Final (New Content) Flashcards
Rate of life stages and development
All individuals pass through the same stages, but the rates vary from person to person
When does emotional development begin?
Newborns
When do secondary sexual characteristics develop?
During ages 10-12 (late childhood)
Eating disorders are most common in ____
Females due to concern with appearances
What are the leading causes of death in adolescents
Chemical abuse and suicide
Male Climacteric
The period of slowed hormone production in men that cause physical and psychological changes
Degree of mental decline in adults:
Older individuals show decrease mental capacities, but the degree of the decline varies among individuals
What are the abstract concepts children begin to understand in late childhood?
Honesty, morals, loyalty
What is a main source of conflict during the emotional development of adolescence?
Change in routine
Stage of development: Infancy
Birth-1 year
Oral-sensory
Trust vs mistrust
Feeding
Stage of development: toddler
1-3 years
Muscular-anal
Autonomy vs shame/doubt
Toilet training
Stage of development: preschool
3-6 years
Locomotor
Initiative vs guilt
Independence
Stage of development: school-age
6-12 yrs
Latency
Industry vs inferiority
School
Stage of development: adolescence
12-18 yrs
Identity vs role confusion
Peer
Stage of development: young adulthood
19-40 yrs
Intimacy vs isolation
Love & relationships
Stage of development: middle adulthood
40-65 yrs
Generativity vs stagnation
Parenting
Stage of development: older adulthood
65+ yrs
Ego integrity vs despair
Reflection on and acceptance of life
Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development: Sensorimotor
Birth-2yrs
Uses simple reflexes such as sucking and grasping
Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development: Preoperational
2-7 yrs
Classifies objects by shape and color
Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development: Concrete Operational
7–11 yrs
Thinks logically about events and environment
Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development: Formal Operational
11+ yrs
Develops the ability to be concerned about the future
Development
Changes in intellectual mental, emotional, social and functional skills that occur overtime
Growth
Measurable physical changes that occur throughout one’s life
Mental/cognitive development
Learning how to solve problems, make judgments, and deal with situations
Physical development
Changes in body growth
Puberty
The development of sexual organs and secondary sexual characteristics
Social development
Interactions and relationships with people
Alzheimer’s disease can lead to…
Irreversible loss of memory, deterioration of intellectual functions, speech, and gait disturbances, and disorientation
Arteriosclerosis
Occurs in elderly people, a thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries, can also decrease the blood supply to the brain and cause a decrease in mental abilities
stage of grief: Anger
“why me” “it’s your fault”
When the patient is no longer able to deny death
How should patients be informed of their approaching deaths?
They should be made aware of it, however they should be left with some hope and the knowledge that they will not be left alone.
stage of grief: Denial
“No! Not me!” “The tests must be wrong”
When the patient cannot accept the reality of death or believe their loved ones cannot accept the truth.
Death with dignity laws
Allow for assisted suicide, where a physician or another authorized individual provides medications the patient can use to end their own life.
stage of grief: Bargaining
“I will make it to see my daughter walk down the isle.”
Occurs when the patients accept death but want more time to live.
stage of grief: Depression
“I always wanted to see Paris, but now I won’t have the chance to.”
Occurs when the patient realize that death will come soon and they will no longer be with their families or be able to complete their goals.
stage of grief: Acceptance
“I’d like to hear my favorite poem one last time”
This is the final stage, patient’s understand and accept the fact that they are going to die. Patient’s may complete unfinished business and try to help those around them deal with the oncoming death.
Patient self-determination act
Mandates that every individual has the right to make decisions regarding medical care, including the right to refuse treatment, and the right to die
Dying person’s bill of rights
“Cure” goals must be changed to “comfort” goals
The right to not die alone
The right to be free from pain
Illness and injury can create…
Needs in patients that were satisfied before the health problems occurred
If a persons needs are not met, a feeling of _____________ occurs
Tension or frustration
Defense mechanisms
Can be an appropriate way to help a person deal with a difficult situation or unmet needs.
It is an indirect method, unconscious acts to help a person deal with an unpleasant situation or socially unacceptable behavior.
Compensation
Substituting one goal for another to achieve success
Withdrawal
either physical or by seizing to communicate, it is a way of avoiding conflict or an unhappy situation
Displacement
Transferring feelings about one person to someone else
Rationalization
Using a reasonable excuse or acceptable explanation for behavior to avoid the real reason or true motivation.
“ I can’t take time off from my job” rather than admitting fear
Projection
Placing the blame for one’s own actions or inadequacies on someone else, or on circumstances, rather than accepting the responsibility for the actions.
“The teacher failed me bc she doesn’t like me”
Repression
Involves the transfer of unacceptable or painful ideas, feelings, and thoughts into the unconscious mind
Suppression
The individual is aware of the unacceptable feelings, or thoughts, and refuses to deal with them
“I don’t want to talk about this right now!
