Test #4 Flashcards by Emily Gray

Functions of the skeletal system (5):

-Support
-Storage (minerals and lipids)
-Blood cell production
-Protection
-Leverage

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Classification of bones by shape (4) with examples:

-Long bones (humerus)
-Short bones (carpal bones)
-Flat bones (parietal bones)
-Irregular bones (vertebrae bones)

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What is calcification?

-The deposition of calcium salts
-Occurs during ossification

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What are the two types of ossification?

-Intramembranous ossification
-Endochondral ossification

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Vertebral regions and a key feature (5)

-Cervical (7 vertebrae)
-Thoracic (12 vertebrae)
-Lumbar (5 vertebrae)
-Sacral (5 fused vertebrae form the sacrum)
-Coccygeal (3-5 fused vertebrae form coccyx)

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Spinal curves (4):

-Cervical curve
-Thoracic curve
-Lumbar curve
-Sacral curve

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What are the atlas and axis?

-Atlas (C1) holds the head, work with occipital condyle to help you nod
-Axis (C2) has a projection called “dens” or “ordontoid process” helps you shake your head, no

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What are the two skeletal divisions?

-Axial skeleton
-Appendicular skeleton

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What bones does the axial skeleton consist of?

-the skull
-the rib cage
-the spinal column

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How many bones are in the axial skeleton total?

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How many bones total in the appendicular skeleton?

126

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What bones does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

-Appendages
-pectoral and pelvic girdles attached to the arms and legs

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What is the epiphyseal line?

-The former location of the epiphyseal cartilage (epiphyseal closure)
-Osteoblasts produce bone faster than the epiphyseal cartilage can grow or expand

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What is appositional growth?

-Growth in diameter (appositional growth) occurs along with growth in length
-occurs when cells of periosteum develop into osteoblasts and produce additional bony matrix

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What is synarthrosis?

-An immovable joint
-ex. Suture in the skull

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What is amphiarthrosis?

-A slightly moveable joint

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What is diathrosis?

A free moving joint

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What are the three types of synarthrosis?

-suture (fibrous)
-gomphosis (fibrous)
-synchondrosis (cartilaginous)

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Describe the type of synthrosis joint called suture

-fibrous connections
-interlocked surfaces
-Ex. Between bones of skulls

Describe the type of synthrosis joint called gomphosis

-Fibrous connections
-Insertion in bony socket
-Ex. Between teeth + bony sockets in the max/mand.

Describe the type of synthrosis joint called synchondrosis

-Cartilaginous
-Interposition of cartilage bridge or plate
-Ex. First pair of ribs and sternum (epiphyseal cartilage)

What are the two types of amphiarthrosis joint?

-syndesmosis (fibrous)
-symphysis (cartilaginous)

Describe the type of amphiarthrosis joint called syndesmosis

-fibrous
-ligamentous connection
-Ex. Between tibia and fibula

Describe the type of amphiarthrosis joint called sympysis

-cartilaginous
-connection by a fibrocartilage pad
-Ex. Between adjacent vertebrae of spinal column

Describe diarthrosis

-Synovial -complex joint bounded by a joint capsule and containing synovial fluid -Ex. Knee joint (there are many types of synovial joints that are divided by range of motion)

Types of movements at synovial joints:

-Plane -Angular -Roatation -Special movements

Types of synovial joints:

-Plane/gliding -hinge -Condylar -Saddle -Pivot -Ball and socket

Which joint has the greatest range of motion?

Shoulder joint (also means it is most frequently dislocated, stability is sacrificed for mobility)

What muscles surround and move the shoulder joint?

Rotator cuff muscles

What two things does the elbow joint consist of?

-hinge joint between the humerus and ulna -weak joint between the humerus and radius

Describe the hinge portion of the elbow joint:

-humerus and ulna interlock -very thick joint capsule -joint capsule reinforced by strong ligaments

5 facts about the hip joint:

-ball and socket formed from head of the femur and the acetabulum of the coxal bone -extremely stable joint (and strong joint capsule) -joint capsule is reinforced by several ligaments -strong surrounding muscles -hip *fractures* occur more often than hip *dislocations*

What 3 joints make up the knee?

-hinge joint between femur and tibia (medial to medial condyles) -plane joint between patella and femur -hinge between femur and tibia (lateral to lateral condyles)

Special joint movements (5):

-inversion vs. Eversion -Dorsiflexion vs. Plantar flexion -Opposition vs. Reposition -Elevation vs. Depression -Lateral flexion (vertebral column bends to the side)

Balance between bone formation and recycling involves interactions with other systems. Name the four:

-Bones provide attachment sites for muscles -Bones are extensively interconnected with cardiovascular and lymphatic systems -Physiologically bones are under the control of the endocrine system -Digestive and urinary systems provide calcium and phosphate for bone growth

Which rotational movement involves moving the palm from facing front to facing back?

Pronation

Which rotational movement involves moving the palm from facing back to facing front?

Supination

Types of synovial joint movements (7):

-Plane/gliding movements -Flexion -Extension -Hyperextension -Abduction -Adduction -Circumduction

Types of articulations between vertebrae (2):

-Gliding joints (between superior and inferior articulate processes) -Symphyseal joints (between vertebral discs)

What are primary curves?

-Present at birth -Include thoracic and sacral curves

What are secondary curves?

-Develop several months after birth -Include cervical and lumbar curves

What are the 3 examples of abnormal spinal curves?

-Kyphosis (exaggerated thoracic curvature) -Lordosis (exaggerated lumbar curvature) -Scoliosis (abnormal arterial curvature)

Compact bone vs. Spongy bone:

- Compact (dense)- relatively solid, forms the wall of the diaphysis - Spongy (cancellous)- interlacing network of bony rods separated by spaces, fils the epiphyses, lines the marrow cavity

Characteristics of compact bone (2):

-Covers all surfaces except inside joint capsules -Parallel arrangement of ostensibly resists stress in specific direction

Structural features of spongy bone (2):

-Has no Ossetian’s -Contains red bone marrow