Test 4 Flashcards
What is a possible reason for the development of metabolic acidosis?
Strenuous exercise due to lactic acid accumulation. Diabetics who are noncompliant with their insulin.
What is the composition of the filtrate in the capsular space?
Similar to plasma, only no proteins
Which of the following is true concerning metabolic generation of water?
Breaking down 1g of lipid generates more water breaking down 1g of carbohydrates
What is the primary cause of hypercalcemia?
Hyperparathyroidism
During an asthma attack, kristen’s bronchioles constrict, reducing pulmonary exchange. Which scenario will result?
Decreased breathing rate, increased plasma pH, and respiratory alkalosis
Why can prolonged vomiting produce metabolic alkalosis, while prolonged diarrhea produces metabolic acidosis?
Diarrhea causes loss of HCO3- in the ECF, while vomiting causes increase of HCO3- in the ECF
What part of the nephron is involved with obligatory water, ion, and organic nutrient reabsorption?
PCT
Which of the following characteristics distinguishes a strong acid from a weak acid?
Strong acids dissociate completely in solution
Why does the tubular fluid in nephrons need to be buffered?
Buffers keep the pH high enough for H+ ion secretion to continue
Why don’t plasma proteins pass into the capsular space under normal circumstances?
Glomerular capillary pores are to small
What is the major driving force behind filtrate production?
Hydrostatic pressure in the afferent arteriole
What effect does a decrease in the pH of body fluids have in respiratory rate?
The respiratory rate increases
Which of the following is (are) true of the hemoglobin buffer system?
It is the only intracellular buffer system that has an immediate effect on the pH of ECF. It helps prevent drastic changes in pH when plasma Pco2 is rising or falling.
Why are glomerular pressures higher than pressure in other capillaries?
The efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole, increasing resistance.
Which hormone affecting electrolyte balance is responsible for determining the rate of Na+ absorption and K+ loss along the DCT?
Aldosterone
Wayne’s cardiac muscle cells have been releasing ANP in response to over stretching of his heart walls. What is the effect of the release of ANP?
ANP blocks the release of ADH and aldosterone.
What effect does renin have on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
It will increase the GFR and vasoconstrictor the efferent arteriole.
Why is the presence of microvilli important to the epithelial tissue of the PCT?
Because most reabsorption occurs at the PCT
A decrease in Na+ in the blood leads to an increase in blood pressure because?
It increases aldosterone secretion, Increases renin production, Increases ADH secretion.
Why does osmotic concentration decrease in the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop?
Na+ and Cl- are actively transported out of the tubular fluid
What effect does eating a high protein diet have on the composition of urine?
Increased urea. Increased fluid volume.
Damage to which part of the nephron interferes with hormonal control of blood pressure?
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
How would the absence of juxtamedullary nephrons affect the volume of urine and its osmotic concentration?
Increase volume; decrease osmotic concentration
The concentration of filtrate is greatest in___. B/c___.
The bottom of the nephron loop; solutes are concentrated
What effect does an increased amount of aldosterone have on K+ concentration of urine?
K+ increases
Al of the following EXCEPT___ are affects of angiotensin 2.
Inhibition of ADH release
What direct effect does sympathetic activation have on GFR?
Produces powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
Which of the following events marks the onset of development?
Fertilization
Fertilization occurs in the___ within___.
Ampulla-isthmus junction; 1 day of ovulation
Proteolytic enzymes that digest a path through the zone pellucida include?
Hyaluronidase and acrosin.
Why does a mother’s blood volume increase during?
Much of her blood is redirected to the placenta
What event occurs in the uterine cycle when the levels of estrogens and progesterone decline?
Menses
Interstitial cells produce?
Androgens
When the lungs expand as neonate takes its first breath, what important change(s) occur(s) in the cardiovascular system?
Pattern of blood flow changes due to changes in pressure and flow rates. The foramen oval and ductus arterioles close.
What process of chemical interplay among developing cells prompts the differentiation of other embryonic cells?
Induction
