test 4

Question 1

ecology on how many scales in coral? what are they?

Answer 1

3 scales of ecology

polyp, reef, global

Question 2

what are most corals?

Answer 2

hermatypic

• corals that photosynthesize

Question 3

what water temp do corals prefer? why is this sometimes bad?

Answer 3

25-31 C

very close to the range of denaturation and death of animals - which would be from 35-37 C start happening

Question 4

what salinity levels do corals prefer?

Answer 4

high salinity

34-37 SSU

open water but not
- on the coast but need lots of water around them

Question 5

what light levels do corals prefer?

Answer 5

high light levels but not too much to cause damage

found in shallow water (upper 30m)

Question 6

what nutrient levels are preferred by corals?

Answer 6

low nutrient levels - oligotrophic

higher levels lead to eutrophication which is bad bc overgrowth of things like algae

Question 7

why aren’t corals found at the same latitudes on the west coast (30N and 30S)?

Answer 7

temperature dependent

gyres effect local water
- tropical !!!!

Question 8

what is the main deterministic thing in corals and reefs? (most important factor)

Answer 8

TEMPERATURE
- an example of baja

Question 9

what are two examples of corals with and without symbionts?

Answer 9

zooxanthellate corals

azooxanthellate corals
- non-hermatypic
- no photosynthetic symbionts

Question 10

how to corals reproduce?

Answer 10

sexually and asexually

• helps for coral ecological domination
• by creating huge biogenic structures

only sexual reproduction can help them spread and have genetic diversity

Question 11

what is the downside of asexual ?

Answer 11

cant produce new colony, just grows on existing and is genetically identical

Question 12

two types of asexual reproduction?

Answer 12

budding

fragmentation
- can happen naturally from storms
- can create new colonies
- broken pieces grow 25-50X faster

Question 13

different types of sexual reproducing corals

Answer 13

hermaphroditic

gonochoric

Question 14

coral tricks

Question 15

two methods of coral feeding

Answer 15

heterotrophic
- can capture prey w stinging cells (nematocysts) -MAIN
- can used DOM directly from water column

autotrophic
- symbionts
– zooxanthellae photosynthesis
– these use byproducts of this and protection from predation
- more reef forming corals use this

Question 16

holobiont

Answer 16

the entire community of living organisms that make up a single healthy organism

nothing lives alone

everything is a part of a holobiont – like microbial bacteria –> symbiosis

Question 17

symbiosis is a ___

Answer 17

spectrum

Question 18

Coral dysfunction: Coral bleaching

Answer 18

zooxanthellae when they leave (expelled or lyse) the colours disappear

highly associated w mortality when bleached

dead dead when covered in algae

Question 19

Coral dysfunction: ocean acidification

Answer 19

long term trends
- associated w pH

acidity increasing when pH goes down

slows the rate at which coral reefs generate calcium carbonate
- this slight change can have longterm impact dragging down other things

crustose calcifying algae (CCA) – need this for larval settlement

Question 20

Coral dysfunction: algal overgrowth

Answer 20

long term trends
- associated w pH and Sea surface temp increase

more nitrogen in water favours algae and not coral

algae dominates when eutrophication

algae always there but problem when too much

Question 21

three main types of fish in reefs

Answer 21

parrotfish - most biomass and most important
– they eat off of coral
- makes pink beaches (w poop)

surgeonfish

damselfish

Question 22

parrotfish

Answer 22

• most biomass and most important
  – they eat off of coral
• makes pink beaches (w poop)

getting fished out bc tasty
- contributing to algal overgrowth bc these eat algae

change sex over lifetime

represents keystone holding coral reefs together

Question 23

semelparous

Answer 23

spawn once then die

Question 24

iteroparous

Answer 24

spawn more than once

Question 25

examples of semelparous salmon

Answer 25

chinook
chum
coho
pink
sockeye

Question 26

examples of iteroparous salmon

Answer 26

steelhead

Question 27

species from largest to smallest

Answer 27

1. chinook
2. coho
   3.

Question 28

chinook

Answer 28

largest pacific salmon

sport fishing - no eating

semelparous

Question 29

coho

Answer 29

unique in that spend 1 year in a year in fresh water
- more vulnerable to freshwater system changes

sport fishing but high in fat

Question 30

chum

Answer 30

leaves freshwater asap

doesnt make long journey to spawn

comes up late and picks first place it finds

HUGE eggs

Question 31

sockeye

Answer 31

aka reds

eat zoop - gives red colour

LONG journey for spawning

Question 32

pinks

Answer 32

bug hump when enter freshwater

smallest species

harvested in large amounts for industrial processing but also pumped out in large amounts by hatcheries

Question 33

steelhead

Answer 33

sport fishing

least abundant

will take bait bc looking for food matters as life continues after spawn

Question 34

most affected by terrestrial changes

Answer 34

coho - bc longest time in freshwater

Question 35

community decline 4 H’s

Answer 35

Habitat

Hydro

Hatcheries

Harvest