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AP2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

Blood , heart and the vessels

1
Q

what are the major functions of the heart

A

transportation-O2/C02 , regulation- pH and protection VVC

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2
Q

What does VVC stand for

A

Volume - about 8 % 5-6L for males and 4-5 for females

Viscosity- like water when dehydrated thicker

color bright red -oxygen

Dark red -no oxygen

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3
Q

What is the blood plasma %

A

55%

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4
Q

Of the 7% of proteins in the plasma , what are the 3 proteins

A

Albumin , Globulins , and fibrinogen

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5
Q

In the blood plasma , what is the percent of everything

“the other stuff”

A

92% water , 7% protein and other solutes 1%

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6
Q

In blood , what percent is the forced elements

A

45%

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7
Q

In blood cells ( formed element) what is the majority and minority

A

RBC 99%
WBC and platelets 1%

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8
Q

Definition of hemopoiesis

A

the process of blood cells formation

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9
Q

what the two important components of hemopoiesis

A

Pluripotent stem cells and hemopoietic growth factors

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10
Q

What are the two different path for stem cells?

A

Myeloid and Lymphoid stem cells

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11
Q

Whats the difference between WBC from the myeloid stem cell vs lymphoid

A

Myeloid stem cells give rise to RBC and progenitor cells/ blast cells which form actual elements of blood WHILE lymphoid S.C give rise to lymphocytes

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12
Q

Whats an other name for Progenitor cells

A

precursor cells / blast cells

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13
Q

definition of Hematopoietic growth factors

A

regulate the differentiation and proliferation of particular progenitor cells

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14
Q

What is the structure and function of RBC

A

Biconcave disc and lots of production

cell membrane strong and flexible

cytoplasm - no nucleus or organelles

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15
Q

Hemoglobin contains…

A

4 heme + globin

heme pigment
globin - protein

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16
Q

Whats on the outside of RBC and what does it determine

A

Outside of RBC: Glycolipids and it determines blood type

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17
Q

the cytoplasm of RBC contain

A

Carbonic anhydrase

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18
Q

What makes blood red ?

A

Hemoglobin , protein which carries the oxygen

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19
Q

how is Hemoglobin written ?

A

Hb

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20
Q

What is the result of when Hemoglobin binds stronger to CO instead of O2

A

Carbon Monoxide poisoning

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21
Q

Hemoglobin contains ___ heme + ____

A

4
polypeptide chains globin ( noodles)

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22
Q

Another name for formation of erythrocyte

A

Erythropoiesis

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23
Q

where does Erythropoiesis occur?

A

in the red bone marrow

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24
Q

what is the main stimulus for Eryth…

A

Hypoxia

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25
Q

what is the normal reticulocyte count ?

A

.5 to 1.5% of RBC

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26
Q

What is the 2nd step in erythropoiesis

A

Nucleus is ejected , then turns into reticulocyte and then leaves BM into blood

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27
Q

What is the first step in erythropoiesis?

A

In the RBM , produces Plurip. Stem cell and then a myeloid stem then a pro- erythoblast

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28
Q

What body organ is affected by low blood oxygen

A

Liver/ kidneys

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29
Q

What body organ is affected by low blood oxygen

A

Liver/ kidneys

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30
Q

In negative feedback control of RBC production, what is the name of the secretion by the liver / kidneys

A

Epo

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31
Q

What does epo stand for

A

Erythropoietin

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32
Q

In negative feedback control of RBC production, what happens next when epo is secretion

A

It stimulates red bone marrow and accelerates erythropeis

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33
Q

Describe the formation , structure and function of platelets

A

Formation TPO ( thrombopoietin) stimulates the differentiation of myeloid
stem cells to become megakaryocytes

function - stop blood loss
and contain chemicals ( clotting Factors )

34
Q

What is another name for Platelets ?

A

Thrombocyte

35
Q

What are the types of WBC’s?

A

Eosinophil , Basophil, neutrophil , Leukocyte , monocyte

36
Q

Which are the 2nd most abundant WBC

A

Lymphocytes

37
Q

These are 3 types of granular leukocytes

Hint NEB

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
and Basophils

38
Q

Which WBC is most abundant 60- 70 ?

A

neutrophils

39
Q

Which WBC acts as a army in your body’s defense ?

