test 4? Flashcards
What are the four major groups of chemical digestion
Proteins , carbohydrates , lipids and nucleic acids
What are the 3 salivary glands
submandibular , sublingual and parotid gland
what is letter C
liver
what is the letter i
cecum
what letter is g ?
ileum
what is letter F
jejunum
what enzyme is in the salvia to help breakdown food
amylase
which kind of teeth are responsible for crushing and grinding ?
bicuspids or premolars
Deglutition is
bolus from mouth to oropharynx
gastroenterology is …
upper end of the digestive system
what are the ways stomach does mechanical digestion by
peristalsis or churning into a mixture called chyme
chemical ways of digestion in the stomach involves
feedback regulation,
which of the following is not true about HCI
denatures protein
molecules, kills microbes in food, and
transforms pepsinogen into pepsin for
digestion, increase blood calcium
increase blood calcium
what enzyme causes peptides bonds to break and requires it a different PH environment
pepsin
what is the precursor of pepsin and regulated by HCI
pepsinogen
the degulation DOES NOT control the movement of food _____
a. from mouth to oropharynx B. from oropharynx to the esophagus
C. from the esophagus to the stomach D . away from larynx by the covering
C from the esophagus to the stomach
which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach
A filtration B compaction C mechanical processing D indigestion E absorption
A . filtration
the enzyme : amylase helps digest
A complex carbs B fats C .proteins D lipids
E. nuclecic acids
A Complex carbs
_____ are essential organs for LIPID digestion
A . Gallbladder B stomach
C liver D gallbladder
E SM intestine F salivary gland
G pancreas
Multiple answers
Liver , gallbladder and pancreas
Sensory nerve cells, parasympathetic ganglia, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers can be found in the
submucosal plexus.
serosa.
mucosa.
lamina propria.
submucosal plexus
The region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum is the
pylorus
Cardia
Fundas
Body
Atrium
Pylorus
Functions of the stomach include all of the following, EXCEPT
storage of ingested food.
initiation of protein digestion.
absorption of triglycerides.
mechanical breakdown of food.
Absorption of triglycerides
The first portion of the stomach that food enters is the
body.
pylorus.
cardia.
fundus.
antrum.
Cardia
Parietal cells secrete:
mucus.
pepsinogen.
enteropeptidase.
gastrin.
hydrochloric acid.
HCl
The portion of the small intestine that attaches to the cecum is the
appendix
ileum.
jejumum
haustrum.
duodenum.
Ileum
The middle segment of the small intestine is the
ileum
duodenum
сесum
pylorus.
jejunum.
jejunum
**Lacteals : **
increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine.
produce milk
secrete digestive enzymes.
carry absorbed fats to the lymphatic system.
produce new cells tor the mucost of the small intestine
carry absorbed fats to the lymphatic system
The portion of the small intestine that is attached to the pylorus of the stomach is the____
jejunum
duodenum.
colon
fleum.
Duodenum
The exocrine portion (pancreatic juice) of the pancreas composed of
triads
pancreatic crypts
pancreatic lobules.
pancreatic acini.
islets of Langerhans
pancreatic acini.
Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?
esophagus
pancreas
colon
spleen
Pancreas
The pancreas produces ____
trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase
nucleases (DNase and RNase)
lipase and amylase.
The essential functions of the liver include
Metabolic regulation and hemological regulation
And bile production
The essential functions of the liver include
Metabolic regulation and hemological regulation
And bile production
Bile is produced in the ___
Liver
Major regions of the large intestine include the____, _____,& ____.
cecum, colon, and duodenum
duodenum, ileum, and jejunum.
Cecum, colon and rectum
ascending colon, descending colon, and ileum
Cecum, colon and rectum
The saclike structure that joins the ileum at the ileocecal valve is the
appendix.
rechim.
sigmoid colon.
haustra
cecum.
Cecum
The gland empties into the oral cavity at the level of the second upper molar.
parotid
sublingual
submaxıllary
vestibular
submandibular
Parotid
Parietal cells secrete_____
gastrin.
hydrochloric acid.
mucus:
pepsin.
all of the above
HCI
In response to the hormone cholecystokinin, the pancreas secretes a fluid
rich in bile.
rich in mucus.
that contains only amylase.
rich in bicarbonate.
rich in enzymes.
Rich in enzymes
A blockage of the ducts from the parotid glands would:
interfere with carbohydrate digestion in the mouth
result in the production of more viscous saiva
eliminate the sense of taste.
impair the lubricating properties of saliva
interfere with carbohydrate digestion in the mouth
In response to the hormone secretin, the pancreas secretes a fluid_____
that contains only amylase
Rich in muens
rich in bile.
rich in enzymes
rich in bicarbonate ion
Rich in bicarbonate ions
Which of the following contains adipose tissue and provides padding for the anterior and lateral portions of the abdomen?
diaphragm
greater omentum
mesentery proper
falcitorm ligament
lesser omentum
Greater omentum
When the terminal phosphate is cut off ATP what is formed?
