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Anatomy & Physiology I > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is epithelial tissue made out of (2):

A

-Epithelia
-glands

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2
Q

What is epithelia?

A

Layers of cells that cover internal or eternal surfaces

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3
Q

What are glands?

A

Fluid-secreting cells derived from epithelia

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4
Q

Characteristics of epithelia (5):

A

-cells are bound closely together
-a free (apical) surface exposed to the environment or to an internal chamber or passageway
-Attatchment to underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane
-The absence of blood vessels
-Continual replacement or regeneration of epithelial cells that are damaged or lost

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5
Q

4 functions of epithelia:

A
  1. Provide physical protection (ex. dehydration)
  2. Control permeability
  3. Provide sensation
  4. Produce specialized secretions
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6
Q

Exocrine secretions:

A

Secretions are discharged onto the surface of the epithelium (ex. sweat or milk)

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7
Q

Endocrine secretions:

A

Secretions which are released into the surrounding tissue fluid and blood (ex. hormones)

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8
Q

Which membrane type lines cavities that communicate with the exterior of the body and have moist surfaces?

A

Mucous membranes

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9
Q

What are connective tissue structures that attach muscles to bones are called?

A

Tendons

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10
Q

What is the loose connective tissue that provides a supporting framework and is found in the liver, spleen and bone marrow is called?

A

Reticular tissue

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11
Q

True or false: cartilage has limited blood supply. Which means it has a slower healing process.

A

True

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12
Q

How do water and solutes typically pass into and out of cells?

A

Channel proteins

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13
Q

The energy currency of the cell is _________:

A

ATP

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14
Q

The control center for cellular processes is called the _______:

A

Nucleus

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15
Q

Approximately 95% of a human cell’s ATP is produced by the _____________

A

Mitochondria

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16
Q

What is the term used to describe several layers of epithelial cells?

A

Stratified

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17
Q

The period when the cell is performing normal functions not actively related to cell division is _________

A

Interphase

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18
Q

Small endoplasmic extensions containing micro filaments are called __________

A

Microvilli

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19
Q

Which type of connective tissue is a vascular and therefore its ability to perform repairs is limited?

A

Cartilage

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20
Q

Which organelle synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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21
Q

The tissue type in the body that lines internal passageways is _________ tissue

A

Epithelial tissue

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22
Q

Products released from secretory vesicles by exocytosis, such as saliva are an example of:

A

Merocrine secretion

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23
Q

Cells that store lipids in vesicles are ____________

A

Adipocytes

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24
Q

A characteristic of malignant tumors is their ability to __________

A

Metastasize (spread to other parts of the body)

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25
Q

The study of tissues is called __________

A

Histology

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26
Q

The process of tissue repair where damaged tissue is replaced or repaired to restore normal function is called ____________

A

Regeneration

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27
Q

Glands are composed of __________ tissue

A

Epithelial tissue

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28
Q

Epithelial cells are attached to deeper tissues at their ___________ surface:

A

Basal

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29
Q

The organelle that contains digestive enzymes for removing damaged organelles is called the _____________

A

Lysosome

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30
Q

?

A

.

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31
Q

What is a cell junction?

A

Specialized attachment sites that attach a cell to another cell or to extracellular materials

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32
Q

What are the three types of cell junctions?

A

tight junctions, gap junctions and desmosomes

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33
Q

How does a tight junction work?

A

The lipid layers of adjacent plasma membranes are tightly bound together by interlocking membrane proteins

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34
Q

What forms and is inferior to the tight junctions?

A

A continuous adhesion belt (a band that encircles cells and binds them to their neighbours)

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35
Q

What junction is common between epithelial cells exposed to harsh chemicals?

A

Tight junction

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36
Q

What do tight junctions prevent?

A

Passage of water and solutes between cells

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37
Q

What is a gap junction?

A

Two cells are held together by embedded membrane proteins called connexons. Connexons form a narrow passageway that lets small molecules and ions pass from cell to cell

38
Q

Which junction occurs when epithelial functions require rapid intercellular communication?

A

Gap junction

39
Q

What is the most durable interconnection?

A

Desmosome

40
Q

What are desmosome connections?

A

The plasma membranes of two cells are locked together by CAMs and proteoglycans between the opposite dense areas of each cell.

41
Q

Each ______ ____ is linked to the cytoskeleton by a network of intermediate filaments

A

Dense area

42
Q

What are the small discs that desmosomes form called?

A

spot desmosomes

43
Q

___________ resemble half of a spot desmosome and attach a cell to the basement membrane.

A

Hemidesmosomes

44
Q

What is the apical surface of epithelial cells?

