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Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What three types of particles are atoms made of?

A

protons, neutrons, electrons

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2
Q

what particles orbit the nucleus

A

electrons

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3
Q

what is the mass of a proton

A

1amu

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4
Q

what is the mass of a nuetron

A

1 amu

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5
Q

what is the mass of an electron

A

none

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6
Q

how is an element defined

A

by the # of protons in nucleus (atomic #)

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7
Q

what is atomic mass

A

of protons + # of neutrons

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8
Q

standard element has equal numbers of what, what and what

A

electrons, neutrons, and protons

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9
Q

what is an isotope

A

form of an element that has a diff # of neutrons, (same atomic #, different atomic mass)

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10
Q

what is an ion

A

form of an element that has gained/ lost electrons

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11
Q

what are compounds

A

2 or more elements bonded together

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12
Q

what are minerals

A

elements and compounds that are basic building block of earth materials

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13
Q

what are the criteria to be considered a mineral

A 
SINCE
Solid
Inorganic
Naturally Occurring
Crystalline structure
Express as chemical formula
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14
Q

what are mineral groups grouped by

A

grouped by common anions (end of formula)

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15
Q

what do silicates contain

A

silica tetrahedron (3 sided pyramid)

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16
Q

name the 5 different types of structures a silicate can have

A

single tetrahedra, single chain, double chain, sheet, 3D framework

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17
Q

what do carbonates contain

A

contain carbonate anion

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18
Q

what do oxides contain

A

oxygen anion

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19
Q

what do sulfides contain

A

sulfur anion

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20
Q

what do halides contain

A

anything bonded to chlorine, fluorine, or bromine anion

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21
Q

what are native elements

A

they are composed of just one type of element

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22
Q

what are the 7 mineral properties

A

habit, luster, color, streak, hardness, cleavage, fracture

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23
Q

what is habit?

A

crystal formation, shape that a crystal grows in

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24
Q

what is luster

A

way light interacts with surface of material (metallic or nonmetallic)

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25
Q

color is a ______ property

A

nondiagnostic

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26
Q

what is streak

A

color of a mineral in powdered form

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27
Q

what is hardness

A

resistance of a mineral to abrasion

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28
Q

what scale do we use to measure hardness

A

mohs hardness scale

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29
Q

what is cleavage

A

tendency of minerals to break along planes of structural weakness

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30
Q

what is fracture

A

the way a mineral breaks

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31
Q

what are rocks

A

aggregations of one or more minerals or mineral-like substances, solid

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32
Q

what is texture

A

size and arrangement of the rock components

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33
Q

what is compostion

A

what are the mineral and mineral like substances

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34
Q

how do igneous rocks form

A

form from the cooling and crystallization of molten rock, composed of interlocking crystals

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35
Q

what are two words for molten rock

A

lava, magma

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36
Q

what are the four categories of igneous rocks

A

felsic, intermediate, mafic, ultramafic

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37
Q

what are characteristics of felsic rocks

A

Si greater than 65%, high amounts of K and Na, tend to be light in color (any shade of red = light)

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38
Q

What are characteristics of intermediate rocks

A

65-55% Si, tend to be gray/black and white speckled

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39
Q

what are characteristics of mafic rocks

A

55-45% Si, high in Fe, Mg, Ca, No quartz, tend to be dark colored (any shade of green= dark)

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40
Q

what are characteristics of ultramafic rocks

A

Si less than 45%, high in Mg, Ca, Fe, no quartz, very dark colored, rare on surface of earth

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41
Q

what are the two types of igneous rock textures

A

intrusive and extrusive

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42
Q

what does intrusive igneous rock do

A

cool and crystallize with in earth from magma, cooling very slow causing crystals to grow larger, crystals can be seen with naked eye or slight magnification

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43
Q

what does extrusive igneous rock do

A

cool and crystallize on the earth’s surface from lava, cools very rapidly causing small crystals, need high magnification to see crystals

