Test 4 Flashcards
Dangling
Sitting with the legs hanging down over the side of the bed
Example of a patient who’s legs should not be crossed when being turned in bed
Patients who have had hip replacement surgery
Stage 1 pressure ulcer
A red or blue-gray discoloration that appears on the intact skin. The discoloration does not disappear after the pressure has been relieved.
Stage 2 pressure ulcer
Abrasions, bruises, and/or open sores developed as a result of tissue damage to the top layers of the skin (epidermis and dermis)
Stage 3 pressure ulcer
Occurs when a deep open crater forms when all layers of the skin are destroyed, and fat and muscle tissues are exposed
Stage 4 pressure ulcer
Damage extends into the muscle, tendon, and bone tissues.
Steps for moving a patient up in bed
- Elevate bed to comfortable height
- Lower the head of the bed and side rails
3.place pillow against headboard
4. With another person, use a lift sheet to move patient
5.position the patient in good alignment
During dangling, how often is pulse rate checked?
At least 3 times
How often should a patients position be changed
At least every two hours
Alignment
Positioning body parts in relation to eachother to maintain correct body posture.
Prevents fatigue and pressure ulcers.
Pressure ulcers are caused by…
Prolonged pressure on a area of the body interfering with circulation.
Terms for emptying the bladder
Urinate
Micturate
Void
What will occur if wastes are not eliminated?
Death
Where should bedpans be placed?
After covering the bedpan, you place it on the underpad on top of the chair.
Bedpans must never be placed on the over bed table or bedside stand.
Steps for assisting w a bedpan
- Put bed protector or underpad on chair
- Raise the patients gown
- Slide the bedpan under the patients hips
- Cover the bedpan and place it under on the underpad on top of the chair
- Wash patients perineal area or assist patient as needed
Urinals are for…
Male patients
Bedpans are for…
Female patients
Defecate
Bowel movement
What needs to be observed after patient uses bedpan:
Frequency, amount, and appearance
Cleaning a bedpan
Some agencies have special spray units to rinse and clean.
After rinsing, the bedpan must be disinfected before being replaced.
Bedpans must be sterilized before being used for next patient (if not disposable)
Blood vessels in the skin….
Dilate to allow excess heat from the blood to escape through the skin
Albino:
A person w an absence of color pigments.
Their skin has a pinkish tint and their hair is pale yellow or white.
The eyes lack pigment as-well and are red and very sensitive to light.
Functions of the skin
Temperature regulation
Sensory perception
Protection
Skin eruption: Macule
Flat spot on the skin
Skin eruptions: pustule
Sac filled with pus
Skin eruptions: ulcer
Deep loss of skin surface that may extend into the dermis
Skin eruptions: Vesicle
Blister or sac filled w fluid
Skin eruptions: wheal
Itchy, elevated area with an irregular shape
Integumentary system / Skin covers… (amount)
3000 square inches of surface area.
Accounts for 15% of body weight.
Epidermis
Outermost layer of skin.
Made of of five smaller layers but no blood vessels or nerve cells.
Dermis
Mid layer.
Also called corium or “true skin.”
Contains elastic connective tissue, blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, in involuntary muscle, sweat and oil glands, and hair follicles.
Subcutaneous fascia / hypodermis
The innermost layer.
Made of elastic and fibrous connective tissue and adipose (fatty) tissue. Connects skin to underlying muscles
Sudoriferous glands
Sweat glands.
The sweat/perspiration eliminated by these glands contain water, salts, and some body wastes.
Perspiration removes excess water from the body and cools the body as sweat evaporates.
Sebaceous glands
Oil glands that usually open into hair follicles.
Produces sebum, an oil that keeps the skin and hair from becoming dry and brittle.
Acts as an antibacterial and antifungal secretion to prevent infections.
When an oil gland becomes plugged, the acclimation of dirt and oil results in a blackhead or pimple.
Parts of integumentary system
Skin
Hair
Nails
Skin storage
Skin has tissues for temporary storage of fat, glucose (sugar), water, vitamins, and salts.
