Test 4

Question 1

What is a possible reason for the development of metabolic acidosis?

Answer 1

Strenuous exercise due to lactic acid accumulation. Diabetics who are noncompliant with their insulin.

Question 2

What is the composition of the filtrate in the capsular space?

Answer 2

Similar to plasma, only no proteins

Question 3

Which of the following is true concerning metabolic generation of water?

Answer 3

Breaking down 1g of lipid generates more water breaking down 1g of carbohydrates

Question 4

What is the primary cause of hypercalcemia?

Answer 4

Hyperparathyroidism

Question 5

During an asthma attack, kristen’s bronchioles constrict, reducing pulmonary exchange. Which scenario will result?

Answer 5

Decreased breathing rate, increased plasma pH, and respiratory alkalosis

Question 6

Why can prolonged vomiting produce metabolic alkalosis, while prolonged diarrhea produces metabolic acidosis?

Answer 6

Diarrhea causes loss of HCO3- in the ECF, while vomiting causes increase of HCO3- in the ECF

Question 7

What part of the nephron is involved with obligatory water, ion, and organic nutrient reabsorption?

Answer 7

PCT

Question 8

Which of the following characteristics distinguishes a strong acid from a weak acid?

Answer 8

Strong acids dissociate completely in solution

Question 9

Why does the tubular fluid in nephrons need to be buffered?

Answer 9

Buffers keep the pH high enough for H+ ion secretion to continue

Question 10

Why don’t plasma proteins pass into the capsular space under normal circumstances?

Answer 10

Glomerular capillary pores are to small

Question 11

What is the major driving force behind filtrate production?

Answer 11

Hydrostatic pressure in the afferent arteriole

Question 12

What effect does a decrease in the pH of body fluids have in respiratory rate?

Answer 12

The respiratory rate increases

Question 13

Which of the following is (are) true of the hemoglobin buffer system?

Answer 13

It is the only intracellular buffer system that has an immediate effect on the pH of ECF. It helps prevent drastic changes in pH when plasma Pco2 is rising or falling.

Question 14

Why are glomerular pressures higher than pressure in other capillaries?

Answer 14

The efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole, increasing resistance.

Question 15

Which hormone affecting electrolyte balance is responsible for determining the rate of Na+ absorption and K+ loss along the DCT?

Answer 15

Aldosterone

Question 16

Wayne’s cardiac muscle cells have been releasing ANP in response to over stretching of his heart walls. What is the effect of the release of ANP?

Answer 16

ANP blocks the release of ADH and aldosterone.

Question 17

What effect does renin have on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Answer 17

It will increase the GFR and vasoconstrictor the efferent arteriole.

Question 18

Why is the presence of microvilli important to the epithelial tissue of the PCT?

Answer 18

Because most reabsorption occurs at the PCT

Question 19

A decrease in Na+ in the blood leads to an increase in blood pressure because?

Answer 19

It increases aldosterone secretion, Increases renin production, Increases ADH secretion.

Question 20

Why does osmotic concentration decrease in the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop?

Answer 20

Na+ and Cl- are actively transported out of the tubular fluid

Question 21

What effect does eating a high protein diet have on the composition of urine?

Answer 21

Increased urea. Increased fluid volume.

Question 22

Damage to which part of the nephron interferes with hormonal control of blood pressure?

Answer 22

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 23

How would the absence of juxtamedullary nephrons affect the volume of urine and its osmotic concentration?

Answer 23

Increase volume; decrease osmotic concentration

Question 24

The concentration of filtrate is greatest in___. B/c___.

Answer 24

The bottom of the nephron loop; solutes are concentrated

Question 25

What effect does an increased amount of aldosterone have on K+ concentration of urine?

Answer 25

K+ increases

Question 26

Al of the following EXCEPT___ are affects of angiotensin 2.

Answer 26

Inhibition of ADH release

Question 27

What direct effect does sympathetic activation have on GFR?

Answer 27

Produces powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole

Question 28

Which of the following events marks the onset of development?

Answer 28

Fertilization

Question 29

Fertilization occurs in the___ within___.

Answer 29

Ampulla-isthmus junction; 1 day of ovulation

Question 30

Proteolytic enzymes that digest a path through the zone pellucida include?

Answer 30

Hyaluronidase and acrosin.

Question 31

Why does a mother’s blood volume increase during?

Answer 31

Much of her blood is redirected to the placenta

Question 32

What event occurs in the uterine cycle when the levels of estrogens and progesterone decline?

Answer 32

Menses

Question 33

Interstitial cells produce?

Answer 33

Androgens

Question 34

When the lungs expand as neonate takes its first breath, what important change(s) occur(s) in the cardiovascular system?

Answer 34

Pattern of blood flow changes due to changes in pressure and flow rates. The foramen oval and ductus arterioles close.

Question 35

What process of chemical interplay among developing cells prompts the differentiation of other embryonic cells?

Answer 35

Induction