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Anatomy & Physiology I > Test #4 > Flashcards

Test #4 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skeletal system (5):

A

-Support
-Storage (minerals and lipids)
-Blood cell production
-Protection
-Leverage

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2
Q

Classification of bones by shape (4) with examples:

A

-Long bones (humerus)
-Short bones (carpal bones)
-Flat bones (parietal bones)
-Irregular bones (vertebrae bones)

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3
Q

What is calcification?

A

-The deposition of calcium salts
-Occurs during ossification

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4
Q

What are the two types of ossification?

A

-Intramembranous ossification
-Endochondral ossification

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5
Q

Vertebral regions and a key feature (5)

A

-Cervical (7 vertebrae)
-Thoracic (12 vertebrae)
-Lumbar (5 vertebrae)
-Sacral (5 fused vertebrae form the sacrum)
-Coccygeal (3-5 fused vertebrae form coccyx)

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6
Q

Spinal curves (4):

A

-Cervical curve
-Thoracic curve
-Lumbar curve
-Sacral curve

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7
Q

What are the atlas and axis?

A

-Atlas (C1) holds the head, work with occipital condyle to help you nod
-Axis (C2) has a projection called “dens” or “ordontoid process” helps you shake your head, no

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8
Q

What are the two skeletal divisions?

A

-Axial skeleton
-Appendicular skeleton

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9
Q

What bones does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

-the skull
-the rib cage
-the spinal column

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10
Q

How many bones are in the axial skeleton total?

A

80

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11
Q

How many bones total in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126

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12
Q

What bones does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

-Appendages
-pectoral and pelvic girdles attached to the arms and legs

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13
Q

What is the epiphyseal line?

A

-The former location of the epiphyseal cartilage (epiphyseal closure)
-Osteoblasts produce bone faster than the epiphyseal cartilage can grow or expand

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14
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

-Growth in diameter (appositional growth) occurs along with growth in length
-occurs when cells of periosteum develop into osteoblasts and produce additional bony matrix

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15
Q

What is synarthrosis?

A

-An immovable joint
-ex. Suture in the skull

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16
Q

What is amphiarthrosis?

A

-A slightly moveable joint

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17
Q

What is diathrosis?

A

A free moving joint

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18
Q

What are the three types of synarthrosis?

A

-suture (fibrous)
-gomphosis (fibrous)
-synchondrosis (cartilaginous)

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19
Q

Describe the type of synthrosis joint called suture

A

-fibrous connections
-interlocked surfaces
-Ex. Between bones of skulls

20
Q

Describe the type of synthrosis joint called gomphosis

A

-Fibrous connections
-Insertion in bony socket
-Ex. Between teeth + bony sockets in the max/mand.

21
Q

Describe the type of synthrosis joint called synchondrosis

A

-Cartilaginous
-Interposition of cartilage bridge or plate
-Ex. First pair of ribs and sternum (epiphyseal cartilage)

22
Q

What are the two types of amphiarthrosis joint?

A

-syndesmosis (fibrous)
-symphysis (cartilaginous)

23
Q

Describe the type of amphiarthrosis joint called syndesmosis

A

-fibrous
-ligamentous connection
-Ex. Between tibia and fibula

24
Q

Describe the type of amphiarthrosis joint called sympysis

A

-cartilaginous
-connection by a fibrocartilage pad
-Ex. Between adjacent vertebrae of spinal column

25
Q

Describe diarthrosis

A

-Synovial
-complex joint bounded by a joint capsule and containing synovial fluid
-Ex. Knee joint (there are many types of synovial joints that are divided by range of motion)

26
Q

Types of movements at synovial joints:

A

-Plane
-Angular
-Roatation
-Special movements

27
Q

Types of synovial joints:

A

-Plane/gliding
-hinge
-Condylar
-Saddle
-Pivot
-Ball and socket

28
Q

Which joint has the greatest range of motion?

A

Shoulder joint (also means it is most frequently dislocated, stability is sacrificed for mobility)

29
Q

What muscles surround and move the shoulder joint?

A

Rotator cuff muscles

30
Q

What two things does the elbow joint consist of?

A

-hinge joint between the humerus and ulna
-weak joint between the humerus and radius

31
Q

Describe the hinge portion of the elbow joint:

A

-humerus and ulna interlock
-very thick joint capsule
-joint capsule reinforced by strong ligaments

32
Q

5 facts about the hip joint:

A

-ball and socket formed from head of the femur and the acetabulum of the coxal bone
-extremely stable joint (and strong joint capsule)
-joint capsule is reinforced by several ligaments
-strong surrounding muscles
-hip fractures occur more often than hip dislocations

33
Q

What 3 joints make up the knee?

A

-hinge joint between femur and tibia (medial to medial condyles)
-plane joint between patella and femur
-hinge between femur and tibia (lateral to lateral condyles)

34
Q

Special joint movements (5):

A

-inversion vs. Eversion
-Dorsiflexion vs. Plantar flexion
-Opposition vs. Reposition
-Elevation vs. Depression
-Lateral flexion (vertebral column bends to the side)

35
Q

Balance between bone formation and recycling involves interactions with other systems. Name the four:

A

-Bones provide attachment sites for muscles
-Bones are extensively interconnected with cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
-Physiologically bones are under the control of the endocrine system
-Digestive and urinary systems provide calcium and phosphate for bone growth

36
Q

Which rotational movement involves moving the palm from facing front to facing back?

A

Pronation

37
Q

Which rotational movement involves moving the palm from facing back to facing front?

A

Supination

38
Q

Types of synovial joint movements (7):

A

-Plane/gliding movements
-Flexion
-Extension
-Hyperextension
-Abduction
-Adduction
-Circumduction

39
Q

Types of articulations between vertebrae (2):

A

-Gliding joints (between superior and inferior articulate processes)
-Symphyseal joints (between vertebral discs)

40
Q

What are primary curves?

A

-Present at birth
-Include thoracic and sacral curves

41
Q

What are secondary curves?

A

-Develop several months after birth
-Include cervical and lumbar curves

42
Q

What are the 3 examples of abnormal spinal curves?

A

-Kyphosis (exaggerated thoracic curvature)
-Lordosis (exaggerated lumbar curvature)
-Scoliosis (abnormal arterial curvature)

43
Q

Compact bone vs. Spongy bone:

A
  • Compact (dense)- relatively solid, forms the wall of the diaphysis
  • Spongy (cancellous)- interlacing network of bony rods separated by spaces, fils the epiphyses, lines the marrow cavity
44
Q

Characteristics of compact bone (2):

A

-Covers all surfaces except inside joint capsules
-Parallel arrangement of ostensibly resists stress in specific direction

45
Q

Structural features of spongy bone (2):

A

-Has no Ossetian’s
-Contains red bone marrow

Anatomy & Physiology I (2 decks)

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