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Psychological Disorders > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 phases of human sexual response

A
  1. Desire phase
  2. Arousal stage
  3. Plateau phase
  4. Orgasm phase
  5. Resolution phase
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2
Q

What are the 4 categories of sexual dysfunctions?

A
  1. Desire disorders
  2. Arousal disorders
  3. Orgasmic disorders
  4. Sexual pain disorders
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3
Q

What is hypoactive sexual desire disorder? Who experiences it?

A
  • men
  • dont have desire or interest in sex
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4
Q

What is FSI/AD (female sexual interest desire disorder)? Who experiences it?

A
  • women
  • lacking interest. In sexual activity
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5
Q

What is sexual aversion disorder?

A
  • total disgust of sex, repulsed or frightened
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6
Q

What is FSI/AD (female sexual interest arousal disorder)? Who experiences it?

A
  • women
  • repeated inability to maintain proper lubrication/genital swelling
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7
Q

What is male erectile disorder?

A
  • repeated inability to attain/maintain an adequate erection
  • rates tend to increase with age
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8
Q

What is rapid/premature ejaculation? Who experiences it?

A

Men
- ejaculation with ink 1 minute of beginning intercourse

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9
Q

What is delayed ejaculation/male orgasmic disorder?

A
  • unable to or have delayed ejaculation
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10
Q

What is female orgasmic disorder?

A
  • delay or absence of orgasm which is persistent
  • could have one but it is not stimulating
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11
Q

What is genital-pelvic pain/penetration disorder?

A
  • when men or women have pain during intercourse
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12
Q

What is vaginismus?

A
  • involuntary/uncontrollable contractions of muscles of outer third of vagina
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13
Q

What are the 4 classifications of sexual dysfunctions?

A
  1. Lifelong - have always had the problem
  2. Acquired - had a period of normal function before problem occurred
  3. Specific - limited to some situations or partners
  4. Generalized - applies to all sexual interactions
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14
Q

What are the psychological causes of sexual dysfunctions?

A
  • performance anxiety about failing
    • leads to having more failures
    • spectator role: not enjoying or participating
  • hostility towards partner, relationship issues or life stressors like their job
  • lack of sexual experiences or poor partner
  • depression
  • negative attitudes towards sex
  • sociocultural factors
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15
Q

What are the biological causes of sexual dysfunctions?

A
  • low hormone levels (testosterone)
  • cardiovascular issues
  • medications and drugs
  • low or too high sensitivity to sexual stimulation
  • past masturbation habits
  • postmenopausal changes for women which causes less estrogen leading to decreased reaction
  • infection, disease or injury
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16
Q

What are the 2 treatments for sexual dysfunctions. What is done?

A
  • sex therapy
    • dealing with couple problems
    • sex education
    • changing attitudes towards sex
    • eliminate performance anxiety
    • increase sexual and communication sills between partners
  • sensate focus exercises
    • practicing giving and receiving pleasurable stimulation in nongenital areas
    • no pressure to reach orgasm which removes performance anxiety
    • later add genitalia stimulation
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17
Q

What are the treatments for erectile disorder?

A
  • teasing technique : getting partner to ave an erection over and over again
  • medications like viagra
  • penile injection
  • vacuum devices
  • penile implant
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18
Q

What are the treatments for FSI/AD?

A
  • changing routine of sex
  • self-stimulation exercises (masturbating) + fantasies
  • sedate focusing
  • relaxing leading to lubrication which leads to decreased performance anxiety
  • if its due to impaired blood flow:
    • alprostadil (vasodilator): cream inserted into vagina
    • testosterone skin patches
    • Eros device: suction to clitoris that increases vasocongestion
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19
Q

What are paraphilias and the diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5?

A
  • involves fantasies about things society finds abnormal like:
    • nonliving objects
    • humiliation of self or partner
    • children
    • non-consenting people
  • lasts at least 6 months
  • has distress/impairment because of it
  • causes ris of harm or danger to self/others
  • some paraphilias, you just need the behaviour alone to get the diagnoses
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20
Q

What is fetishism?