Adipose
Fatty tissue in the subcutaneous fascia is a source of energy
Absorption through skin
Transdermal medication
(Meds for motion sickness, heart disease, nicotine patches, etc.)
Skin excretion
Skin helps body eliminate salt, waste, excess water, and heat through perspiration
Skin Protection
Skin helps in protection of vitamin D by using ultraviolet rays from sun to form an initial molecule of vitamin D that matured in the liver.
Melanin
Produced in epidermis by specialized cells called melanocytes.
Genes determine amount of melanin produced even though we all have the same amount of melanocytes.
Can lead to black, brown, or yellow skin tint.
Erythema
Reddish color of skin that can be caused by burns or congestion of blood in vessels
Jaundice
Yellow discoloration of skin
Can indicate bile in the blood from liver or gallbladder disease.
Destruction of blood cells.
Cyanosis
Bluish discoloration of skin caused by insufficient oxygen.
Skin eruptions: Papules
Papular rash. Firm, raised areas such as pimples seen in some stages of chicken pox and syphilis
Crusts
Dried pus and blood; commonly called scabs
Cyst
Closed sac with distinct membrane that developed abnormally in a body structure.
Usually filled w semisolid material.
Acne vulgaris
Inflammation of sebaceous glands
Skin cancer
Most common type of cancer.
Three types: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cells carcinoma, melanoma.
Basal cell carcinoma
cancer in the basal cells in epidermis.
Grows slowly and doesn’t spread.
Squamous cell carcinoma
Cancer that affects thin cells of epithelium and spreads quickly to other areas
Melanoma
Cancer that developed In melanocytes of epidermis.
Most dangerous type of skin cancer.
ABCDE Method for detecting skin cancer
A- asymmetry
B- border
C- color
D- diameter or dark
E- evolving
Dermatitis
Inflammation of the skin.
Usually allergic reaction
(Poison ivy)
Eczema
Non contagious inflammatory dermatitis
(Allergen or irritant)
Impetigo
Highly contagious skin infection
Psoriasis
Chronic non contagious skin disease with periods of exacerbations and remission.
Unknown cause. Hereditary link.
Ringworm
Highly contagious fungal infection of skin or scalp
Verrucae and warts
Caused by human papilloma virus (HPV)
There are several forms based on their location.
Bones help produce…
Red and white blood cells through henatopoiesis
Sinuses in skeletal system
Spaces in the bones of the skull that act as resonating chambers for the voice.
Ligaments
Connective tissue bands that help hold long bones together at joints
Functions of the bones
Acts as lever to produce movement
Framework and protection
Storage of calcium
Production of blood cells
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly moveable joints
Ex: joints between ribs and vertebrae
Hematopoietic stem cell
Cell isolated from bone marrow that can renew itself
Proximal epiphysis
Top end of long bone
Diaphysis
Mid part of long bone.
The long shaft.
Distal epiphysis
Bottom end of long bone
Medullary canal
Cavity in diaphysis filled w yellow marrow
Yellow marrow
Storage area for fat cells.
Forms leukocyte’s (white blood cells)
Endosteum
Membrane that lines medullary canal and keeps yellow marrow intact.
Produced bone growth.
Red marrow
Found in certain bones (vertebrae, ribs, sternum, etc.)
Where a process known as hematopoiesis takes place
Hematopoiesis
The way all blood cells and formed, develops, and matured into bone marrow into circulating blood.
Axial skeleton
Forms main trunk of the body
Cranium
Spherical structure that surrounds and protects the brain
Fontanels
Space that are Soft spots that allow for enlargement of the skull as the brain grows
Sutures
Areas where cranial bones have joined together
Foramina
Openings in valves that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave the bone
Vertebrae
26 bones in spinal column that protect spinal cord and provide support for head and trunk.
Ribs
12 pairs. Attached to thoracic vertebrae in the dorsal surface of body.
First seven pairs: true ribs
Last five pairs: false ribs
Sternum
Breastbone.
