organisms in an area, rate and type of weathering

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97
Q

What controls the rate of chemical reactions?

A

temperature

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98
Q

What is Topography?

A

Shape of the land surface

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99
Q

What does topography influence?

A

Drainage, rate of erosion and deposition

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100
Q

What do living organisms influence?

A

biological weathering, fertility

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101
Q

What does time influence?

A

thickness of the soil, accumulation of weathering products, horizon development

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102
Q

What are the 5 properties used to describe soils?

A

color, humus, soil texture, soil structure, pH

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103
Q

What does color tell us about the soil?

A

It’s composition, degree of weathering

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104
Q

What do we use to determine soil color?

A

Musell color system

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105
Q

What is the hue?

A

Actual color (page in the book)

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106
Q

what are characteristics of the r horizon

A

bed rock

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107
Q

What is value?

A

lightness/darkness

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108
Q

What is humus content?

A

Chemically stable decomposed organic material

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109
Q

What does Humus do to the color of soil?

A

darkens it

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110
Q

What does soil texture mean?

A

relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay

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111
Q

What is soil structure?

A

Soil particles bond together in aggregates of distinctive shapes

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112
Q

What is pH?

A

Concentration of the H+ ion in a substance

113
Q

Most soils are between what pH?

A

3 and 9

114
Q

What is soil profile?

A

description of the vertical structure of a soil

115
Q

What are horizons?

A

layers in soil

116
Q

What are the two top soil horizons?

A

O horizon and A horizon

117
Q

The physical properties of the O horizon are determined by what?

A

organic material

118
Q

The physical properties of the A horizon are determined by what?

A

mineral material

119
Q

What horizons are in the subsoil?

A

E Horizon and B horizon

120
Q

What dominates the E horizon?

A

Minerals

121
Q

what are soil properties

A

color, humus, soil texutre, soil structure, pH

122
Q

what is pH

A

chemically stable decomposed organic material, darkens color, fertility and water

123
Q

what is soil texture

A

relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay, use textural triangle

124
Q

what is soil structure

A

soil particles bond or stick together into aggregations of distinctive shapes

125
Q

what is soil profile

A

description of the vertical structure of a soil, changes with depth

126
Q

what is a meander scar

A

abandoned stream channel that is dry/wetland

127
Q

what is in the master horizon

A

top soil (o and a), sub soil (e and b)

128
Q

what horizons are in the top soil

A

o and a

129
Q

what horizons are in sub soil

A

e and b

130
Q

what are characteristics of o horizon

A

dominated by organic material, organic material at various stages of decay, dark in color, fluffy, easily lost to erosion

131
Q

what are characteristics of a horizon

A

dominated by mineral materials, mixture of mineral and organic materials, washed of small and soluble minerals, dark in color with a granular structure

132
Q

what are characteristics of e horizon

A

mineral dominated horizon, no organic material, leached of small and soluble minerals, light in color and platy structure

133
Q

what are the characteristics of the b horizon

A

accumulation of minerals from above, clay rich, brightly colored, blocky structure,

134
Q

what 2 horizons are in the parent material horizon

A

c horizon, r horizon

135
Q

what are characteristics of c horizon

A

mineral dominated, regolith or sediment, some evidence of weathering

136
Q

what are characteristics of the r horizon

A

bed rock

137
Q

what are streams

A

channelized flow of water on the earth’s surface regardless of size

138
Q

stream ordering

A

rank streams in a network according to importance

139
Q

what is a drainage basin

A

area of land that contributes water to a give stream/network

140
Q

what is a drainage divide

A

topographically high area that separates one drainage basin from another

141
Q

what is stream flow

A

redistribute precipitation around landscape by moving water

142
Q

what is discharge

A

volume of water passing through a given cross section of stream per unit time

143
Q

gage height

A

height of water surface of a stream above a known elevation

144
Q

what are stages of stream flow

A

normal stage, bank full, flood stage

145
Q

what are the types of sediment loads

A

bed load, suspended load, dissolved load

146
Q

what is a bed load

A

rolling, sliding or jumping along bottom

147
Q

suspended load

A

carried in water column, smaller materials

148
Q

medial moraine

A

where two glaciers come together

149
Q

what is competence

A

size of the largest particle a stream can carry, controlled by velocity

150
Q

what moraines are associated with continental glacial environment

A

all end moraines perpendicular to ice flow

151
Q

what are the types of channels

A

straight, meandering, braided

152
Q

what is a cut bank

A

erosional scarp on the outside of a meander bend

153
Q

what is a point bar

A

accumulation of sediment on the inside of a meander bend

154
Q

what is a natural levee

A

accumulation of sediment forming a low ridge parallel to the stream channel

155
Q

what is a flood plain

A

flat area adjacent to stream channel that is covered during a flood

156
Q

what is a meander scar

A

abandoned stream channel that is dry/wetland

157
Q

what is an oxbow lake

A

abandonded stream channel that contains water

158
Q

what is a terrace

A

abandoned flood plain, “step”