A
  • fantasies about using a nonliving object
  • becomes a necessity to use/have object during sex
  • common fetishes:
    • women’s underwear
    • shoes
    • boots
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21
Q

What are the causes of fetishism

A
  • behavioural: classical conditioning
    • association occurs once leading to doing it over and over again
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22
Q

what are the 4 treatments for fetishism, transvestic fetishism & exhibitionism/flashing?

A
  1. AVERSION THERAPY
    - getting rid of association by creating a different association with something unpleasant
  2. COVERT SENSITIZATION
    - imagining something not pleasant to get rid of association
  3. MASTURBATION SATIATION
    - making the person do it repeatedly to get rid of association since they get bored
  4. ORGASMIC RECONDITIONNING
    - forced masturbation to a different image to create a new association
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23
Q

What is transvestic fetishism

A
  • dressing in clothes of the opposite gender to achieve arousal
  • typically married heterosexual men
  • often begins in childhood or adolescence
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24
Q

What are the causes of transvestic fetishism

A
  • caused by operant conditioning
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25
Q

What is exhibitionism/flashing?

A
  • aroused by exposing genitals in a public setting
  • sexual contact isn’t typically initiated
  • aroused by element of surprise
  • usually begins before age of 18
  • more men than women
  • often lac social skills
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26
Q

What are the causes of exhibitionism/flashing?

A
  • operant/classical conditioning
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27
Q

What are the treatments for exhibitionism?

A
  • social sills training
  • psychotherapy
  • 4 other ones listed before
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28
Q

What is pedophilia?

A
  • sexual activity with a child 13 years old or younger
  • develops in adolescence
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29
Q

What is a possible cause of pedophilia?

A
  • having a history of sexual abuse or neglect
    • cycle of abuse
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30
Q

What are some treatments for pedophilia?

A
  • behavioural: same as fetishishes (aversion therapy, covert sensitization, masturbator satiation & orgasmic reconditioning)
  • biological: medications like anti-androgen drugs since it lowers desire (problem is it doesn’t change fact that they’re attracted to children)
  • cognitive behavioural: relapse-prevention training
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31
Q

What is sexual sadism?

A
  • only being able to get aroused if making partner suffer
  • fantasies often appear in childhood
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32
Q

What are the causes of sexual sadism?

A
  • behavioural: classical conditioning/modelling
  • cognitive-behavioural: feelings of sexual inadequacy
  • biological: brain/hormonal abnormalities
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33
Q

What is masochism?

A
  • enjoying being humiliated or made to suffer
  • most begin by fantasizing about being made to suffer
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34
Q

What is a cause of masochism?

A
  • classical conditioning
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35
Q

What are the treatments for masochism?

A
  • cognitive behavioural: CBT
  • biological: medications like:
    • anti-androgen
    • antidepressants since they lower sex drive
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36
Q

What is gender dysphoria?

A

Being transgender meaning persons gender identity differs from the sex tat was assigned to them at birth

37
Q

What was stated in the film clip on ender dysphoria?

A
  • has cultural differences
  • treatments can include:
    • top surgery
    • accepting and conforming to own gender identity
  • people often know at a young age
  • helps to accept and transition what who the person is
38
Q

What are some treatments for gender dysphoria?

A
  • psychotherapy recommends spending 1 year passing as gender the person sees themselves as which is followed by:
  • medical interventions such as:
    • hormone treatments (estrogen or testosterone )
    • gender conforming surgery
39
Q

What is psychosis?

A
  • loss of contact with reality causing a disturbance in the ability to perceive and respond to ones environment
  • causes impairment to functioning
  • has hallucinations or delusions
40
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria’s for schizophrenia?

A
  • symptoms of psychosis for 6+ months
  • deterioration in areas like:
    • social relations
    • work
    • self-care/personal hygiene
41
Q

What are the 3 types of symptoms one with schizophrenia may have?