A

T lymphocytes

40
Q

WBC: which of these WBC’s are most likely responsible for bacterial infection

A

Neutrophils 60-70 %

41
Q

WBC : this WBC is mostly used in fighting viral infection

A

Lymphocyte 25-33%

42
Q

If a patient has a FUNGAL infection , they most likely have an elevated what WBC ?

A

Monocyte 3-8 %

43
Q

The positive feedback for amplifying the coagulation effect takes place in….

A

Common pathway

44
Q

the clotting factor that the intrinsic pathway of coagulation is released by the ….

A

platelets

45
Q

the final product of the common pathway of coagulation is

A

Fibrin thread

46
Q

Which clotting factors are involved in the extrinsic pathway of Coagulation?

A

Factor 3 III and factor 7 VII

47
Q

most of the protein factors are required for clotting are synthesized by ….

A

liver

48
Q

A digestive disorder that impairs a persons ability to absorb vitamin K will result in…

A

low levels of fibrin ,
low levels of prothrombin ,
prolonged bleeding

49
Q

How would the removal of calicum ions from a blood sample affect coagulation

A

coagulation would be prevented

50
Q

People who suffer from hemophilia A fail to produce a functional Factor 8 ( VIII) as a result…

A

they lack a functional intrinsic pathway

51
Q

some rat poisons contain a toxin that blocks the livers ability to utilize vitamin K. Animals that consume this poison would die of…

A

Hemorrhage

52
Q

A moving blood clot is called a ….

A

thrombus

53
Q

____ involves a cascade of reactions leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

A

common pathway

54
Q

what is the function of platelets?

A

adhere to collagen beneath endothelium

55
Q

the extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the….

A

the release of tissue factor 3 ( III) by damaged endothelium

56
Q

areas in a vessel wall where large quantities of lipid accumulate are called ….

A

plaques

57
Q

what structures anchor the chordae tendineae?

A

papillary muscles

58
Q

the visceral pericardium is the same as the

A

epicardium

59
Q

the coronary sulcus is a groove that….

A

marks the border between the atria and ventricles

60
Q

In the middle of the thoracic cavity is a region occuiped by the heart , great vessels , thymus , esophagus and trachea called the….

A

mediastinum

61
Q

Whats the difference between Thrombus vs emblous

A

Thrombus is more stationary, abnormal in an unbroken vessel like a leg of inactive person WHILE emblous travels and blocks blood vessel pulmonary embolism

62
Q

In common pathway, explain positive feedback

A

Fibrinolysis -dissolution of the clot
after the repair . Plasmin can dissolve a clot by
digesting fibrin threads

63
Q

coagulation cascade (blood-clotting process) is ____ and ____ defensive against bleeding

A

last and most effective

64
Q

In common feedback , positive feedback ____ speed up formation of Prothrobmin activator

A

thrombin

65
Q

You would most likely see a lot of ____ in allergic reactions

A

Basophils

66
Q

what % is the total amount of WBC in the blood stream

A

2

67
Q

Which is the outermost layer of the heart?

A

Pericardium

68
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart starting from top to inside

A

Epicardium, myocardium , and endocardium

69
Q

What is Letter M

A

aortic valve

70
Q

What letter is F

A

Lt atrium

71
Q

What is letter A

A

Coronary sulcus

72
Q

What are the 4 valves of the heart

A

Tricuspid
Bicuspid
Pulmonary
Aortic

73
Q

What are the blood vessels associated with the valves?

A

Sup and INF vena cava
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary veins
Aorta

74
Q

Distinguish between the atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar (SL) valves: location

A

Atrioven. - Tricuspid &
bicuspid

Semilunar- Pulmonary valve and aortic valve

75
Q

Distinguish between the atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar (SL) valves:
Structure

A

Atrioven- two or three cusps of dense CT

Semilunar- semi lunar cusps

76
Q

Distinguish between the atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar (SL) valves:
Function

A

Atrioventricular- allow blood flow from atria into ventricles

Semilunar - allow blood to flow into the pulmonary trunk and aorta when open and when closed prevents blood coming back

77
Q

How does the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles help control AV valve function

A

papillary muscles raised bundles of cardiac muscle COntract and help CT and CT prevents AV valves from flipping inside out when contracted

78
Q

What does AV stand for?

A

atrioventricular

79
Q

Cardiac cycle =

A

one heart beat

80
Q
A

AP2 (7 decks)

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