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44
Q

intrusive felsic=

A

granite

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45
Q

intrusive intermediate=

A

diorite

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46
Q

intrusive mafic=

A

gabbro

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47
Q

intrusive ultramafic=

A

peridotite

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48
Q

extrusive felsic=

A

rhyolite

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49
Q

extrusive intermediate

A

andesite

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50
Q

extrusive mafic=

A

basalt

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51
Q

extrusive ultramafic=

A

komatiite (rare)

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52
Q

how do sedimentary rocks form

A

form at or near the earth’s surface from the compaction and cementation of sediment

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53
Q

where do we find fossils

A

in sedimentary rocks

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54
Q

what is found in sedimentary rocks

A

fossils

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55
Q

what are clastic sedimentary rocks

A

pre existing rock/minerals

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56
Q

what are the different textures of clastic sedimentary rocks

A

gravel, sand, silt, clay

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57
Q

what are the 2 different types of gravel shapes

A

breccia, conglomerate

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58
Q

what are biochemical sedimentary rocks

A

precipitated out of water/result of biological processes

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59
Q

how are metamorphic rocks formed

A

formed when pre-existing rocks are subjected to pressure and heat

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60
Q

what are the two types of metamorphic rock

A

foliated and non-foliated

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61
Q

what are the three types of foliated metamorphic rock

A

slatey cleavage, shistosity, gneissic banding

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62
Q

what type of texture do non foliated metamorphic rocks have

A

crystalline

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63
Q

rock cycle

A

look at diagram

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64
Q

what is the theory of uniformitarianism

A

natural processes observed in the modern environment occured @ the same rate/same way in the past

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65
Q

how old is earth

A

4.54 BYO

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66
Q

what does MYO mean

A

millions of years old

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67
Q

what are the three different types of dating techniques

A

relative dating, numerical dating, geologic time scale

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68
Q

what does the relative dating technique do

A

place events in chronological order without assigning numerical ages

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69
Q

what are the 5 logical principles associated with relative dating

A

law of superposition

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70
Q

what is the law of superposition

A

undeformed sequence of surface deposited rock/sediment, the oldest is at the bottom

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71
Q

what is the principle of horizontality

A

surface deposited rock/sediment is laid down in a horizontal orientation

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72
Q

what is the principle of cross cutting relationships

A

geologic units/structures are younger than the units that it cuts across

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73
Q

what is the principle of inclusions

A

rock/mineral fragment contained within a sediment/rock are older than that layer

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74
Q

what is unconformity

A

gaps/missing time in geologic record, time of deposition, time of erosim

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75
Q

what is numerical dating (absolute dating)

A

assign narrow age ranges to event based on a natural clock

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76
Q

what is a half life

A

time period it takes for 1/2 of parent (radioactive) rock to break down to the daughter (stable) rock, constant for given isotope

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77
Q

An isotope has the same atom number, but a different _____

A

atomic mass

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78
Q

what are the different divisions of time

A

eon, era, period, epoch, age

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79
Q

what are the two eons

A

pre cambrian, phanerozoic

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80
Q

what are the different eras of the phanerozoic eon

A

paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic

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81
Q

what are the different periods of the mesozoic era

A

triassic, jurassic, cretaceous

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82
Q

what are the layers of the earth

A

crust, upper mantle (lithosphere, asthenosphere), lower mantle, outer core, inner core

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83
Q

what is the theory of plate tectonics

A

crust and lithosphere of earth is broken in to plates that move relative to one another

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84
Q

how many major tectonic plates are there

A

7, most plates have combo of ocean and continental crust

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85
Q

what is a divergent boundary

A

plates move away from each other

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86
Q

what are the effects of a divergent boundary

A

earthquakes, volcanic activity that is high in volume with gentle liquid, creates new crust, grows/widens and ocean or tears apart a continent

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87
Q

what is a convergent boundary

A

plates move toward one another

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88
Q

what are the effects of a convergent boundary

A

earthquakes, subduction= volcanic activity (low volume, periodic, violent, Continental to continental no volcanic activity), destroy oceanic crust/shorten continental crust, narrow/close and ocean

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89
Q

what is a transform boundary

A

plates sliding past on another

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90
Q

what are the effects of a transform boundary

A

earthquakes, no volcanism, crust conserved

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91
Q

What is contained within the nucleus of an atom?