Last bone of axial skeleton
Leg bones
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Calcaneous
Diarthrisis / synovial joints
Freely moveable
Synarthrisis joints
Immovable
Joints
Areas where two or more bones join together
Fracture
Crack or break in the bone
Simple or closed fracture
Complete break of the bone w no damage to skin
Compound or open fracture
Bone breaks and ruptures through skin; created an increased chance of infection
Osteomyelitis
Bone inflammation caused by pathogenic organism.
Forms access within nine and an accumulation of ups in the medullary canal.
Aggressive antibiotic treatment required.
Osteoporosis
Increased porosity.
Metabolic disorder caused by hormone deficiency.
Prolonged lack of calcium in diet.
Fractures often occur in weight bearing bones such as back or hips
Abnormal curvatures of spinal column
Kyphosis (hunch)
Scoliosis (squiggle)
Lordosis (bbl)
Visceral/smooth muscle
Found in the internal organs
Muscle tone
State of partial contraction.
Normal for skeletal muscles
Cardiac and visceral muscles
Involuntary
Abduction
Moving body part away from midline
Adduction
Moving body part toward midline
Extension
Increasing the angle between two bones.
Straightening body part.
Flexion
Decreasing angle between two bones
Bending body part
Rotation
Turning body part around it’s own axis
Contractibility
Muscle fibers stimulated by nerves contracting, becoming short and thick, causes movement.
(Ability to shorten and cause movement)
Elasticity
Allows muscle to return to its original shape after being contracted or stretched
Excitability
Irritability, the ability to respond to a stimulus such as a nerve impulse.
(The ability to respond to stimulus)
Extensibility
The ability to be stretched
Macular degeneration
Occurs when an insufficient blood reaches the retina. Thus, blood vessels are unable to nourish the retina.
Presbyopia
Farsightedness.
Occurs when the lens of the eye loses elasticity 
Semicircular canals
In inner ears. Involved in maintaining balance.
Thermoreceptors
Contained in skin for heat and cold
Parts of the eye, in order in which light passes through them
Cornea
Aqueous humor
Pupil
Lens
Vitreous humor
Parts of the ear, and order of which sound is transmitted
External auditory canal
Tympanic membrane
Ossicles
Vestibule
Conchlea
Pleura
Membrane/sac surrounding each lung
Pleurisy
And inflammation of the pleura or membranes of the lungs
Epiglottis
Closes the opening into the larynx during the swallowing to prevent foods and liquids from entering the respiratory tract
Trachea
Carries air between pharynx and bronchi
Cellular respirations
The use of oxygen and nutrients by tissue cells to produce energy, water, and carbon dioxide
External respiration
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the bloodstream
Internal respiration
The exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the tissue cells and the bloodstream
Respiration
The process of inspiration and expiration
Ventilation
The process of breathing
Nutrients from the digestive process are absorbed into…
The bloodstream, and both the small and large intestines. The process of digestion and absorption of nutrients is completed in the small intestine.
The liver in digestive system
Secretes bile and is an accessory organ to digestive system
Hepatitis C
Likely to progress to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, or both
Hepatitis A
Most benign form of hepatitis
Peristalsis
Wavelike involuntary movement of muscles that causes the food to move in a forward direction through digestive tract
What takes place in the stomach during digestion
Pepsin starts protein digestion
Hydrochloric acid kills bacteria
Food in converted to chyme
Functions of large intestine
Transportation of waste products,
absorption of water and remaining nutrients
storage for undigestible materials
Functions of the liver
Detoxify substances
Stores glycerin, iron, vitamins
Produces heparin
Urethra
Tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside
Cystitis
More common in female individuals than in males because of the shortness of the urethra
Homeostasis
Constant state of natural balance in the internal environment of the body
Nephrons
Microscopic filtering units located in the kidneys
Difference between a male and female urethra
Female urethra is shorter
Hormones.
Chemical substances produced and secreted by the endocrine glands.