A

-Exposed to an internal or external environment
-the surfaces of these cells often have specialized structures unlike other body cells

45
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A

-Epithelial tissue
-Connective tissue
-Muscle tissue
-nervous tissue

46
Q

Epithelial description (3)

A

-covers exposed surfaces
-Lines internal passageways and chambers
-produces glandular secretions

47
Q

Connective tissue description (3)

A

-Fills internal spaces
-Provides structural support
-Stores energy

48
Q

Muscle tissue description (1)

A

Contracts to produce active movement

49
Q

Nervous tissue description (2)

A

-Propagates electrical impulses
-Carries information

50
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

Deepest layers of the epithelium

51
Q

Two types of cell layering

A

Simple and stratified

52
Q

Types of cell shape (3)

A

-Squamous
-Cuboidal
-Columnar

53
Q

Single layering epithelium

A

-single layer of cells covering the basement membrane
-Epithelia are thin
-fragile
-Only found in protected areas of the body (because they’re fragile)
-ex. Heart chambers, blood vessels, peritoneal cavities

54
Q

Stratified epithelium layering

A

-greater protection
-several layers of cells above the basement membrane
-ex. Surface of the skin, lining of the mouth

55
Q

Squamous epithelium

A

-cells are thin and flat
-nucleus occupies the thickest portion of each cell

56
Q

Cuboidal epithelium

A

-hexagonal boxes when seen from their apical surfaces
-distance between the neighbouring nuclei is about equal to the height of the epithelium

57
Q

Columnar epithelium

A

-taller and more slender

58
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

Destroys the cell which becomes packed with secretions before it finally bursts

59
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

Refers to connective tissues that contain varied cell populations and fiber types surrounded by a syrupy ground substance

60
Q

Three kinds of connective tissues

A

-connective tissue proper
-fluid connective tissues
-supporting connective tissues

61
Q

Two types of connective tissue proper

A

-Loose (fibers loosely packed)
-Dense (fibres densely packed)

62
Q

Two kinds of fluid connective tissues

A

-blood
-lymph

63
Q

Two kinds of supporting connective tissues

A

-cartilage
-bone

64
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A

In protected regions where absorption takes place or where a slippery surface reduces friction (ex epithelia lining pleural, alveoli)

65
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium located?

A

-line portions of te kidney tubules, line the ducts that secrete enzymes and buffers

66
Q

Where are columnar epithelia located?

A

Lines the stomach, intestinal tract and other excretory ducts

67
Q

What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

A

Reduces friction, controls vessel permeability and performs absorption and secretion

68
Q

What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Limited protection, secretion, absorption

69
Q

What is the function of simple columnar epithelium?

A

Protection, secretion and absorption

70
Q

Where is stratified squamous epithelium located?

A

Where mechanical stresses are severe (ex. Lining of mouth, throat, anus, esophagus)

71
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal epithelia located?

A

It’s very rare. Found along the ducts of sweat glands and in the larger ducts of the amaryllis glands

72
Q

Where is stratified columnar epithelia located?

A

Along portions of the pharynx, epiglottis, anus, urethra and a few large excretory ducts (it’s also rare)

73
Q

What is apocrine secretion?

A

Secretion occurs through loss of cytoplasm containing secretory product (milk in breasts, viscous underarm perspiration)

74
Q

What is a merocrine secretion?

A

Secretion occurs through exoctytosis (saliva from salivary glands, mucus in digestive and respiratory tracts)

75
Q

What is a holocrine secretion?

A

Secretion occurs through loss of entire cell containing secretory product (skin oils and waxy coating of hair)

76
Q

Three types of secretion?

A

-serous
-mucous
-mixed

77
Q

Three methods of secretions

A

-merocrine
-apocrine
-holocrine

78
Q

What is serous secretion?

A

Watery solution containing enzymes

79
Q

What is mucous secretion?

A

Thick, slippery mucus

80
Q

What is mixed secretion?

A

Contains more than one type of secretion

81
Q

4 connective tissue functions

A

-support and protection
-transportation of materials
-storage of energy reserves
-defensie of the body

82
Q

Three kinds of connective tissues:

A

-connective tissue proper (loose & dense)
-fluid connective tissues (blood & lymph)
-supporting connective tissues (cartilage & bone)

83
Q

Where are areolar tissues located?

A

Within and deep to the dermis of skin and covered by the epithelial living of the digestive, respiratory and urinary tracts

84
Q

Function of areolar tissue

A

Cushions organs, provides support but permits independent movement

85
Q

Where are adipose tissues found?

A

Deep to the skin especially at sides, buttocks and breasts

86
Q

Function of adipose tissue

A

Provides padding and cushions shocks, insulates and stores energy

87
Q

Where are reticular tissues located?

A

Liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow

88
Q

Function of reticular tissue

A

Provides supporting framework

89
Q

What are dense regular connective tissues?

A

They provide firm attachment, conducts pull of muscles and reduces friction of muscles (located between skeletal muscles and skeleton)

90
Q

What are dense irregular connective tissues?

A

They provide strength to resist forces from many directions, helps prevent over expansion of organs like the bladder (found in capsules of visceral organs, deep dermis of skin)

Anatomy & Physiology I (2 decks)

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