A

Protons and neutrons

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92
Q

What orbits the nucleus of an atom?

A

electrons

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93
Q

A substance containing one type of atom is an _____

A

element

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94
Q

An element is defined by what?

A

the number of protons in the nucleus

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95
Q

What is the atomic mass of an element?

A

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons

96
Q

The standard element has what?

A

An equal number of protons, neutrons, and electrons

97
Q

An isotope has a different number of ____

A

neutrons in it’s nucleus

98
Q

An isotope has the same atom number, but a different _____

A

atomic mass

99
Q

What is considered a sulfide?

A

PbS, FeS2

100
Q

An ion changes the _____ of an element

A

charge

101
Q

When an element gains an electron, it becomes _____ and is then an _____

A

negatively charged, anion

102
Q

When an element loses and electron, it becomes _____ and is then a _____

A

positively charged, cation

103
Q

What is the most common element on the earth’s surface?

A

Oxygen

104
Q

What is the second most common element on the earth’s surface?

A

Silica

105
Q

What is the third most common element on the earth’s surface?

A

Aluminum

106
Q

Mineral groups are grouped by what?

A

Common anions

107
Q

The silicate group contains what?

A

The silica tetrahedron

108
Q

What are some other properties that can be used to determine minerals?

A

magnetic, reaction to acid, glow, specific gravity

109
Q

The tetrahedron can share _____ atoms

A

oxygen

110
Q

The single tetrahedra shares how many oxygens?

A

None

111
Q

The single chain shares what?

A

two corners

112
Q

The double chain shares what?

A

2-3 corners

113
Q

The sheet is what?

A

A single layer of continuous double chains

114
Q

The 3-dimensional framework shares what?

A

All oxygens

115
Q

The carbonate group contains the _____ ____

A

carbonate anion

116
Q

What is considered a carbonate?

A

calcite

117
Q

What do oxides bond to?

A

The oxygen anion

118
Q

What is considered an oxide?

A

H2O, AI2O3

119
Q

What do the sulfides bond to?

A

The sulfur anion

120
Q

What is considered a sulfide?

A

PbS, FeS2

121
Q

What do Hallides contain?

A

chlorine, fluorine, and bromine anions

122
Q

What are considered hallides?

A

Salts

123
Q

What are considered “native elements?”

A

Diamond, graphite, gold, silver, copper

124
Q

What are ultramafic rocks high in?

A

Magnesium, calcium, Iron

125
Q

What are the types of habit that crystals can grow in?

A

cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, bladed, prismatic, banded, botryoidal

126
Q

What mineral property is considered non-diagnostic?

A

color

127
Q

Streak is the color of a mineral in what form?

A

powdered

128
Q

What do we use to determine the hardness of a mineral?

A

Mohs Hardness scale

129
Q

What are some other properties that can be used to determine minerals?

A

magnetic, reaction to acid, glow, specific gravity

130
Q

Magma is located where?

A

inside the earth

131
Q

Lava is located where?

A

On the surface of the earth

132
Q

Igneous rocks are composed of _______ ______

A

interlocking crystals

133
Q

What are the 4 composition types of Igneous rocks?

A

Felsic, Intermediate, Mafic, ultramafic

134
Q

Felsic rocks have high amounts of ____ and ____

A

Potassium and sodium

135
Q

What kind of color do Felsic rocks have?

A

light colors

136
Q

Felsic rocks have more than or equal to ____% of silica

A

65%

137
Q

Intermediate igneous rocks have between ____% and ____% of silica

A

55-65%

138
Q

Intermediate igneous rocks are high in ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____

A

Potassium, Sodium, Iron, Magnesium, Calcium

139
Q

Intermediate igneous rocks are what color?