A
  1. Positive symptoms
  2. Negative symptoms
  3. Psychomotor symptoms
42
Q

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia? (7)

A
  1. Hallucinations (often auditory) & delusions (beliefs that other people dont have)
  2. Loose associations/derailment : disorganized thinking
  3. Nedogisms : made up words
  4. Perseverations: doing same thing/words repeatedly
  5. Clong: speaking in rhymes
  6. Heightened perceptions: overwhelmed senses
  7. Inappropriate affect: inappropriate feelings
43
Q

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia? (4)

A
  1. Alogia: loss of speech
  2. Blunted and flat affect: little to no feelings/affect
  3. Loss of volition: loss of motivation, energy or interest
  4. Social withdrawal: engaging with few people
44
Q

What are psychomotor symptoms of schizophrenia? (4)

A
  1. Awkward movements
  2. Repeated grimaces: repeated movements
  3. Odd gestures
  4. Catalonia: freezing for long periods of time
45
Q

What are the biological causes of schizophrenia?

A
  • diathesis-stress model:
    Biological predisposition+extreme environmental stressors = development of the disorder
  • biochemical abnormalities:
    • dopamine hypothesis - could be firing too often in brain
  • abnormal brain structure:
    • brain scans show that many patients with particularly negative symptoms have enlarged ventricles
46
Q

What are the psychodynamic causes of schizophrenia?

A
  • Freud said caused by regression to primary narcissism
    • causing self-centered symptoms/thinking
  • theory by Fromm-Reichman:
    • due to a schizphrenogenic mother
    • since they rejected or used the child to meet their own needs
47
Q

What are the cognitive causes of schizophrenia?

A
  • brain produces strange & unreal sensations which leads the patent struggling to nderstad te symptoms occurring to them
  • trying to understand or rationalize symptoms leads to worsening of symptoms
    • called “rational path to madness”
48
Q

What are the sociocultural causes of schizophrenia?

A
  • possibly the poverty effect
  • ethnic bias by the therapist
  • social labelling: once assigned, self-fulfilling prophecy
  • family dysfunction:
    • possibly linked to family stress
    • difficulties in communication
    • high “expressed emotion” - when family is hostile intruding or critical
    • 4x more likely to relapse if they have this
49
Q

What are the biological treatments of schizophrenia?

A
  • medications (antipsychotics)
  • conventional vs. Aypical antipsychotics
  • reduces symptoms in at least 65% of patients
  • most used approach
  • symptoms will most likely to return if they stop
  • may not work on negative symptoms especially with conventional medications
50
Q

What are some side effects of conventional (D-2 receptors) antipsychotics

A
  • extra pyramidal effects
  • Parkinsonian symptoms (looks like Parkinson’s: odd movements like tremors rigidity diatonia [bizarre movements], restlessness and agitation)
  • tardive dyskinesia
51
Q

What are the side effects of atypical (D-1 receptor) antipsychotics?

A
  • have less movement disorders
  • have to get regular blood tests due to agronulocytosis (drop in white blood cell count leading to infection which could be lethal)
52
Q

What are the cognitive behavioural treatments for schizophrenia?

A
  • change how they view/react to hallucinations
    • teach to react differently
  • educate on how schizophrenia works
  • teach more accurate interpretations of hallucinations
  • teach co[ping skills (ex: ignoring the voices)
  • medications management/encouragement to remain on medication
53
Q

What are the sociocultural treatments for schizophrenia?

A
  • family therapy
  • social therapy
  • problem solving and decision making
  • social skills training
  • medications management
  • shows that it does reduce hospitalization
54
Q

What is conduct disorder?

A
  • repeatedly violating basic rights of others
  • often aggressive, cruel and may tend to steal/rob
55
Q

What are the causes of conduct disorder?

A
  • biological and/or environmental
56
Q

What are the sociocultural treatments for conduct disorder?

A
  • family interventions:
    1. Parent-child interactions (2 phases)
    • phase 1: teach parent to be better/ more understanding/ not react negatively or violently
    • phase 2: teach parent how to manage difficult behaviours
      1. Video modeling
      2. Parent management training
  • residential treatment :
    • foster care treatment
  • school based interventions
57
Q

What are the cognitive behavioural treatments for conduct disorder?

A
  • child focused treatment:
    • CBT interventions:
      1. Problem solving skills training
      2. Anger coping and coping power program
58
Q

What are the biological treatments for conduct disorder?

A
  • drug treatments (stimulants)
59
Q

What was stated in the film clip “what its actually like living with ADHD?