Regression
Involves retreating to a previous developmental level that provided more safety and security, and then the current level an individual is experiencing.
Retreating to a previous developmental level that provides more security .
Defense mechanism: Denial
Disbelief of an event, or idea that is too frightening or shocking for a person to cope with
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: physiological needs
Fifth and lowest layer
Food water, oxygen elimination of waste ,protection from temperature extremes, sleep
Physical, biological, or basic needs
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: Safety and Security
Fourth layer,
free from fear and anxiety, feels secure in the environment
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs:
Love & Affection
Third layer,
feel sense of belonging, can give and receive friendship and love, Sexuality
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: Esteem
Second layer,
self-respect, have approval of others
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs:
Self-actualization
Top layer,
obtain full potential, confident, self secure
An example would be meeting ones personal goals, and providing support to others
Development (life stages)
Refers to changes in mental, emotional, social, and functional skills
The fastest and most dramatic changes and growth and development take place during ___________
The first year of life
According to Piaget, through accommodation a person learns to maintain _______________
Equilibrium
Children who expresses anger with temper tantrums are between…
One and three years old
Right to die
Patients who have no hope of being cured of a Terminal illness that can refuse measures that might prolong their lives
Regression
Retreating to a previous developmental level in order to find comfort and avoid stress or conflict
The most traumatic life stage is….
Adolescence
The most common cause of anorexia nervosa in teens…..
Excessive concern about one’s appearance
The emotional development of children, earlier stages of life determines….
The emotional status of early adulthood
What is the purpose of hospice care?
To provide care and comfort to dying patients
When a young child is admitted to a hospital, it is important to…
Bring a familiar object like a stuffed animal or blanket because children 1-3 like routines, change causes anger and frustration
Advance directives
Legal document that allows dying patient to instruct the doctor to withhold treatments that might prolong life
___% of older adults live in long term care facilities
5%
Mental incompetence in the elderly
While there’s some elderly adults that do become mentally incompetent, the majority do not
Working into 70s and 80s
Many people do continue to work into their 70s and 80s,
employers desire good worth ethic and experience and frequently recruit and hire older employees
What type of care will continue to be a major aspect of health care and is a large source of employment for healthcare workers?
Geriatric care
Elderly, becoming lonely and unhappy
Although some elderly are lonely and unhappy, the percentage is small
Gerontology
The scientific study of aging in the problems of the old
Geriatric care
Care provided to older individuals
Nocturia
Urination at night. It is common in the elderly and disrupts the sleep pattern in aging adults.
Sexuality in the elderly
Sexual desire need do not diminish with age
Osteoporosis
A condition in which calcium and other minerals are lost from the bones, causing the bones to become brittle and more likely to fracture or break.
Daily intake of calcium and vitamin D can slow the progress of osteoporosis.
Arthritis
Inflammation of the joints
Causes the joints to become stiff, less flexible, and painful
Thrombus
Blood clot
A way to prevent thrombus is engaging in moderate exercise
Emphysema
Loss of elasticity in the alveoli
Cataracts
Clouding of the lens of the eye
Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing
Less saliva and slower gag reflex
Incontinence
Inability to control urination from loss of muscle tone
Senile lentigines
Dark yellow or brown colored spots
Bronchitis
Bronchioles become inflamed, decrease the efficiency and function of the respiratory system
Disability
A physical or mental defect or handicap that interferes with normal functions (diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, osteoporosis, etc.)
I moved to a long term care facility create stress in elderly individuals because….
They may feel the loss of independence, and become frightened by their lack of control over their environment
Any care provided to the elderly should provide….
As much independence as possible, the individual should be encouraged to do as much as possible as long as it is safe for them
Disease can cause…
Permanent disabilities
Many Elderly people feel ____________ upon retirement
A sense of loss
Hemiplegia
Permanent paralysis on one side of the body
Chronic dementia is caused by…
Permanent damage to the brain cells
Acute dementia, or delirium
Dementia that can be treated and is often temporary
The cause of Alzheimer’s disease is..
Unknown
Cerebrovascular accident
Stroke
Damages brain cells
reality orientation:
Consist of activities that help promote awareness of person, time, and place.
Keeping familiar objects and pictures within view of patients
Announce the day of the week and the time
Always state your name and correct the person if they call you a wrong name
Arteriosclerosis
A condition in which the walls of blood vessels become thick and lose their elasticity, common in elderly people
Atherosclerosis
When the vessels become narrow, because of deposits, a fat and minerals, such as calcium
Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
Mini-strokes
Result of temporary diminished blood flow to the brain.
Dementia
Also called brain syndrome
A loss of mental ability characterized by a decrease in intellectual ability, loss of memory, impaired judgment, personality change, and disorientation
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
A form of dementia that causes progressive changes in brain cells.
Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease is due to the inability of nerve cells in the brain to transmit messages
It is viewed as a terminal and incurable brain disease usually lasting from 3 to 10 years
Spiritual beliefs in patients can affect…
The lifestyle of the patient. This includes diet, days of worship, practices relating to birth and death, and acceptance/refusal of medical care
Ombudsman
Works with the elderly and their families and healthcare providers to resolve complaints and improve quality of care and life
Their responsibilities include investigating and trying to resolve complaints,
enforcing state, and federal healthcare regulations,
educating individuals involved in the care of the elderly
By 2050, ___% of the population is expected to be made up of people over age 65
21%
More than ____________ people will be in long-term care facilities by the year, 2030
3.5 million
To maintain good musculoskeletal health, older adults should be encouraged to…
Exercise as much as their condition permits
Physical changes with aging
A decrease in the function of the body system
The mental activity that’s most likely to be affected in the average older adult is….
Short term memory
Physical changes associated with aging (3)
Decreased peristalsis,
kidney function declining
decreased muscle tone, volume and strength
What are three factors that contribute to a sense of loss some individuals feel upon retirement?
Financial difficulties
feeling of uselessness
loss of social contacts
What are three factors that contribute to a change in social relationships for elderly individuals
Children marry and move away,
death of a spouse,
friends and relatives die
The Older Americans act
A federal law that establishes the ombudsman program to ensure the rights of the elderly
What are the proper steps for when you encounter an unconscious adult?
You must call for medical help before providing care
You should only approach the scene of emergency if
It is safe and poses no danger to your own life
If you are alone at the scene of an emergency, and there is an unconscious adult victim, the proper steps are to
Immediately call 911 before beginning care
This applies to anyone unconscious, anyone for whom you witness a sudden cardiac arrest,
anyone near drowning,
You should not provide any care or assistance in an emergency, unless….
You have a sound reason for doing so. It is best to avoid anything that may cause additional injury to the victim.
Triage
A method of prioritizing treatment.
The most severe injury or illness must be treated first as well as life-threatening injuries.
First aid
Immediate care that is given to the victim of an injury or illness to minimize the effect of the injury, or illness until experts can take over
The first step for first aid is to…
Recognize that an emergency exists, and then listen for unusual sounds and unusual sites
The next step would be to take appropriate action to help the victim as long as it is safe to approach .
If no one arrives to call EMS…
Continue providing care by giving five cycles of CPR (approximately two minutes) and then go to the nearest telephone to call him EMS and then immediately return to the victim
Once ems arrives after an emergency…
Immediately report any abnormalities noted
Shock
I life-threatening condition and must be treated promptly. Untreated shock can be fatal.
Anaphylactic shock
Hypertensive or allergic reaction, causing body to release histamine
Hemorrhagic shock
Severe bleeding, which leads to a decrease in blood volume
Neurogenic shock
Injury or trauma to brain and/or spinal cord
Respiratory shock
Trauma to respiratory tract. Respiratory distress and arrest. (chronic disease, choking.)
Septic shock
Caused from an acute infection (toxic shock syndrome)
Metabolic shock
Loss of body fluid, which causes disruption in normal acid base balance of body
Psychogenic shock
Emotional distress, which causes sudden dilation of blood vessels
The best position for treating shock
Keeping the victim, lying flat on the back, because this improves circulation
The best position for trading shock when the victim is choking on blood, and or vomit
Turn the victim on their side
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Injection poisoning caused by a tick bite
How do you treat poisoning if it is the result of chemicals contacting the victim skin?
Rinse with water for at least 15 to 30 minutes or until medical help arrives
Poisoning can occur through…
Inhalation, skin contact with harmful substances, ingestion, etc.
A common reaction to poisoning is
Anaphylactic shock
Injection poisoning
Occurs when an insect or spider stings, or a snake bites an individual
Superficial / first degree burn
Involves only the top layer of skin called the epidermis
Partial-thickness / Second-degree burn
Involves injury to the top layers of skin, both the dermis and epidermis
Full-thickness / Third-degree burn
Involves injury to all layers of the skin plus the underlying tissue
Focus of first aid treatment of burns
Relieving the pan, removing the source of heat, preventing infection
The rule of nines
Used to calculate the percentage of body surface burned
Medical care should be obtained, if more than ___% of the surface of an adult bodies is burned, and ___% in a child
15% in adults
10% in children
What symptoms are frequently noted in burn victims
Loss of body fluids and shock
Epistaxis
Another name for nosebleed
Eye injuries always run the risk of
Vision loss
If a person has suffered a head injury, be sure to…
Try to stop the flow of any fluid from the nose or ears
Ethnicity
Classification of people based on national origin, and or culture
Acculturation
The process of learning, the beliefs and behaviors of a dominant culture, and assuming some of the characteristics
Ethnocentric
Individuals who believe that their cultural values are better than the cultural values of others
Holistic care
Care that provides for the well-being of the whole person, not only physical needs but also social emotional and mental needs
Monotheists
Believe in the existence of one god
Polytheists
Worship and belief in many gods