A

gray or black and white speckled

140
Q

Mafic igneous rocks are between ____% and ____% silica

A

45-55%

141
Q

Mafic igneous rocks are high in ____, ____, and ____

A

iron, magnesium, calcium

142
Q

What color are mafic rocks?

A

dark colors, dark gray to black

143
Q

What type of igneous rock is very rare on the surface of the earth?

A

Ultramafic

144
Q

Ultramafic rocks have a silica content of less than ____%

A

45%

145
Q

What are ultramafic rocks high in?

A

Magnesium, calcium, Iron

146
Q

What are the two types of textures of Igneous rocks?

A

Intrusive and Extrusive

147
Q

Intrusive igneous rocks have large ____ due to what?

A

crystals, very slow cooling

148
Q

Crystals within intrusive igneous rocks can be seen with what?

A

with the naked eye or slight magnification

149
Q

Extrusive igneous rocks form where?

A

On the earth’s surface

150
Q

Extrusive igneous rocks have very ____ crystals due to what?

A

Small, rapid cooling

151
Q

To see crystals in extrusive igneous rocks, you will need a _____

A

microscope

152
Q

Granite is what kind of Igneous rock?

A

Felsic Intrusive

153
Q

Diorite is what kind of Igneous rock?

A

Intermediate Intrusive

154
Q

Gabbro is what kind of Igneous rock?

A

Mafic Intrusive

155
Q

Peridotite is what kind of Igneous rock?

A

Ultramafic intrusive

156
Q

Rhyolite is what kind of Igneous Rock?

A

Felsic Extrusive

157
Q

Andesite is what kind of Igneous rock?

A

Intermediate extrusive

158
Q

Basalt is what kind of Igneous rock?

A

Mafic extrusive

159
Q

Komotiite is what kind of igneous rock?

A

ultramafic extrusive

160
Q

What type of igneous rock is very rare?

A

komotiite

161
Q

What is sedimentary rock?

A

Rock formed at or near the earth’s surface from the compaction and cementation of sediment

162
Q

What is a fossil?

A

any evidence of prehistoric life

163
Q

Where are fossils very common?

A

in sedimentary rock

164
Q

What is clastic sedimentary rock?

A

pre-existing rocks/minerals

165
Q

What are the texture types of sedimentary rocks?

A

gravel, sand, silt, clay

166
Q

What is gravel?

A

pieces that are bigger than 2 mm

167
Q

What are the two types of gravel?

A

breccia and conglomerate

168
Q

What is breccia?

A

angular shaped gravel

169
Q

What is conglomerate?

A

rounded gravel

170
Q

How big is sand?

A

.0625-2mm

171
Q

How big is silt?

A

.004-.0625 mm

172
Q

A mixture of silt and clay is what?

A

mud

173
Q

How big are particles in clay?

A

<.004 mm

174
Q

Rock made out of clay is what?

A

shale

175
Q

Rock made out of silt is what?

A

siltstone

176
Q

what is biochemical sedimentary rock?

A

Precipitated out of water or are the result of biological processes.

177
Q

Limestone is formed from what?

A

Calcite

178
Q

Dolostone is formed from what?

A

dolomite

179
Q

Gyprock is formed from what?

A

gypsum

180
Q

Rock salt is formed from what?

A

Halite

181
Q

Chert is formed from _____

A

quartz

182
Q

Chalk is formed from _____

A

calcite

183
Q

Coal is formed from _____

A

hydrocarbon remains of terrestrial land plants

184
Q

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

A

When pre-existing rocks are subjected to pressure and heat

185
Q

Pressure and heat on pre-existing rocks create ___ ______ and ____ ______

A

New minerals and new textures

186
Q

What is foliation?

A

When platey and elongated minerals align to reduce their stress during metamorphic formation

187
Q

What is slatey cleavage?

A

When platy/elongated minerals align, but are too small to see with the naked eye

188
Q

Slate comes from _____

A

shale

189
Q

What is schistosity?

A

Platy/elongated minerals are aligned, crystals are large enough to see with the naked eye or slight magnification

190
Q

Schist comes from _____

A

slate

191
Q

What is Gneissic Banding?

