Test 3 Flashcards
What three types of particles are atoms made of?
protons, neutrons, electrons
what particles orbit the nucleus
electrons
what is the mass of a proton
1amu
what is the mass of a nuetron
1 amu
what is the mass of an electron
none
how is an element defined
by the # of protons in nucleus (atomic #)
what is atomic mass
of protons + # of neutrons
standard element has equal numbers of what, what and what
electrons, neutrons, and protons
what is an isotope
form of an element that has a diff # of neutrons, (same atomic #, different atomic mass)
what is an ion
form of an element that has gained/ lost electrons
what are compounds
2 or more elements bonded together
what are minerals
elements and compounds that are basic building block of earth materials
what are the criteria to be considered a mineral
SINCE Solid Inorganic Naturally Occurring Crystalline structure Express as chemical formula
what are mineral groups grouped by
grouped by common anions (end of formula)
what do silicates contain
silica tetrahedron (3 sided pyramid)
name the 5 different types of structures a silicate can have
single tetrahedra, single chain, double chain, sheet, 3D framework
what do carbonates contain
contain carbonate anion
what do oxides contain
oxygen anion
what do sulfides contain
sulfur anion
what do halides contain
anything bonded to chlorine, fluorine, or bromine anion
what are native elements
they are composed of just one type of element
what are the 7 mineral properties
habit, luster, color, streak, hardness, cleavage, fracture
what is habit?
crystal formation, shape that a crystal grows in
what is luster
way light interacts with surface of material (metallic or nonmetallic)
color is a ______ property
nondiagnostic
what is streak
color of a mineral in powdered form
what is hardness
resistance of a mineral to abrasion
what scale do we use to measure hardness
mohs hardness scale
what is cleavage
tendency of minerals to break along planes of structural weakness
what is fracture
the way a mineral breaks
what are rocks
aggregations of one or more minerals or mineral-like substances, solid
what is texture
size and arrangement of the rock components
what is compostion
what are the mineral and mineral like substances
how do igneous rocks form
form from the cooling and crystallization of molten rock, composed of interlocking crystals
what are two words for molten rock
lava, magma
what are the four categories of igneous rocks
felsic, intermediate, mafic, ultramafic
what are characteristics of felsic rocks
Si greater than 65%, high amounts of K and Na, tend to be light in color (any shade of red = light)
What are characteristics of intermediate rocks
65-55% Si, tend to be gray/black and white speckled
what are characteristics of mafic rocks
55-45% Si, high in Fe, Mg, Ca, No quartz, tend to be dark colored (any shade of green= dark)
what are characteristics of ultramafic rocks
Si less than 45%, high in Mg, Ca, Fe, no quartz, very dark colored, rare on surface of earth
what are the two types of igneous rock textures
intrusive and extrusive
what does intrusive igneous rock do
cool and crystallize with in earth from magma, cooling very slow causing crystals to grow larger, crystals can be seen with naked eye or slight magnification
what does extrusive igneous rock do
cool and crystallize on the earth’s surface from lava, cools very rapidly causing small crystals, need high magnification to see crystals
intrusive felsic=
granite
intrusive intermediate=
diorite
intrusive mafic=
gabbro
intrusive ultramafic=
peridotite
extrusive felsic=
rhyolite
extrusive intermediate
andesite
extrusive mafic=
basalt
extrusive ultramafic=
komatiite (rare)
how do sedimentary rocks form
form at or near the earth’s surface from the compaction and cementation of sediment
where do we find fossils
in sedimentary rocks
what is found in sedimentary rocks
fossils
what are clastic sedimentary rocks
pre existing rock/minerals
what are the different textures of clastic sedimentary rocks
gravel, sand, silt, clay
what are the 2 different types of gravel shapes
breccia, conglomerate
what are biochemical sedimentary rocks
precipitated out of water/result of biological processes
how are metamorphic rocks formed
formed when pre-existing rocks are subjected to pressure and heat
what are the two types of metamorphic rock
foliated and non-foliated
what are the three types of foliated metamorphic rock
slatey cleavage, shistosity, gneissic banding
what type of texture do non foliated metamorphic rocks have