Glucose
Metabolic water
Adenosine monophosphate Adenosine diphosphate GTP
Adenosine diphosphate
Oxidation is____
the removal of protons
the addition of protons
the addition of electrons
the removal of electrons
The removal of electrons
Which of the following is a product of glycolysis?
Acetyl-COA
Pyruvate
Lactate
Glucose
Carbon dioxide
Pyruvate
Glycolysis :
splits a six-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon molecules of lactic acid.
splits a six-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid.
forms a six-carbon glucose molecule from two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid.
splits a six-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon molecules of acetyl coA.
forms a six-carbon glucose molecule from two 3-carbon molecules of lactic acid.
splits a six-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid.
converts one CóH1206 to two pyruvic acid molecules
glycogenolysis
glycolysis
Kreb’s cycle
cell respiration
Glycolysis
This is the key regulator of the rate of glyocolysis.
Phosphofructokinase
Glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate
ATP & FAD
NADH
Phosphofructokinase
____is the molecule that enters the Krebs cycle; it is also used to synthesize fatty acids, ketone bodies, and cholesterol.
acetyl-COA
glucose-6-phosphate glycogen
lactic acid
pyruvic acid
Acetyl COA
How many reactions (steps) take place during the Krebs cycle?
4
6,
8
10
12
8 steps
Which of the following is a final product of aerobic respiration?
Pyruvate
Lactate
Oxygen
Glucose
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
The TCA cycle must turn
completely metabolize the pyruvic acid produced from one glucose molecule.
two
five
three
four
one
Two
Which of the following is a result of the Krebs cycle?
formation of acetyl-CoA
formation of pyruvate
formation of carbon dioxide generation of GTP
production of reduced coenzymes
Formation of carbon dioxide
Production of reduced co enzymes
The Kreb’s cycle, or citric acid cycle,
OCcurs in the cytosol.
does not produce CO2.
produces ATP only at the substrate-level.
leads to total 12 ATP from each pyruvic acid.
Leads to total 12 ATP from each pyruvic acid
Regarding the electron transport chain, the inner membrane of a mitochondrion contains the protein called
the energy created by”.
ATP. This is a process of ions moving across the membrane down their concentration gradient.
cytochrome c; reduction
ATP synthase; oxidation
enzyme complex; proton pumping ATP synthase; H+ flow
enzyme complex; reduction
ATP synthase ; H+ flow
When a large amount of H+ accumulates between the inner and outer mitochondria membranes, this describes:
Proton gradient (Chemiosmosis) of ETC
Glycolysis
ATP synthesis
Krebs cycle
Proton pump of ETC
Proton gradient (Chemiosmosis) of ETC
Which of the following places the events of glucose catabolism in the correct order?
glycolysis, formation of acetyl coA, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain reactions
glycolysis, Krebs-cycle, formation of acetyl co, electron transport chain reactions
glycolysis, Krebs cycle, anaerobic respiration, electron transport chaln mactions
D
glycolysis, anaerobic respiration, Krebs cycle, electron tramport chain reactions
formation of acetyl co, glycolysis, electron transport chain reactions
Glycolysis, formation of acetyl COA,Krebs cycle,ETC
What is 5
Nad
Proton
o2
H20
CO2
H20
Label 6a and 6b
ATP
CO2
FADH2
NADH+. H+
CO2
Which of the following regarding Glucose-6-phosphate is INCORRECT? It can be_____
used to make amino acid
dephosphorylated to glucose
converted to pyruvic acid
used to synthesize glycogen
Used to make amino acid
The Kreb’s cycle, or citric acid cycle,
leads to total 12 ATP from each pyruvic acid.
occurs in the cytosol.
produces ATP only at the substrate-level.
does not produce CO2.
Leads to total 12 ATP from each pyruvic acid
Which of the following is true concerning oxygen in regards to aerobic respiration?
It directly receives electrons and protons from NAD and FAD.
It is the only substrate of aerobic respiration.
It directly transfers electrons and protons to NAD and FAD
It transport electrons to the mitochondrion
It is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.
It is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration
Regarding the electron transport chain, the inner membrane of a mitochondrion contains the protein called ____ “ which couples the energy created by _______“to produce ATP. This is a process of ions moving across the membrane down their concentration gradient.
enzyme complex; reduction
ATP synthase; H+ flow
ATP synthase, oxidation
enzyme complex: proton pumping
cytochrome c, reduction
ATP synthase: H+ flow
Glycogenesis is stimulated by stimulated by whereas glycogenolysis is
growth hormone; cortisol
insulin; aldosterone
growth hormone, glucagon and epinephrine
growth hormone; insulin
insulin; glucagon and epinephrin
insulin; glucagon and epinephrine
Which of the following is not a function of the liver?
Glycogenesis
Secretion of digestive enzymes
Synthesis of plasma proteins
Detoxification
Secretion of digestive enzymes
Which of the following are used in “metabolic crossroads”?
Lipase
ATP
Pyruvic acid
Glycogen
Pyruvic acid