A
  • there are 3 types:
    1. Inattentive
    2. hyperactive
    3. Combined
  • brain lacks dopamine so things aren’t as rewarding leading to the person seeking rewarding activities to increase dopamine
  • can present itself as anxiety especially for women
  • women tend to internalize symptoms while men externalize them
  • often tend to lose or misplace things
  • fidget a lot since it helps the brain focus
  • tend to hyperfocus: when something is really interesting to the person they get sucked into it
  • excercise can help with focus
  • medications (stimulants ) are used like: vyvanse, adderall
60
Q

What are the features of ADHD?

A
  • difficulty paying attention to tasks (attention) and/or behave over actively and impulsively (hyperactivity)
  • persists through childhood and may have lessening of symptoms in mid-adolescence/learn to cope
61
Q

What are the biological and sociocultural causes of ADHD?

A
  • BIOLOGICAL:
    • abnormal dopamine activity
    • abnormalities in frontal-striatal areas
  • SOCIOCULTURAL
    • issues with social labelling leading to self-fulfilling prophecy
62
Q

What are the biological treatments for ADHD?

A
  • drug treatment: often stimulants
  • ex: Ritalin, vyvanse, adderall
  • problem is the long term effects are unknown
63
Q

What are the behavioural treatments of ADHD?

A
  • operant conditioning to modify behaviour (giving rewards if good behaviour to enforce it)
64
Q

What are the features of autism spectrum disorder?

A
  • lack of responsiveness and social reciprocity
  • communication problems
  • wide range of highly rigid and repetitive behaviors, interests and activities
  • perseveration : sticking to a rigid routine and tantrums or extreme emotions if thrown off
  • presents around age of 3
65
Q

What are te psychological causes of autism spectrum disorder?

A
  • a central perceptual or cognitive disturbance
    • “mind blindness” : not understanding different feelings or perspectives of others
66
Q

What are the biological causes of autism spectrum disorder?

A
  • genetic factors leading to specific biological abnormalities
    • in the: amygdala, hypocampus, cerebellum
    • cells seem to be smaller/more densely packed in certain areas
    • shorter dendrites
67
Q

What was said in the film clip “theory of mind”

A
  • trying to see if child sees different perspectives of others
  • perspective test
  • theory of mind test
68
Q

What was stated in the film clip: “detection and treatment of ASD”

A
  • mind disorder
  • number of diagnoses are skyrocketing and the cause is unknown
  • causes are genetic with environmental factors
  • fall on a spectrum
  • may not speak and have tantrums
  • have difficulties interacting socially
  • no treatment/standard of care
  • gene mutation
  • brains don’t make needed connections allowing for connections socially
  • siblings have a 20% higher chance of developing it if sibling has ASD
  • brain enlargement is shown which is why prevention is becoming important if it can be possible to treat before enlargement occurs
69
Q

What are the cognitive behavioural treatments for autism spectrum disorder?

A
  • teach new appropriate behaviours through modelling and operant conditioning for parents
  • education and training in special education classes or programs
  • better if done in early points of child’s life
70
Q

What is communication training for autism spectrum disorder?

A
  • ex: sign language and simultaneous communication or communication board
  • child-initiated interaction
71
Q

What is parent training for autism spectrum disorder?

A
  • learning and applying behavioural techniques at home
  • individual therapy and support groups for parents with ASD
72
Q

How does screen time affect mental health

A

Frequent social media use = lower or decreased well-being
- BUT: some studies find the opposite
- depends on MOTIVATION for using social media

73
Q

What was the objective of the study by Twenge et al. 2017?

A
  • look at how teens spend their time:
    • screen time
    • nonscreen time
  • assessed for:
    • depression rates/prevalence of symptoms
    • suicide-related outcomes ad death rates
  • interested in demographic differences
    • class, gender, age, ethnicity, etc
  • looked at use of leisure time
  • if economic factors play a role
74
Q

What was the sample in the study by Twenge et al. 2017?

A
  • 2 large nationally representative samples
  • 8th to 12th grade
75
Q

What were the results in the study by Twenge et al. 2017?

