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Psychological Disorders > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the symptoms/characteristics of GAD (generalized anxiety disorder)

A
  • excessive anxiety - worrying about everything but there is no apparent danger
  • general anxiety that is hard to get rid of
  • has to be present for at least 3 months to be diagnosed
  • Restlessness
  • muscle tension
  • Insomnia
  • easily fatigued
  • irritability
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2
Q

What do psychoanalytic therapists believe causes GAD

A
  • high anxiety and poor défense mechanisms
  • believed all kids have anxiety but are able to use défense mechanisms so no défense =GAD
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3
Q

What are psychoanalytic treatments for GAD?

A
  • controlling the ID through free-association
  • Teaching patient that the thoughts are just thoughts
  • controlling impulsivity
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4
Q

What do psychodynamic therapists believe causes GAD

A

Poor-parents child relationships

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5
Q

What are the psychodynamic treatments for GAD

A
  • corrective emotional experiences (therapist replaces the person having caused bad experiences and makes client relieve it in a positive way)
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6
Q

What are the biological causes of GAD?

A
  • problem with neurotransmitters called GABA
  • biological relative thats close can pass it down
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7
Q

What are biological treatments for GAD?

A
  • anti-anxiety drugs (benzodiazepines - Valium, Ativan, Xanax)
    • work similarly to GABA since they’re inhibitory and can calm the brain down
  • now we use antidepressants and antipsychotics instead because they aren’t addicting
  • relaxation techniques like meditation and mindfulness
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8
Q

What is the treatment(s) that work best for GAD

A

CBT + antidepressants/ biological treatments

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9
Q

What is a specific phobia?

A

Persistent and reoccurring fear of a specific object or situation. Mainly animals, blood, injury, places, storms.

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10
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

Fear of being in a situation where it will be difficult to escape and that people will see if panic is experiences.

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11
Q

What are the behavioural causes of phobias

A

That it is developed through classical conditioning and modeling.
- it is maintained through avoidance (not facing fears)

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12
Q

What is the treatment for specific phobias

A
  • systematic desensitization
    • learning relaxation skills
    • creating a fear hierarchy (listing most stressful to least stressful thing)
    • confronting each of the feared situations systematically
    • taught skills that are incompatible wth fear like relaxation
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13
Q

What are the 3 types of ways to do systematic desensitization

A
  1. In vivo desensitization (direct, live exposure to feared object/thing)
  2. Covert desensitization (imagining the situation because live replication is not possible)
  3. Virtual reality (when live situation is hard to duplicate, like: planes, heights, etc)
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14
Q

What is flooding?

A

Forced non-gradual exposure to feared object or situation

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15
Q

What is modelling?

A

Therapist confronts the thing the client fears and the patient watched

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16
Q

What are the 2 treatments for agoraphobia?

A
  1. Exposure: therapist helps the client go farther and farther from their homes while doing relaxation exercises
  2. Support groups
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17
Q

What are the characteristics and symptoms of social anxiety disorder?

A
  • social situations that the person feels anxious about
  • severe, persistent fear of being judged
  • sees themselves as bad performers
  • negative thoughts about self
  • embarrassment
  • physical reactions like:
    • sweating
    • blushing
    • palpitations
  • tendency to seek avoidance of the situation through a SAFETY BEHAVIOUR (behaviour done to suppress fear if fear can’t be avoided)
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18
Q

What are the causes for social anxiety disorder according to cognitive theory?

A
  • self-defeating beliefs
  • believes they are true (ex: unattractive and socially unskilled)
  • convinces the self thats true than seeks to perform safety behaviours
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19
Q

What is the cognitive treatments for social anxiety disorder?

A
  • changing the believes (ex: homework assignment to go out and watch to see no one is watching) through exposure
  • social sills assertiveness training (providing reassurance and feedback
  • antidepressants are often used but therapy is = effective and less relapse
    • combination works best
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20
Q

What are the characteristics and symptoms of panic disorders?

A
  • unpredictable periodic attacks and never knowing when they will occur
  • worry about when the next will occur or worry about having another one
  • fears of going crazy, dying, losing control, etc
  • extreme physical sensations
  • nausea
  • hyperventilation
  • sweating
  • shaking
  • dizziness
  • heart palpitations
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21
Q

What is the biological perspective of panic disorders?