crystalline
rock cycle
look at diagram
what is the theory of uniformitarianism
natural processes observed in the modern environment occured @ the same rate/same way in the past
how old is earth
4.54 BYO
what does MYO mean
millions of years old
what are the three different types of dating techniques
relative dating, numerical dating, geologic time scale
what does the relative dating technique do
place events in chronological order without assigning numerical ages
what are the 5 logical principles associated with relative dating
law of superposition
what is the law of superposition
undeformed sequence of surface deposited rock/sediment, the oldest is at the bottom
what is the principle of horizontality
surface deposited rock/sediment is laid down in a horizontal orientation
what is the principle of cross cutting relationships
geologic units/structures are younger than the units that it cuts across
what is the principle of inclusions
rock/mineral fragment contained within a sediment/rock are older than that layer
what is unconformity
gaps/missing time in geologic record, time of deposition, time of erosim
what is numerical dating (absolute dating)
assign narrow age ranges to event based on a natural clock
what is a half life
time period it takes for 1/2 of parent (radioactive) rock to break down to the daughter (stable) rock, constant for given isotope
An isotope has the same atom number, but a different _____
atomic mass
what are the different divisions of time
eon, era, period, epoch, age
what are the two eons
pre cambrian, phanerozoic
what are the different eras of the phanerozoic eon
paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic
what are the different periods of the mesozoic era
triassic, jurassic, cretaceous
what are the layers of the earth
crust, upper mantle (lithosphere, asthenosphere), lower mantle, outer core, inner core
what is the theory of plate tectonics
crust and lithosphere of earth is broken in to plates that move relative to one another
how many major tectonic plates are there
7, most plates have combo of ocean and continental crust
what is a divergent boundary
plates move away from each other
what are the effects of a divergent boundary
earthquakes, volcanic activity that is high in volume with gentle liquid, creates new crust, grows/widens and ocean or tears apart a continent
what is a convergent boundary
plates move toward one another
what are the effects of a convergent boundary
earthquakes, subduction= volcanic activity (low volume, periodic, violent, Continental to continental no volcanic activity), destroy oceanic crust/shorten continental crust, narrow/close and ocean
what is a transform boundary
plates sliding past on another
what are the effects of a transform boundary
earthquakes, no volcanism, crust conserved
What is contained within the nucleus of an atom?
Protons and neutrons
What orbits the nucleus of an atom?
electrons
A substance containing one type of atom is an _____
element
An element is defined by what?
the number of protons in the nucleus
What is the atomic mass of an element?
The number of protons plus the number of neutrons
The standard element has what?
An equal number of protons, neutrons, and electrons
An isotope has a different number of ____
neutrons in it’s nucleus
An isotope has the same atom number, but a different _____
atomic mass
What is considered a sulfide?
PbS, FeS2
An ion changes the _____ of an element
charge
When an element gains an electron, it becomes _____ and is then an _____
negatively charged, anion
When an element loses and electron, it becomes _____ and is then a _____
positively charged, cation
What is the most common element on the earth’s surface?
Oxygen
What is the second most common element on the earth’s surface?
Silica
What is the third most common element on the earth’s surface?
Aluminum
Mineral groups are grouped by what?
Common anions
The silicate group contains what?
The silica tetrahedron
What are some other properties that can be used to determine minerals?
magnetic, reaction to acid, glow, specific gravity
The tetrahedron can share _____ atoms
oxygen
The single tetrahedra shares how many oxygens?
None
The single chain shares what?
two corners
The double chain shares what?
2-3 corners
The sheet is what?
A single layer of continuous double chains
The 3-dimensional framework shares what?
All oxygens
The carbonate group contains the _____ ____
carbonate anion
What is considered a carbonate?
calcite
What do oxides bond to?