The bodies, chemical messengers, called that because they are transported through the body by the bloodstream and perform many functions
Insulin
Used in the metabolism of glucose
Norepinephrine
Activates the body in times of stress
Adrenal glands
Also known as suprarenal glands.
The hair located above the kidneys
Endocrine gland: adrenal
Above each kidney
Endocrine gland: ovaries
On each side of the uterus in female
Endocrine gland: pituitary
Under the brain in the sella turcica
Endocrine gland: testes
In the scrotal sac of the male
Endocrine gland: thyroid
In the front of the upper part of the trachea
Hormone: epinephrine
Activates the sympathetic nervous system
Hormone: parathormone
Regulates the amount of calcium in the blood
Hormone: thyroxine
Increases metabolic rate and stimulates growth
Hormone: vasopressin
Antidiuretic, promotes reabsorption of water in the kidneys
Vital signs
Various determinations that provide information about the basic body conditions of the patient. The five main vital signs are temperature, pulse, respirations, blood pressure, and pain.
Chronic pain example
Arthritis
Vital signs are often the first..
Indication of a disease or abnormality in the patient
Volume
Strength of pulse
Rate
Number of beats per minute
Rhythm
Regularity of pulse or respirations
Pain
An unpleasant sensation perceived in the nervous system when illness or injury occurs
Blood pressure
Force exerted by the heart against the arterial walls
Temperature
A measurement of the balance between heat lost, and heat produced in the body
Respirations
The breathing rate of the patient
Apical pulse
Taken with a stethoscope at the apex of the heart to hear and count the actual heartbeat
Pulse
Pressure of the blood felt against the wall of an artery
Constant state of fluid balance
Homeostasis
Temporal scanning thermometers
Specialized electronic thermometers, that use an infrared scanner to measure the temperature and the temporal artery of the forehead
Tympanic thermometer’s
Specialized electronic thermometers that use an infrared ray to record the aural temperature in the ear
Glass thermometer should be washed in…
Soap and cold water before being placed in a disinfectant solution.
Cold water is used to prevent breakage, and avoid destroying the column of liquid.
Normal range for body temperature when measured orally
97.8°-99.6° F
Pulse is felt in…
Arteries that lie fairly close to the skin
The brachial artery
Located in the inner aspect of the forearm (crease of elbow)
Arrhythmia
Irregular heart rhythm usually caused by a defect in the hearts electrical conduction pattern
Pulse oximeters
Measure oxygen level in the blood by being placed on a finger, toe, or earlobe
A slower than average pulse is…
Not always an indication of a health problem, it may be the result of positive factors, such as physical training or a good night sleep
When measuring pulse, what needs to be noted
The rhythm, rate, and volume
Regular pulse for infants, children 1-7, children 7+, and adults.
infants: 100-160
children 1-7: 80-110
children 7+: 70-100
adults: 60-100
Character
Refers to the depth and quality of respiration.
Words used to describe the character, include deep, shallow, labored, difficult, etc..
Normal rate of respiration and adults, children, and infants
Adults: 12-20
Children: 16-30
Infants: 30-50
Apnea
Absence of respirations
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored respirations
Cyanosis
A dusky, bluish discoloration of the skin, as a result of decreased oxygen in the bloodstream
Bradycardia
Respiratory rate below 10 respirations per minute
Tachypnea
Respiratory rate above 25 respirations per minute
Stage one hypertension
Can frequently be corrected by a healthy diet and regular exercise.
People in this category only take medication if they have a heart attack or stroke or an underlying condition.
American Heart Association recommends that a patient sit quietly for _________ minutes before your blood pressure is taken
Five
Using a sphygmomanometer with a class that is too large will result in…
An artificially low blood pressure reading
Orthostatic hypotension
Results when blood vessels are not able to compensate quickly to a change in position from laying to sitting or standing
Hypertensive crisis
Occurs when blood pressure is measured at a systolic over 180 mmHg and or a diastolic over 120 mmHg
This can cause cardiovascular accident, or stroke and immediate medication changes are indicated. possible hospitalization if there’s organ damage