A
  • accidental realization that antidepressants or better led to theory that irregular norepinephrine activity in the locus coeruleus.
  • diathesis-stress is another possibility
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22
Q

What are the biological treatments for panic disorders?

A
  • antidepressants and benzodiazepines are 80% effective if patient remains on them
  • can break the panic - fear - anticipation cycle of panic attacks
  • combination is best because most dont want to be o medication for rest of life
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23
Q

What are the cognitive theory of causes of panic disorders?

A
  • overly sensitive to certain bodily sensations (ANXIETY SENSITIVITY)
  • misinterprets signs of medical catastrophes
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24
Q

What are the cognitive treatments for panic disorders

A
  • teaching accurate interpretations of feelings i the body
  • educating o panic attacks and body sensitivity
  • intéroceptive exposure. (Biological challenge procedure - exposure to unpleasant situations)
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25
Q

From the film clip what is intéroceptive exposure and intensive exposure therapy?

A

Intéroceptive: explaining what occurs during session then being exposed to unpleasant sensations.
- in clip: running on spot with therapist for a minute which led to finding it hard to breathe, increased heart rate, and feeling hot. This mimics the feeling for a panic attack
Intensive exposure:
- exposure therapy like going on the subway.
- starts with panic techniques
- therapist is reassuring
- eventually able to do it on own and overtime the anxiety decreases

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26
Q

What are the characteristics of OCD?

A

OBSESSIONS: intrusive, foreign, persistent thoughts and resisting them causes anxiety.
- can be germs, religion, aggression, etc
COMPULSIONS: developing rituals to stop the thoughts and if it is not done they believe something bad will occur
- can be cleaning, counting, touching, etc
- affects he functioning of the persons life
- understand it is unreasonable but the fear of something terrible occurring is persistent
- temporary relief occurs when doing the compulsion

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27
Q

What are the behavioural causes of OCD?

A

Compulsions decrease anxiety
- this réalisation can happen by chance but the realization that it os rewarding makes the person continue doing it.
- OPERANT CONDITIONING

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28
Q

What are the behavioural treatments for OCD

A
  • exposure and response/ritual prevention
    • actively preventing rituals and systematically gradually exposing feared though or situation which leads to REALITY TESTING (client learns no harm will occur when ritual is or isn’t performed)
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29
Q

What are the cognitive causes of OCD?

A
  • trying to neutralize the ‘bad’ thoughts but often failing
30
Q

What are the cognitive treatments for OCD?

A
  • identify then change the disorder thoughts/cognitions
  • educate the client about behaviours to understand than change them
31
Q

What are the biological causes of OCD

A
  • problem/abnormality in serotonin activity or in the brain structure and its functioning
  • particular areas of the brain not functioning correctly:
    • orbitofrontal cortx
    • caudate nucleus
      • in charge of thoughts so if its not working it can be the cause of OCD
32
Q

What are the biological treatments of OCD?

A
  • antidepressants that increase serotonin levels (50-80% effectiveness)
  • meds and CBT seems to be most effective
33
Q

What are the symptoms of unipolar depression?

A
  • persistent and reoccur in low mood
  • loss of pleasure or interest in activities that were once enjoyed
  • lethargy or agitation
  • fatigue/loss of energy
  • problems with attention and concentration
  • wight gain or loss due to increased or decreased appetite
  • sleeping more or less
  • feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness or self-esteem issues
  • suicidality
34
Q

What was stated in the film clip on theories and treatments of unipolar depression?

A
  • caused by genetics, chemical imbalance or trauma (often all 3)
  • chemical imbalance changes the way neurotransmitters are received
  • antidepressants are given such as Prozac or other SSRI’s
35
Q

What are some diagnostic criteria’s for unipolar depression

A
  • must occur for 2+ weeks
  • no mania
  • causes dysfunction in life
  • decreased interest of pleasure in daily activities almost all the time
36
Q

What is persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

A

Mood disorder that involves persistent depressed mood lasting more than 2 years with no absence of symptoms

37
Q

What is double depression?

