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Anatomy & Physiology I > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is epithelial tissue made out of (2):

A

-Epithelia
-glands

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2
Q

What is epithelia?

A

Layers of cells that cover internal or eternal surfaces

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3
Q

What are glands?

A

Fluid-secreting cells derived from epithelia

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4
Q

Characteristics of epithelia (5):

A

-cells are bound closely together
-a free (apical) surface exposed to the environment or to an internal chamber or passageway
-Attatchment to underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane
-The absence of blood vessels
-Continual replacement or regeneration of epithelial cells that are damaged or lost

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5
Q

4 functions of epithelia:

A
  1. Provide physical protection (ex. dehydration)
  2. Control permeability
  3. Provide sensation
  4. Produce specialized secretions
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6
Q

Exocrine secretions:

A

Secretions are discharged onto the surface of the epithelium (ex. sweat or milk)

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7
Q

Endocrine secretions:

A

Secretions which are released into the surrounding tissue fluid and blood (ex. hormones)

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8
Q

Which membrane type lines cavities that communicate with the exterior of the body and have moist surfaces?

A

Mucous membranes

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9
Q

What are connective tissue structures that attach muscles to bones are called?

A

Tendons

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10
Q

What is the loose connective tissue that provides a supporting framework and is found in the liver, spleen and bone marrow is called?

A

Reticular tissue

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11
Q

True or false: cartilage has limited blood supply. Which means it has a slower healing process.

A

True

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12
Q

How do water and solutes typically pass into and out of cells?

A

Channel proteins

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13
Q

The energy currency of the cell is _________:

A

ATP

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14
Q

The control center for cellular processes is called the _______:

A

Nucleus

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15
Q

Approximately 95% of a human cell’s ATP is produced by the _____________

A

Mitochondria

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16
Q

What is the term used to describe several layers of epithelial cells?

A

Stratified

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17
Q

The period when the cell is performing normal functions not actively related to cell division is _________

A

Interphase

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18
Q

Small endoplasmic extensions containing micro filaments are called __________

A

Microvilli

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19
Q

Which type of connective tissue is a vascular and therefore its ability to perform repairs is limited?

A

Cartilage

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20
Q

Which organelle synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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21
Q

The tissue type in the body that lines internal passageways is _________ tissue

A

Epithelial tissue

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22
Q

Products released from secretory vesicles by exocytosis, such as saliva are an example of:

A

Merocrine secretion

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23
Q

Cells that store lipids in vesicles are ____________

A

Adipocytes

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24
Q

A characteristic of malignant tumors is their ability to __________

A

Metastasize (spread to other parts of the body)

