Test 4 Flashcards
What muscles are necessary for inhalation and expiration?
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles
what is fundamental frequency?
the rate at which the vocal folds vibrate. also referred to as pitch. this is measured in Hz.
what is the Bernoulli effect?
given a constant volume flow, there will be a decrease in pressure perpendicular to the flow (on the wall) and increase in velocity at a point of constriction in the flow. If constrict tube, and volume is held same, velocity (rate) increase. If rate of flow increases at point of constriction, pressure drops. Thus, at a point of constriction pressure will drop and velocity will increase if volume is held constant.
what is phonation?
phonation is the production of voice through action of the vocal folds in relation to the air system. a sound caused by vibration of the vocal folds.
what is the fundamental frequencies for males, females, and children?
Males- 100 Hz
Females- 200 Hz
Infants- 300 Hz
what are the parts of the vocal tract?
there are three components for every instrument. first, a power source, something to start the motion (the breathing mechanism, ribs, diaphragm, and lungs). Second an oscillator, something that moves (the vocal folds) and a resonator which is the vocal tract.
what are the parts of the vocal folds?
arytenoid cartilage, inner lining of trachea, true vocal folds, glottis, false vocal folds, epiglottis, and base of tongue
how does resonation work?
smaller containers of air vibrate at higher frequencies, larger containers of air vibrate at lower frequencies. The resonator for the voice is called the vocal tract. It goes form the top of the larynx to the tip of the lips. The vocal tract is multiple containers of air that vibrate at specific frequencies. To make it simple we just talk about two containers of air.
What are the two containers of air in relation to resonation
- Container 1: The air behind the tongue. From the top of the larynx to the hump of the tongue.
-Container 2: The air above and in front of the tongue. From the hump of the tongue to the top of the lips.
-Format 1 and 2: The frequency of the air that vibrates in container 1 and 2.
What happens during resonation when the larynx moves up or downward.
If the larynx rises, both containers 1 and 2 get smaller. The frequency of format 1 and 2 gets higher. If the larynx lowers, both containers 1 and 2 get larger. The frequency of format 1 and 2 gets lower.
Examples of the tongue with resonators
if the tongue goes forward, container 1 gets larger and container 2 gets smaller
- the frequency of format 1 gets lower
-the frequency of format 2 gets higher
if the tongue comes back, container 1 gets smaller and container 2 gets larger
-the frequency of format 1 gets higher
-the frequency of format 2 gets lower
examples of the pharynx with resonators
if the pharynx narrows, container 1 gets smaller
-the frequency of format 1 gets higher
if the pharynx stays neutral or open, container 1 remains large
-the frequency of format 1 is lower.
What is a harmonic?
Comes from the vocal folds. They follow a very specific mathematics series created by vibrations of the vocal fold tissue. The lowest harmonic (the fundamental frequency) is what we usually perceive the pitch as. There are multiple harmonics in every sound in nature, only computers can create a singular harmonic (a sine wave). Without a filter or resonator to boost them, most upper harmonics would never be heard.
what is an overtone?
the faster vibrations that occur simultaneously.
what is a format
Come from the vocal tract. They are the frequency of the air inside the vocal tract. formats change based on the size, shape, density of the walls, and size of opening of the vocal tract.
what is format 1?
the frequency of the air behind the tongue (pharynx)
what is format 2?
the frequency of the air in front of the tongue (oral cavity)
what are the mobile articulators
Mobile: movable structures that can function as the articulatory valves.
- Lips
-Tongue
-Mandible
-Soft palate
What are the immobile articulators?
Immobile: Immovable structures at the articulatory valves; typically, fixed places of artic.
- Upper dental arch
-Alveolar ridge of the upper jaw (maxilla)
-Hard palate
what are the basic muscles on the face used for speech production?
Orbicularis Oris, Risorius, and Buccinator
How do we classify articulation?
-Place: refers to the location (bilabial, velar)
-Manner: how the sound is made (stop, fricative)
-Voicing: whether the vocal folds are vibrating or not (voiced/voiceless)
What is prosody of speech?
-Prosody is the melody and rhythm of speech (also conveys emotional tone in speech)
-Prosody can be conveyed in segments (words) as well as across a string of segments, known as suprasegmentals
-There are two types:
> Linguistic (propositional prosody)
> Emotional (non propositional)
what is the mcgurk effect?
a perceptual illusion where what you see someone saying visually can influence what you hear them saying auditorly, causing you to perceive a third sound that is a combination of visual and auditory information (yanny and laurel)
what is a speech spectrogram?
a sound spectrograph is a laboratory instrument that displays a graphical representation of the strengths of the various component frequencies of a sound as time passes. voice researchers use the spectrograph as a tool for analyzing vocal output. in current research, it is used for identifying the strength and frequencies of formats, and for real-time biforeed back in voice training and therayl.
what band width is wideband
bandwidth of 300-500 Hz
what is the band width of narrowband
45-50 Hz
what is a Wideband spectrogram
used for normal speech with a fundamental frequency of around 100-200 Hz, will pick up energy form several harmonics at once and add them together. The Fo can be determined from the graphic by counting the number of individual vertical lines per unit time. also, the frequencies are relative strengths of the first two formats (F1 and F2) are vicivli as dark, rather blurry concentrations of energy.
what is a narrowband spectrogram
has different strengths; it is able to pick out each individual harmonic, unlike the Wideband spectrogram, but its time resolution is not good enough to isolate each individual cycle of vibration, and the format structure of the sound is not rendered as clearly as with a Wideband analysis. not the dark horizontal stripes, representing each harmonic, in the graphic below. also note that the large clusters of format energy which we saw in the Wideband. spectrogram are not present.