A

Severe mood disorder where one had major depressive episodes and persistent depression with fewer symptoms

38
Q

What are the biological causes of depression

A
  • genetic factors: if it runs in the family, person has increased chances of getting it
  • biochemical factors: serotonin and norepinephrine contribute as well as dopamine and cortisol
39
Q

What are the biological treatments of depression?

A

Antidepressants
- monoamine oxidase inhibitors
- tricyclics (dont work right away or as well)
- second generation antidepressants (SSRI’s)
- blocks serotonin or norepinephrine reuptake
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
- applying shock/electrical impulses to 1 side of brain to create seizures

40
Q

What are the psychoanalytic/dynamic theories for depression?

A
  • theorized that the death of a loved one causes a regression in the oral stage to cope (older Freudian theory)
  • newer theory is that bad relationships with parents can lead to insecurities
41
Q

What are the psychoanalytic/dynamic treatments for depression?

A
  • reviewing past events and feelings
42
Q

What is the behavioural theory for depression?

A
  • theory that decreased rewards in life leads to decreased behaviours that are constructive
  • research suggests that amounts of social rewards can lead to depression if doesn’t receive enough
43
Q

What are the behavioural treatments for depression?

A
  • countering this by increasing pleasurable activities
  • help increase social skills
  • rewarding appropriate behaviours
    • may not do much if used alone which is why its often combined
44
Q

What are the cognitive theories for depression?

A
  • learned helplessness (learning that one has little to no control over life)
  • idea was created through experiment by Seligman and the lab dogs who learned escape wasn’t possible and gave up
  • attributions (attributions made about self)
    • internal attributions which are global, internal and stable
    • better attributions which are external, specific and unstable
45
Q

What are the 4 cognitive components of negative thinking?

A
  1. Maladaptive attitudes - self depleating attitudes developed in childhood
  2. Cognitive triad - interpreting self, experiences and future negatively
  3. Errors in thinking - 9 faulty ways of thinking/cognitive dysfunctions
  4. Automatic negative thoughts - not realizing one is having negative thoughts
46
Q

What are some characteristics of bipolar disorder in the film clip “overview of bipolar disorder”

A
  • extreme mood swings that’s debilitating
  • chronic, incurable, and life-threatening
  • can be treated with medications and therapy
  • dramatic shifts in mood and thought
  • cyclical and can happen at any time
  • elevated sex drive, recklessness, hallucinations and delusions, hostility, fast talking
  • same symptoms of major depression when in depressed state
47
Q

What are the 5 symptoms/main areas of functioning of mania

A
  1. Emotional - giddy, euphoric, irritable
  2. Motivational - need for constant involvement and socialization
  3. Behavioural - fast talking and thinking
  4. Cognitive - disorganized thoughts and lack of of concentration
  5. Physical - decreased need for sleep
48
Q

What is the main difference between bipolar 1 and bipolar 2?

A

Bipolar 1 has full manic episodes and major depressive episodes and can have mixed episodes and bipolar 2 has hypomanic episodes (less severe and often not psychotic) and major depressive episodes

49
Q

What is cyclothymic disorder?

A
  • many periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depression
  • Symptoms for 2+ years to get diagnosis
  • often develops in teenage years
  • has periods of normal mood
  • may progress to bipolar 1 or 2
50
Q

What are the biological causes of bipolar?

A
  • inherited genetically through an inherited predisposition
  • the closer to te person genetically, the greater the risk of developing it
51
Q

What is te permissive theory?

A
  • low serotonin “opens the door” to developing mood disorders with norepinephrine
    • low serotonin and low norepinephrine = depression
    • low serotonin and high norepinephrine = mania
52
Q

What is the treatment for bipolar disorder? List 3 problems with it

A
  • lithium therapy
    1. Hard to find the correct dosage
      • too little can lead to mania or depression
      • too much can lead to lithium intoxication
    2. Weight gain
    3. Compliance can be an issue since they may enjoy mania
53
Q

List the diagnostic criteria’s of dissociative amnesia

A
  • individual isn’t able to recall important and stressful about their lives
  • more extensive than just forgetting
  • not caused by physical injury or substance abuse
  • caused by trauma
  • causes distress or impairment in functioning
54
Q

List the diagnostic criteria’s of dissociative identity disorder

A
  • has to have 2 or more distinct personalities called subpersonalities
  • has different characteristics, identities, physiological characteristics like BP like allergies
  • 1 dominant personality at any given time
  • abrupt transitions
  • recurrent and persisted gaps in memory
    • trauma, personal details or what occurred during the switch
  • distress or impairment to functioning
55
Q

What are the prevalences of DID?