A

metamorphic rocks with clearly visible crystals

192
Q

In Gneissic banding, how are crystals ordered?

A

Into banded layers

193
Q

Non-foliated metamorphic rocks have a ______ texture

A

crystalline

194
Q

When limestone is subjected to heat and pressure, what does it form?

A

marble

195
Q

When sandstone is subjected to heat and pressure, what does it form?

A

quartzite

196
Q

When basalt is subjected to heat and pressure, what does it form?

A

Serpentinite

197
Q

What are the steps of the rock cycle?

A

1) Magma compacts and crystalizes, turning into igneous rock
2) Igneous rock is weathered, transported and deposited, turning into sediment
3) Sediment is compacted and cemented, turning into sedimentary rock
4) Sedimentary rock is subjected to heat and pressure, turning into metamorphic rock
5) Metamorphic rock melts, turning into magma

198
Q

What is metamorphism?

A

Heat and pressure

199
Q

What is a fault?

A

Fracture/crack in rock where movement has occured

200
Q

What is an earthquake?

A

The release of energy when a fault ruptures and moves

201
Q

What is the focus?

A

The actual location on the fault, where a rupture/movement occurs

202
Q

The focus is usually found where?

A

inside the earth

203
Q

What is the epicenter?

A

The location on the earth’s surface directly above the focus

204
Q

What is a seismic wave?

A

How energy from a quake is transmitted through earth materials.

205
Q

What are the two categories of seismic waves?

A

Body waves and surface waves

206
Q

Body waves travel where?

A

through the earth’s interior

207
Q

There are two types of body waves. What are they?

A

P-waves and S-waves

208
Q

P-waves travel at ____ km/s, and move by ________.

A

6 km/s, compression

209
Q

In p-waves, particle motion is ______ to the wave’s direction or motion.

A

parallel

210
Q

P-waves can move through what substances?

A

solid, liquid, and gas

211
Q

S-waves move at _____ km/s and move by ______

A

3-3.5 km/s, shear

212
Q

In S-waves, particle motion is ______ to wave direction

A

perpendicular

213
Q

S-waves can only move through ______

A

solids

214
Q

Surface waves travel where?

A

along the surface of the earth

215
Q

What type of waves are what you feel and what causes damage?

A

surface waves

216
Q

Surface waves travel at ____ km/s.

A

2.5

217
Q

There are 2 types of surface waves: _____ and _____

A

Raleigh Wave and Love Wave

218
Q

Raleigh waves move in a _____ motion

A

rolling

219
Q

Raleigh waves are oriented _____ to the surface

A

perpendicular

220
Q

In a raleigh wave, particles in waves travel a ____ path

A

circular

221
Q

Love waves move in a _____ motion orientated ______ to the surface

A

rolling, parallel

222
Q

In a love wave, particles move in a _____ path

A

circular

223
Q

Seismic waves are measured using a _____

A

seismograph

224
Q

What is magnitude?

A

The amount of energy released by an earthquake

225
Q

What does the Richter Scale measure?

A

magnitude

226
Q

How does the Richter Scale work?

A

Measures the height of the largest wave on a seismogram

227
Q

Why is the Richter scale no longer in use?

A

It underestimates the size of large earthquakes

228
Q

What does “logrithmic” mean?

A

Every step on the scale is a 10x increase from the previous step

229
Q

What scale is in use to measure magnitude today?

A

The Moment Magnitude Scale

230
Q

What is the moment magnitude scale based on?

A

strength of rock, length of rupture, depth of focus

231
Q

For earthquakes that are less than 5, the moment magnitude = _______

A

Richter scale

232
Q

A magnitude of <____ cannot be felt

A

3

233
Q

Intensity is what?

A

The destructiveness of an earthquake

234
Q

What is intensity measured using?

A

A modified mercalli scale

235
Q

What is a modified mercalli scale based on?

A

damage to human structures and eyewitness accounts of ground movement

236
Q

The modified mercalli scale uses what kind of numbering?

A

1-12 Roman numerals

Earth Science (4 decks)

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