Test 4

Question 1

slander

Answer 1

spoken; a statement that defames the character of another person

Question 2

libel

Answer 2

literature; writing that falsely injures another person

Question 3

exclusionary rule

Answer 3

evidence obtained in violation of your 4th and 5th amendment protections can’t be used against you

Question 4

obscenity

Answer 4

offensive to the average person using contemporary standards and lacking literary, artistic, political, or scientific value

Question 5

plea bargain

Answer 5

pleading guilty to a lesser sentence so that it doesn’t go to trial

Question 6

civil liberties

Answer 6

citizen protections from the government

Question 7

civil rights

Answer 7

citizen protections from other citizens

Question 8

Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Practices Act (RICO)

Answer 8

those found guilty must forfeit all ill-gotten gains and interest in any business gained through a pattern of “racketeering activity”

(AKA their property can be seized by the government)

Question 9

GDP

Answer 9

gross domestic product; total $ value of goods and services produced in a single year

Question 10

inflation

Answer 10

rise in the general level of prices

Question 11

unemployment rate

Answer 11

percent of labor force not working, but actively looking for work

Question 12

monetary policy

Answer 12

manipulation of the supply of money circulating in the economy; federal reserve is in charge

Question 13

fiscal policy

Answer 13

manipulation of government income and expenditures; congress is in charge

Question 14

budget

Answer 14

financial estimate of income and expenditures

Question 15

surplus

Answer 15

when income exceeds spending at the end of a budget

Question 16

deficit

Answer 16

when spending exceeds income at the end of a budget

Question 17

national debt

Answer 17

the total deficit from the first presidency to the present; currently at $34.5 trillion

Question 18

Plessy v. Ferguson

Answer 18

separate but equal doctrine

Question 19

Brown v. Board of Education

Answer 19

class action suit that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson
prohibited segregation laws for public schools, arguing that separate facilities are inherently unequal
as a result, public schools had to desegregate

Question 20

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Answer 20

legalized same sex marriage

Question 21

free exercise clause

Answer 21

protects any religious belief

Question 22

establishment clause

Answer 22

no state endorsed religions

Question 23

1st Amendment

Answer 23

Freedom of Religion
“congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof”
free exercise clause & free establishment clause

Freedom of Expression
freedom of speech, press, and assembly
restrictions:
a “clear and present danger” to society
libel (literature) and slander (speech)
obscenity

Question 24

2nd Amendment

Answer 24

Right to Bear Arms
“as well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed”

was originally interpreted as a collective right; is now interpreted as an individual right

Question 25

5th Amendment

Answer 25

Protection from Self-Incrimination

(pleading the 5th)

told when detained and questioned as a subject:
right to remain silent
right to an attorney during questioning
attorney provided if unaffordable
these rights may be waived

Question 25

4th Amendment

Answer 25

Protections from Unreasonable Search and Seizures of Property

When can you be searched?
search warrant ordered by judge
observed probable cause for crime
when consent is given

Reasonable searches (warrant is not needed)
getting on an airplane
crossing an international border
emails stored on a server for >6 months

evidence is not needed under the Patriot Act to get a warrant against a suspected terrorist

What can be searched?
you, things carried, the room

Question 26

8th Amendment

Answer 26

Protection from Excessive Bail

Protection from Cruel and Unusual Punishment
there is great debate in the U.S. if the death penalty constitutes cruel and unusual punishment; some states have banned it, others haven’t. different states use different methods to carry out the death penalty and there have been some botched attempts that have caused additional controversy.

Question 27

14th Amendment

Answer 27

“no state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, property, without the due process of law… nor deny anyone… the equal protection of laws”

this was the first time these responsibilities were put onto the states

Question 28

recession

Answer 28

negative GDP growth in two consecutive quarters

Question 29

fiscal year

Answer 29

Oct. 1 to Sep. 30

Question 29

entitlements

Answer 29

benefits citizens are entitled to by law if they qualify

social security, healthcare, etc.

Question 30

discretionary spending

Answer 30

part of the budget that Congress can cut without affecting entitlement recipients or creditors

includes defense, housing and community development, transportation, education, etc.

Question 31

Susan v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg County

Answer 31

forced the busing of students to racially integrate neighborhood public schools

white people could avoid this by moving out of the school district (white flight)

Question 32

Civil Disobedience

Answer 32

non-violence
breaking unjust laws
serving the punishment

Question 33

What is the Federal Reserve Board and what are its powers?

Answer 33

Board of Governors with 7 members appointed by the Senate and confirmed by the President
14 year terms, non-renewable
chairman serves a 4 year term overlapping the President
self-funded, no tax dollar support
manages supply of U.S. dollars

Question 34

Keynesian Economic Theory

Answer 34

government should manipulate demand as needed; the key is to create the right level of demand

the belief the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when inflation occurs

Question 35

Supply Side Economic Theory

Answer 35

increase supply by cutting business taxes

the belief that lower taxes and fewer regulations will stimulate the economy

Question 36

Monetarist Economic Theory

Answer 36

stabilize money supply and thereby its value;

one who believes that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods

Question 37

How can we retain the Social Security program?

Answer 37

extend retirement age beyond 67
decrease benefits on a means-tested formula
cut benefits across the board
increase individual/employer payroll tax
borrow more money to pay the benefits
raise or eliminate the wage cap on social security (only income up to $142,000 is taxed at the moment)

Question 38

Civil Rights Act (1964)

Answer 38

desegregated public accomodations

Question 39

Voting Rights Act (1965)

Answer 39

federal enforcement of voting rights

Question 40

Civil Rights Act (1968)

Answer 40

outlawed discrimination in housing

Question 41

redlining

Answer 41

a discriminatory practice that consists of the systematic denial of services such as mortgages, insurance loans, and other financial services to residents of certain areas, based on their race or ethnicity

Question 42

hate crimes

Answer 42

creates more severe penalties for vandalism, assault, and murder due to hatred of a victim’s social group (ie: race, religion, gender)

Question 43

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

Answer 43

legalized sodomy

Question 44

Bostock v. Clayton County (2020)

Answer 44

prohibits workplace discrimination for LGBTQ+ people, equating it with sexual discrimination

Question 45

What were the reasons for white flight?

Answer 45

decrease in the quality of education
increase in crime
decrease in property value

there was no actual evidence for any of these, however, white people consistently gave these reasons for moving

Question 46

the _____ money lent out, the ____ money there is

Answer 46

the more money lent out, the more money there is; the less money lent out, the less money there is