A
  • almost exclusively in teenage girls
  • depression and suicide outcomes rose during the 2010’s
  • between 2009/2010 and 2015: 33% higher rates of depression and 12% more of at least 1 suicide outcomes. 31% more died by suicide
  • more time of screens leads high depressive symptoms
  • time spent on homework was negatively correlated with depressive symptoms
  • using devices for 3+ hours a day = 34% more likely to attempt suicide
  • 5+ hours = 66% more likely to attempt suicide
  • using social media sites every day = 13% more likely to report depressive symptoms
  • economic factors were mostly not correlated with depression and SS use
76
Q

What is lower depression/suicide associated with?

A
  • in person social interactions
  • print media use (reading books)
  • sports/exercise
  • religious service attendance
77
Q

What were the conclusions found in the study by Twenge et al. 2017

A
  • screen time has a larger effect on girls
  • homework stress is not a direct cause for depression
  • linked to the increased availability of smartphones
  • no social media use leads to less happy than those who used it less than 1h per day
  • happiest teens: limited amount of time (everything in moderation is the lesson)
    Limitations:
  • its correlational so can’t determine cause
  • its self-reporting
78
Q

What are the positives of social media/internet on mental health or therapy? List 2 problems

A
  • TELETHERAPY
  • long-distance therapy with Skype or zoom
  • treatments offered by a computer program
  • internet based support groups
    PROBLEMS
  • ethical issues
  • lack of quality control
  • needs more research
79
Q

What do studies show for prevention of mental illness?

A
  • those who will develop mental health disorders show symptoms by age of 14
    • shows that intervention at early in life is important
    • can decrease suffering and costs
80
Q

What are the recommended strategies for prevention of mental illness?

A
  • invest during critical periods of development (childhood and in utero)
  • apply evidence-based scientific research to clinical services (do what we know works)
  • move towards at-risk-oriented detection and intervention
    • ex: people suffering with poverty
  • promote multidisciplinary and multilevel approaches (have all fields work together)
    • psychiatry, cognitive, sociocultural, behavioural, psychodynamic, etc
  • promote health lifestyle
  • encourage school based interventions
81
Q

What are the 3 stages of recovery from mental illness? What is the clinicians role?

A
  1. Find correct diagnosis, relieve most severe symptoms and find social supports
  2. More manageable/able to maintain stability
  3. Help them return to an active life based on wants, preferences and abilities
    Clinicians role is to engage in shared decision making, offer a range of services and supports
82
Q

What are the 2 pillars in recovery of mental illness?

A
  1. Uniqueness of each patient and their right to determine their path towards mental health and recovery
  2. There are many intersecting factors that impact mental health
83
Q

What are the 4 major dimensions in mental health recovery?

A
  1. Health: make informed, healthy choices
  2. Home: assure they have a stable and safe place to live
  3. Purpose: help find meaningful daily activities
  4. Community: help them find social support
84
Q

What is part of a recovery plan/ what is done to create a recovery plan?

A
  • have them identify goals for achieving wellness
  • specify how to reach them
  • track changes in mental health
  • identify triggers/stressful events
  • have them acknowledge there will be challenges but also hope
  • Make sure they are active in their treatment/recovery since the more active/engaged they are the more chances they will have in making gains/recovering
85
Q

What is voyeuristic disorder?

A
  • sexual arousal is received from observing unsuspecting people undressing or naked
86
Q

What is frotteuristic disorder?

A
  • sexual arousal from touching or rubbing against a non-consenting person such as in a crowded subway
87
Q

What is the duty to warn?

A
  • mental health professionals responsibility to break confidentiality and notify the potential victim whom a client has specifically threatened
88
Q

What are te 3 ethics and treatments of mental illness?

A
  1. Boundary issues
    - must be clear about professional boundaries to avoid conflicts of interest
    - can’t exploit any relationships established
    - can’t further own personal buisness, political interests or the advantage of trust
  2. Requirement that psychologists do not harm
    - record keeping can’t possibly lead to misinterpretation
    - make referrals to other MH professionals to help needs of client if therapist can’t provide needed help
    - prohibits any sexual activity before and after therapy
  3. Need for psychologists to practice within their areas of competence
    - must have proper training to treat a client with a specific project
    - must obtain specific training (coursework, research, individual study, applied training or supervision)
89
Q

What are the 3 core ethical principles for research participants?

A
  1. Respect for the person
  2. Concern for welfare
  3. Concern for justice

Psychological Disorders (3 decks)

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