The oxygen anion
What is considered an oxide?
H2O, AI2O3
What do the sulfides bond to?
The sulfur anion
What is considered a sulfide?
PbS, FeS2
What do Hallides contain?
chlorine, fluorine, and bromine anions
What are considered hallides?
Salts
What are considered “native elements?”
Diamond, graphite, gold, silver, copper
What are ultramafic rocks high in?
Magnesium, calcium, Iron
What are the types of habit that crystals can grow in?
cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, bladed, prismatic, banded, botryoidal
What mineral property is considered non-diagnostic?
color
Streak is the color of a mineral in what form?
powdered
What do we use to determine the hardness of a mineral?
Mohs Hardness scale
What are some other properties that can be used to determine minerals?
magnetic, reaction to acid, glow, specific gravity
Magma is located where?
inside the earth
Lava is located where?
On the surface of the earth
Igneous rocks are composed of _______ ______
interlocking crystals
What are the 4 composition types of Igneous rocks?
Felsic, Intermediate, Mafic, ultramafic
Felsic rocks have high amounts of ____ and ____
Potassium and sodium
What kind of color do Felsic rocks have?
light colors
Felsic rocks have more than or equal to ____% of silica
65%
Intermediate igneous rocks have between ____% and ____% of silica
55-65%
Intermediate igneous rocks are high in ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____
Potassium, Sodium, Iron, Magnesium, Calcium
Intermediate igneous rocks are what color?
gray or black and white speckled
Mafic igneous rocks are between ____% and ____% silica
45-55%
Mafic igneous rocks are high in ____, ____, and ____
iron, magnesium, calcium
What color are mafic rocks?
dark colors, dark gray to black
What type of igneous rock is very rare on the surface of the earth?
Ultramafic
Ultramafic rocks have a silica content of less than ____%
45%
What are ultramafic rocks high in?
Magnesium, calcium, Iron
What are the two types of textures of Igneous rocks?
Intrusive and Extrusive
Intrusive igneous rocks have large ____ due to what?
crystals, very slow cooling
Crystals within intrusive igneous rocks can be seen with what?
with the naked eye or slight magnification
Extrusive igneous rocks form where?
On the earth’s surface
Extrusive igneous rocks have very ____ crystals due to what?
Small, rapid cooling
To see crystals in extrusive igneous rocks, you will need a _____
microscope
Granite is what kind of Igneous rock?
Felsic Intrusive
Diorite is what kind of Igneous rock?
Intermediate Intrusive
Gabbro is what kind of Igneous rock?
Mafic Intrusive
Peridotite is what kind of Igneous rock?
Ultramafic intrusive
Rhyolite is what kind of Igneous Rock?
Felsic Extrusive
Andesite is what kind of Igneous rock?
Intermediate extrusive
Basalt is what kind of Igneous rock?
Mafic extrusive
Komotiite is what kind of igneous rock?
ultramafic extrusive
What type of igneous rock is very rare?
komotiite
What is sedimentary rock?
Rock formed at or near the earth’s surface from the compaction and cementation of sediment
What is a fossil?
any evidence of prehistoric life
Where are fossils very common?
in sedimentary rock
What is clastic sedimentary rock?
pre-existing rocks/minerals
What are the texture types of sedimentary rocks?
gravel, sand, silt, clay
What is gravel?
pieces that are bigger than 2 mm
What are the two types of gravel?
breccia and conglomerate
What is breccia?
angular shaped gravel
What is conglomerate?
rounded gravel
How big is sand?
.0625-2mm
How big is silt?
.004-.0625 mm
A mixture of silt and clay is what?
mud
How big are particles in clay?
<.004 mm
Rock made out of clay is what?
shale
Rock made out of silt is what?
siltstone
what is biochemical sedimentary rock?
Precipitated out of water or are the result of biological processes.
Limestone is formed from what?
Calcite
Dolostone is formed from what?
dolomite
Gyprock is formed from what?
gypsum
Rock salt is formed from what?