159
Q

what is a glacier

A

mass of ice and snow that flows under its own weight

160
Q

what are types of small glaciers

A

cirque, valley, tide water, piedmont

161
Q

what is a cirque glacier

A

confined to bowl shaped depression

162
Q

what is a valley glacier

A

glacier is confined to a valley in the mountains

163
Q

what is a tide water glacier

A

valley glacier that ends in the ocean

164
Q

what is a piedmont glacier

A

when a valley glacier glows outside the end of a valley it spreads out into a large fan/lobe

165
Q

what are the types of large glaciers

A

ice cap/ice sheet

166
Q

what is mass balance

A

ice and snow budget of glacier, accumulation - ablation

167
Q

what are processes that add mass to a glacier

A

precipitation, deposition, avalanche

168
Q

what are the processes that remove mass from a glacier

A

melting, sublimation, calving (blocks break off into water)

169
Q

what is the equilibrium line

A

where accumulation and ablation are equal

170
Q

what is an alpine glacier environment

A

glaciated mountains, small glacier, topographic inversion is mineral

171
Q

what is a cirque

A

bowl shaped depression found near tops of mountains at head of glacial valleys

172
Q

glacial trough

A

u shaped valley created by glacial erosions

173
Q

horn

A

pyramid shaped mountain peak created by erosion of multiple glaciers

174
Q

arete

A

knife like ridge

175
Q

moraine

A

depositional feature, ridge of sediment accumulated by a glacier

176
Q

end moraine

A

across front of glacier, perpendicular to glacial flow

177
Q

lateral morain

A

accumulation of sediment along sides of glacier

178
Q

medial moraine

A

where two glaciers come together

179
Q

what is a continental glacial environment

A

large glaciers, topographic inversion common

180
Q

what moraines are associated with continental glacial environment

A

all end moraines perpendicular to ice flow

181
Q

what is a drumlin

A

streamlined hill formed beneath a glacier

182
Q

what is an esker

A

sinous ridge of sediment formed beneath a glacier, topographic inversion, in filling of meltwater tunnels or channels in ice

183
Q

The E horizon has no _____ and is leached of small and soluble _____

A

organic material, soluble minerals

184
Q

What color and structure does the E horizon have?

A

light in color and platy structure

185
Q

The B horizon is ______ dominated

A

mineral

186
Q

The B horizon accumulates minerals from where?

A

above

187
Q

The B horizon is ____-rich, ____ colored, and has a ____ structure

A

clay, brightly, blocky

188
Q

The parent material horizons include what?

A

C and R Horizons

189
Q

The C horizon is the ____ horizon

A

mineral

190
Q

The C Horizon is made up of ____ or sediment

A

regolith

191
Q

There may be some evidence of _____ in the C horizon

A

weathering

192
Q

The R horizon is _____.

A

bedrock

193
Q

What is a stream?

A

A channelized flow of water on the earth’s surface regardless of size

194
Q

Streams are arranged on the landscape into a _____

A

network

195
Q

What is a stream pattern determined by?

A

The underlying rock type and underlying geological structure

196
Q

In stream ordering, the ____ the number, the more important the stream

A

higher

197
Q

What does stream ordering do?

A

Allows us to compare streams within a network and between two different networks

198
Q

Step one in stream ordering is:

A

Any stream within the network that has no tributaries is given rank 1

199
Q

Step two in stream ordering is:

A

If two streams have the same rank, the converging stream goes up one order. If they have different ranks, keep the higher number

200
Q

What is a drainage basin?

A

An area of land that contributes water to a given stream or stream network

201
Q

What is a drainage divide?

A

Topographically high area that separates one drainage basin from another

202
Q

What is stream flow?

A

re-distributes precipitation around the landscape by moving water

203
Q

What is velocity?

A

speed of water

204
Q

What is velocity primarily controlled by

A

slope of stream bed

205
Q

What is discharge?

A

Volume of water passing through a given section of stream per unit time

206
Q

What is gage height?

A

Height of the water surface of a stream above a known elevation

207
Q

What is a stage?

A

characterizes stream flow relative to channel

208
Q

What are the three stages of gage height?

A

Normal, bank full, and flood

209
Q

In normal stage, where is the water?

A

within the channel

210
Q

In bank full, where is the water?

A

completely filling the channel

211
Q

In flood stage, where is the water?

A

water overtops and spreads out

212
Q

What is the other job of streams?

A

Sediment load

213
Q

What is sediment load?

A

sediment moved with streamflow

214
Q

What are the three parts of sediment load?

A

Bed load, suspended load, dissolved load

215
Q

What is bed load?

A

Rolling, sliding, or jumping along the bottom of larger materials

216
Q

What is suspended load?

A

Material being carried in the water column

217
Q

What is dissolved load?

A

Ions in solutions

218
Q

What is competence?

A

Size of the largest particle the stream can carry

219
Q

What is competence controlled by?

A

velocity

220
Q

What is capacity?

A

total mass or volume of sediment being moved by the stream

221
Q

What is capacity controlled by?

A

discharge

222
Q

What is a channel?

