Exam 1 Flashcards
Blood , heart and the vessels
what are the major functions of the heart
transportation-O2/C02 , regulation- pH and protection VVC
What does VVC stand for
Volume - about 8 % 5-6L for males and 4-5 for females
Viscosity- like water when dehydrated thicker
color bright red -oxygen
Dark red -no oxygen
What is the blood plasma %
55%
Of the 7% of proteins in the plasma , what are the 3 proteins
Albumin , Globulins , and fibrinogen
In the blood plasma , what is the percent of everything
“the other stuff”
92% water , 7% protein and other solutes 1%
In blood , what percent is the forced elements
45%
In blood cells ( formed element) what is the majority and minority
RBC 99%
WBC and platelets 1%
Definition of hemopoiesis
the process of blood cells formation
what the two important components of hemopoiesis
Pluripotent stem cells and hemopoietic growth factors
What are the two different path for stem cells?
Myeloid and Lymphoid stem cells
Whats the difference between WBC from the myeloid stem cell vs lymphoid
Myeloid stem cells give rise to RBC and progenitor cells/ blast cells which form actual elements of blood WHILE lymphoid S.C give rise to lymphocytes
Whats an other name for Progenitor cells
precursor cells / blast cells
definition of Hematopoietic growth factors
regulate the differentiation and proliferation of particular progenitor cells
What is the structure and function of RBC
Biconcave disc and lots of production
cell membrane strong and flexible
cytoplasm - no nucleus or organelles
Hemoglobin contains…
4 heme + globin
heme pigment
globin - protein
Whats on the outside of RBC and what does it determine
Outside of RBC: Glycolipids and it determines blood type
the cytoplasm of RBC contain
Carbonic anhydrase
What makes blood red ?
Hemoglobin , protein which carries the oxygen
how is Hemoglobin written ?
Hb
What is the result of when Hemoglobin binds stronger to CO instead of O2
Carbon Monoxide poisoning
Hemoglobin contains ___ heme + ____
4
polypeptide chains globin ( noodles)
Another name for formation of erythrocyte
Erythropoiesis
where does Erythropoiesis occur?
in the red bone marrow
what is the main stimulus for Eryth…
Hypoxia
what is the normal reticulocyte count ?
.5 to 1.5% of RBC
What is the 2nd step in erythropoiesis
Nucleus is ejected , then turns into reticulocyte and then leaves BM into blood
What is the first step in erythropoiesis?
In the RBM , produces Plurip. Stem cell and then a myeloid stem then a pro- erythoblast
What body organ is affected by low blood oxygen
Liver/ kidneys
What body organ is affected by low blood oxygen
Liver/ kidneys
In negative feedback control of RBC production, what is the name of the secretion by the liver / kidneys
Epo
What does epo stand for
Erythropoietin
In negative feedback control of RBC production, what happens next when epo is secretion
It stimulates red bone marrow and accelerates erythropeis
Describe the formation , structure and function of platelets
Formation TPO ( thrombopoietin) stimulates the differentiation of myeloid
stem cells to become megakaryocytes
function - stop blood loss
and contain chemicals ( clotting Factors )
What is another name for Platelets ?
Thrombocyte
What are the types of WBC’s?
Eosinophil , Basophil, neutrophil , Leukocyte , monocyte
Which are the 2nd most abundant WBC
Lymphocytes
These are 3 types of granular leukocytes
Hint NEB
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
and Basophils
Which WBC is most abundant 60- 70 ?
neutrophils
Which WBC acts as a army in your body’s defense ?
T lymphocytes
WBC: which of these WBC’s are most likely responsible for bacterial infection
Neutrophils 60-70 %
WBC : this WBC is mostly used in fighting viral infection
Lymphocyte 25-33%
If a patient has a FUNGAL infection , they most likely have an elevated what WBC ?
Monocyte 3-8 %
The positive feedback for amplifying the coagulation effect takes place in….
Common pathway
the clotting factor that the intrinsic pathway of coagulation is released by the ….
platelets
the final product of the common pathway of coagulation is
Fibrin thread
Which clotting factors are involved in the extrinsic pathway of Coagulation?
Factor 3 III and factor 7 VII
most of the protein factors are required for clotting are synthesized by ….
liver
A digestive disorder that impairs a persons ability to absorb vitamin K will result in…
low levels of fibrin ,
low levels of prothrombin ,
prolonged bleeding
How would the removal of calicum ions from a blood sample affect coagulation
coagulation would be prevented
People who suffer from hemophilia A fail to produce a functional Factor 8 ( VIII) as a result…
they lack a functional intrinsic pathway
some rat poisons contain a toxin that blocks the livers ability to utilize vitamin K. Animals that consume this poison would die of…
Hemorrhage
A moving blood clot is called a ….
thrombus
____ involves a cascade of reactions leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
common pathway
what is the function of platelets?
adhere to collagen beneath endothelium
the extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the….
the release of tissue factor 3 ( III) by damaged endothelium
areas in a vessel wall where large quantities of lipid accumulate are called ….
plaques
what structures anchor the chordae tendineae?
papillary muscles
the visceral pericardium is the same as the
epicardium
the coronary sulcus is a groove that….
marks the border between the atria and ventricles
In the middle of the thoracic cavity is a region occuiped by the heart , great vessels , thymus , esophagus and trachea called the….
mediastinum
Whats the difference between Thrombus vs emblous
Thrombus is more stationary, abnormal in an unbroken vessel like a leg of inactive person WHILE emblous travels and blocks blood vessel pulmonary embolism
In common pathway, explain positive feedback
Fibrinolysis -dissolution of the clot
after the repair . Plasmin can dissolve a clot by
digesting fibrin threads
coagulation cascade (blood-clotting process) is ____ and ____ defensive against bleeding
last and most effective
In common feedback , positive feedback ____ speed up formation of Prothrobmin activator
thrombin
You would most likely see a lot of ____ in allergic reactions
Basophils
what % is the total amount of WBC in the blood stream
2
Which is the outermost layer of the heart?
Pericardium
What are the 3 layers of the heart starting from top to inside
Epicardium, myocardium , and endocardium
What is Letter M
aortic valve
What letter is F
Lt atrium
What is letter A
Coronary sulcus
What are the 4 valves of the heart
Tricuspid
Bicuspid
Pulmonary
Aortic
What are the blood vessels associated with the valves?
Sup and INF vena cava
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary veins
Aorta
Distinguish between the atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar (SL) valves: location
Atrioven. - Tricuspid &
bicuspid
Semilunar- Pulmonary valve and aortic valve
Distinguish between the atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar (SL) valves:
Structure
Atrioven- two or three cusps of dense CT
Semilunar- semi lunar cusps
Distinguish between the atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar (SL) valves:
Function
Atrioventricular- allow blood flow from atria into ventricles
Semilunar - allow blood to flow into the pulmonary trunk and aorta when open and when closed prevents blood coming back
How does the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles help control AV valve function
papillary muscles raised bundles of cardiac muscle COntract and help CT and CT prevents AV valves from flipping inside out when contracted
What does AV stand for?
atrioventricular
Cardiac cycle =
one heart beat