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25
The study of tissues is called __________
Histology
26
The process of tissue repair where damaged tissue is replaced or repaired to restore normal function is called ____________
Regeneration
27
Glands are composed of __________ tissue
Epithelial tissue
28
Epithelial cells are attached to deeper tissues at their ___________ surface:
Basal
29
The organelle that contains digestive enzymes for removing damaged organelles is called the _____________
Lysosome
30
?
.
31
What is a cell junction?
Specialized attachment sites that attach a cell to another cell or to extracellular materials
32
What are the three types of cell junctions?
tight junctions, gap junctions and desmosomes
33
How does a tight junction work?
The lipid layers of adjacent plasma membranes are tightly bound together by interlocking membrane proteins
34
What forms and is inferior to the tight junctions?
A continuous adhesion belt (a band that encircles cells and binds them to their neighbours)
35
What junction is common between epithelial cells exposed to harsh chemicals?
Tight junction
36
What do tight junctions prevent?
Passage of water and solutes between cells
37
What is a gap junction?
Two cells are held together by embedded membrane proteins called connexons. Connexons form a narrow passageway that lets small molecules and ions pass from cell to cell
38
Which junction occurs when epithelial functions require rapid intercellular communication?
Gap junction
39
What is the most durable interconnection?
Desmosome
40
What are desmosome connections?
The plasma membranes of two cells are locked together by CAMs and proteoglycans between the opposite dense areas of each cell.
41
Each ______ ____ is linked to the cytoskeleton by a network of intermediate filaments
Dense area
42
What are the small discs that desmosomes form called?
spot desmosomes
43
___________ resemble half of a spot desmosome and attach a cell to the basement membrane.
Hemidesmosomes
44
What is the apical surface of epithelial cells?
-Exposed to an internal or external environment -the surfaces of these cells often have specialized structures unlike other body cells
45
What are the four types of tissue?
-Epithelial tissue -Connective tissue -Muscle tissue -nervous tissue
46
Epithelial description (3)
-covers exposed surfaces -Lines internal passageways and chambers -produces glandular secretions
47
Connective tissue description (3)
-Fills internal spaces -Provides structural support -Stores energy
48
Muscle tissue description (1)
Contracts to produce active movement
49
Nervous tissue description (2)
-Propagates electrical impulses -Carries information
50
Where are stem cells found?
Deepest layers of the epithelium
51
Two types of cell layering
Simple and stratified
52
Types of cell shape (3)
-Squamous -Cuboidal -Columnar
53
Single layering epithelium
-single layer of cells covering the basement membrane -Epithelia are thin -fragile -Only found in protected areas of the body (because they’re fragile) -ex. Heart chambers, blood vessels, peritoneal cavities
54
Stratified epithelium layering
-greater protection -several layers of cells above the basement membrane -ex. Surface of the skin, lining of the mouth
55
Squamous epithelium
-cells are thin and flat -nucleus occupies the thickest portion of each cell
56
Cuboidal epithelium
-hexagonal boxes when seen from their apical surfaces -distance between the neighbouring nuclei is about equal to the height of the epithelium
57
Columnar epithelium
-taller and more slender
58
Holocrine secretion
Destroys the cell which becomes packed with secretions before it finally bursts
59
Connective tissue proper
Refers to connective tissues that contain varied cell populations and fiber types surrounded by a syrupy ground substance
60
Three kinds of connective tissues
-connective tissue proper -fluid connective tissues -supporting connective tissues
61
Two types of connective tissue proper
-Loose (fibers loosely packed) -Dense (fibres densely packed)
62
Two kinds of fluid connective tissues
-blood -lymph
63
Two kinds of supporting connective tissues
-cartilage -bone
64
Where is simple squamous epithelium found?
In protected regions where absorption takes place or where a slippery surface reduces friction (ex epithelia lining pleural, alveoli)
65
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium located?
-line portions of te kidney tubules, line the ducts that secrete enzymes and buffers
66
Where are columnar epithelia located?
Lines the stomach, intestinal tract and other excretory ducts
67
What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?
Reduces friction, controls vessel permeability and performs absorption and secretion
68
What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?
Limited protection, secretion, absorption
69
What is the function of simple columnar epithelium?
Protection, secretion and absorption
70
Where is stratified squamous epithelium located?
Where mechanical stresses are severe (ex. Lining of mouth, throat, anus, esophagus)
71
Where is stratified cuboidal epithelia located?
It’s very rare. Found along the ducts of sweat glands and in the larger ducts of the amaryllis glands
72
Where is stratified columnar epithelia located?
Along portions of the pharynx, epiglottis, anus, urethra and a few large excretory ducts (it’s also rare)
73
What is apocrine secretion?
Secretion occurs through loss of cytoplasm containing secretory product (milk in breasts, viscous underarm perspiration)
74
What is a merocrine secretion?
Secretion occurs through exoctytosis (saliva from salivary glands, mucus in digestive and respiratory tracts)
75
What is a holocrine secretion?
Secretion occurs through loss of entire cell containing secretory product (skin oils and waxy coating of hair)
76
Three types of secretion?
-serous -mucous -mixed
77
Three methods of secretions
-merocrine -apocrine -holocrine
78
What is serous secretion?
Watery solution containing enzymes
79
What is mucous secretion?
Thick, slippery mucus
80
What is mixed secretion?
Contains more than one type of secretion
81
4 connective tissue functions
-support and protection -transportation of materials -storage of energy reserves -defensie of the body
82
Three kinds of connective tissues:
-connective tissue proper (loose & dense) -fluid connective tissues (blood & lymph) -supporting connective tissues (cartilage & bone)
83
Where are areolar tissues located?
Within and deep to the dermis of skin and covered by the epithelial living of the digestive, respiratory and urinary tracts
84
Function of areolar tissue
Cushions organs, provides support but permits independent movement
85
Where are adipose tissues found?
Deep to the skin especially at sides, buttocks and breasts
86
Function of adipose tissue
Provides padding and cushions shocks, insulates and stores energy
87
Where are reticular tissues located?
Liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow
88
Function of reticular tissue
Provides supporting framework
89
What are dense regular connective tissues?
They provide firm attachment, conducts pull of muscles and reduces friction of muscles (located between skeletal muscles and skeleton)
90
What are dense irregular connective tissues?
They provide strength to resist forces from many directions, helps prevent over expansion of organs like the bladder (found in capsules of visceral organs, deep dermis of skin)

Anatomy & Physiology I (2 decks)

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