A

Low-lying area where the water flows

223
Q

What are the types of channels?

A

straight channels, meandering channels, braided channels

224
Q

Where are straight channels found?

A

In areas with very steep slopes

225
Q

Where are meandering channels found?

A

down stream near the mouth

226
Q

braided channels have a _____ load

A

high sediment load

227
Q

What is a thalweg?

A

path of highest velocity water in a stream. High erosion area

228
Q

What is a cut bank?

A

Erosional scarp on the outside of a meander bend

229
Q

What is a point bar?

A

An accumulation of sediment on the inside of a meander bend

230
Q

What are natural levees?

A

Accumulation of sediment forming a low ridge parallel to the stream channel during floods

231
Q

What is a glacier?

A

mass of ice and snow that flows under it’s own weight

232
Q

How does a glacier move?

A

slides on it’s base or from a deformation of ice crystals

233
Q

What are the 3 functions of glaciers?

A

re-distributes water around landscape, forms networks, and moves massive amounts of sediment

234
Q

What are the two types of glaciers?

A

Large and small

235
Q

Small glaciers shape and flow is controlled by what?

A

the underlying landscape

236
Q

What are the two types of small glaciers?

A

cirque and valley glaciers

237
Q

What is a cirque glacier?

A

A glacier that is confined to a bowl0shaped depression near the top of a mountain

238
Q

What is a valley glacier?

A

A glacier that is confined to the valley in mountains

239
Q

What is a tidewater glacier?

A

Valley glacier that terminates in the ocean

240
Q

What is a Piedmont glacier?

A

When a valley glacier flows outside the end of a valley and spreads into a large lobe

241
Q

What are the two types of large glaciers?

A

Ice caps and Ice sheets

242
Q

What is the flow and shape of large glaciers controlled by?

A

the dynamics of the glacier

243
Q

Ice caps are how big?

A

<50000 km^2

244
Q

Ice sheets are how big?

A

> 50000 km^2

245
Q

Mass balance =

A

accumulation-ablation

246
Q

What is accumulation?

A

gains of ice and snow

247
Q

What are three ways that accumulation can happen?

A

precipitation, deposition, avalanche

248
Q

What is ablation?

A

losses of ice and snow

249
Q

How can ablation occur?

A

melting, sublimation, calving

250
Q

At the top of a mountain, accumulation _____ ablation

A

is more than

251
Q

The top of a mountain is known as the _______

A

accumulation zone

252
Q

In the middle of a mountain, accumulation ____ ablation

A

is equal to

253
Q

The middle of the mountain is known as the ______

A

equilibrium line

254
Q

The lower part of the mountain and glacier is known as the ______

A

ablation zone

255
Q

Ice always flows from the _____ to the _____

A

accumulation to the ablation zone

256
Q

In a large glacier, where is the accumulation zone?

A

In the middle

257
Q

What is the annual mass balance?

A

Over a year, the relationship between accumulation and ablation for the entire glacier

258
Q

What is annual mass balance tracked with?

A

climate

259
Q

What is the alpine glacier environment?

A

glaciated mountains, result of small glaciers eroding the landscape

260
Q

Topographic inversion is ______ in alpine glacier environments

A

minimal

261
Q

In topographic inversion, high areas on the glacier result in _____ on the landscape, whereas low areas result in what?

A

low areas, high areas

262
Q

What are the features of alpine glacier environments?

A

cirque, glacial trough, horn, arete, and moraine

263
Q

What is a cirque?

A

A bowl shaped depression near the top of mountains and at the head of glacial valleys.

264
Q

What is a glacial trough?

A

A U-shaped valley created by glacial erosion

265
Q

What is a horn?

A

A pyramid-shaped mountain peak created by erosion of multiple glaciers

266
Q

What is an arete?

A

A knife-like ridge usually radiating away from a horn that is formed by the erosion of adjacent cirques or glacial troughs

267
Q

What is a moraine?

A

A ridge of sediment accumulated by a glacier.

268
Q

What are the three types of moraines?

A

End moraines, lateral moraines, and medial moraines

269
Q

What is an end moraine?

A

A moraine that forms across the front of the glacier and is perpendicular to glacier flow

270
Q

What is a lateral moraine?

A

moraines that form along sides of the glacier down from the equilibrium line

271
Q

What is a medial moraine?

A

A moraine that forms within the ice and are parallel to flow

272
Q

What are the land features of continental glacial environments?

A

Moraines, drumlins, eskers, kames, and kettles

273
Q

All continental moraines are ____ moraines

A

end

274
Q

continental moraines have broad, high bands of ________

A

hummochy topography

275
Q

What is a drumlin?

A

streamlined hill formed beneath a glacier oriented parallel to ice flow

276
Q

What is an esker?

A

Sinuous ridge or series of ridges of sediment, formed beneath a glacier. Result of topographic inversion in meltwater tunnels

277
Q

What is a Kame?

A

Irregular to conic shaped hill formed by topographic inversion

278
Q

What is a kettle?

A

An irregular circular depression from topographic inversion. Melting of an ice block

Earth Science (4 decks)

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