A
  • many or all cases are IATROGENIC meaning: unintentionally produced by therapists
  • # of diagnoses are occurring due to 2 reasons:
    1. More clinicians believe the disorder exists
    2. Diagnosis procedures are more accurate
56
Q

What are the psychodynamic causes of dissociative amnesia?

A
  • single instance of stress or trauma
57
Q

What are the psychodynamic causes of DID?

A
  • lifetime of trauma
58
Q

What are the behavioural causes of dissociative disorders?

A
  • caused by operant conditioning
  • one forgets the trauma in order to decrease the anxiety since its rewarding
  • dissociation allows for an escape behaviour
59
Q

What are te 3 treatments for dissociative amnesia?

A
  1. Psychodynamic - make the unconscious conscious
  2. Hypnotic therapy - guided recall forgotten events
  3. Intravenous injections (IV) or barbiturates - a sedative that calms the patient in order to release inhibitors/trauma
60
Q

What are the treatment steps for DID?

A
  1. Get the patient to recognize they have DID
  2. Have patient recover by accepting the memories/ traumas
    • tends to use the same techniques as dissociative amnesia (psychodynamic, hypnotic and barbiturates )
  3. Integrate the subpersonalities into 1 personality
    • problem is that resistance to this is common and has to learn new coping and social skills
61
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria’s of somatic symptom disorder?

A
  • at least 1 upsetting bodily symptom
  • causes anxiety or distress about the bodily symptom
    • has excessive thoughts
  • disrupts one’s daily life
  • persistent ad recurring symptoms for more than 6 moths
  • physical symptoms caused by something psychological
62
Q

What are the 2 kinds of somatic symptom disorders. Explain

A
  1. Somatisation pattern.
    • many long-lasting physical problems with little to no physical basis
  2. Predominant pain pattern
    • pain is the primary feature and often develops after an accident or incident that causes injury and it pursues for a long time
63
Q

What are the psychoanalytic causes of somatic symptom disorders

A
  • conversion of unconscious conflicts into physical symptoms
    • started because of Electra conflict
64
Q

What are the psychodynamic causes of somatic symptom disorders

A
  • unconscious conflicts from childhood that havent been faces
  • believe that symptoms play a role in 2 ways:
    1. Primary gain - defence mechanism to suppress unconscious conflicts
    2. Secondary gain- in order to avoid problem or draw attention to them
65
Q

What are the behavioural causes of somatic symptom disorders?

A
  • physical symptoms bring rewards to those who are suffering
    • if sympathy is received, symptoms are more occurrent
      - OPERANT CONDITIONNING
66
Q

What are the cognitive causes of somatic symptom disorders?

A
  • symptoms are a form of communication
  • a safe way to express difficult emotions due to stigma of mental illness
67
Q

What are the multicultural causes of somatic symptoms

A
  • conversion is the norm in many non-western cultures
68
Q

What are the 3 treatments for somatic symptom disorders?

A
  • insight therapy/psychodynamic : free association
  • exposure therapy : thoughts of traumatic events brought back up while doing relaxation exercises
  • drug treatment : anti - anxiety or antidepressants
69
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria’s of illness anxiety disorders?

A
  • chronic anxiety about health
    • No mild or existing physical symptoms
  • excessive health-related behaviours
  • lasts for 6+ months even if not continuous
70
Q

What are the behavioural causes of illness anxiety disorder?

A
  • classical conditioning or modeling
71
Q

What are the cognitive causes for illness anxiety disorder?

A
  • over sensitivity to bodily cues
72
Q

What are the 3 treatments for illness anxiety disorder?

A
  1. Antidepressants (SSRI)
  2. Exposure and response prevention therapy (ERP)
  3. CBT
    **similar to the treatments of OCD

Psychological Disorders (3 decks)

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