Halite
Chert is formed from _____
quartz
Chalk is formed from _____
calcite
Coal is formed from _____
hydrocarbon remains of terrestrial land plants
How are metamorphic rocks formed?
When pre-existing rocks are subjected to pressure and heat
Pressure and heat on pre-existing rocks create ___ ______ and ____ ______
New minerals and new textures
What is foliation?
When platey and elongated minerals align to reduce their stress during metamorphic formation
What is slatey cleavage?
When platy/elongated minerals align, but are too small to see with the naked eye
Slate comes from _____
shale
What is schistosity?
Platy/elongated minerals are aligned, crystals are large enough to see with the naked eye or slight magnification
Schist comes from _____
slate
What is Gneissic Banding?
metamorphic rocks with clearly visible crystals
In Gneissic banding, how are crystals ordered?
Into banded layers
Non-foliated metamorphic rocks have a ______ texture
crystalline
When limestone is subjected to heat and pressure, what does it form?
marble
When sandstone is subjected to heat and pressure, what does it form?
quartzite
When basalt is subjected to heat and pressure, what does it form?
Serpentinite
What are the steps of the rock cycle?
1) Magma compacts and crystalizes, turning into igneous rock
2) Igneous rock is weathered, transported and deposited, turning into sediment
3) Sediment is compacted and cemented, turning into sedimentary rock
4) Sedimentary rock is subjected to heat and pressure, turning into metamorphic rock
5) Metamorphic rock melts, turning into magma
What is metamorphism?
Heat and pressure
What is a fault?
Fracture/crack in rock where movement has occured
What is an earthquake?
The release of energy when a fault ruptures and moves
What is the focus?
The actual location on the fault, where a rupture/movement occurs
The focus is usually found where?
inside the earth
What is the epicenter?
The location on the earth’s surface directly above the focus
What is a seismic wave?
How energy from a quake is transmitted through earth materials.
What are the two categories of seismic waves?
Body waves and surface waves
Body waves travel where?
through the earth’s interior
There are two types of body waves. What are they?
P-waves and S-waves
P-waves travel at ____ km/s, and move by ________.
6 km/s, compression
In p-waves, particle motion is ______ to the wave’s direction or motion.
parallel
P-waves can move through what substances?
solid, liquid, and gas
S-waves move at _____ km/s and move by ______
3-3.5 km/s, shear
In S-waves, particle motion is ______ to wave direction
perpendicular
S-waves can only move through ______
solids
Surface waves travel where?
along the surface of the earth
What type of waves are what you feel and what causes damage?
surface waves
Surface waves travel at ____ km/s.
2.5
There are 2 types of surface waves: _____ and _____
Raleigh Wave and Love Wave
Raleigh waves move in a _____ motion
rolling
Raleigh waves are oriented _____ to the surface
perpendicular
In a raleigh wave, particles in waves travel a ____ path
circular
Love waves move in a _____ motion orientated ______ to the surface
rolling, parallel
In a love wave, particles move in a _____ path
circular
Seismic waves are measured using a _____
seismograph
What is magnitude?
The amount of energy released by an earthquake
What does the Richter Scale measure?
magnitude
How does the Richter Scale work?
Measures the height of the largest wave on a seismogram
Why is the Richter scale no longer in use?
It underestimates the size of large earthquakes
What does “logrithmic” mean?
Every step on the scale is a 10x increase from the previous step
What scale is in use to measure magnitude today?
The Moment Magnitude Scale
What is the moment magnitude scale based on?
strength of rock, length of rupture, depth of focus
For earthquakes that are less than 5, the moment magnitude = _______
Richter scale
A magnitude of <____ cannot be felt
3
Intensity is what?
The destructiveness of an earthquake
What is intensity measured using?
A modified mercalli scale
What is a modified mercalli scale based on?
damage to human structures and eyewitness accounts of ground movement
The modified mercalli scale uses what kind of numbering?
1-12 Roman numerals
