Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

pharm 2 > test 4 > Flashcards

test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

phenytoin (dilatin, phenytek)

A

ther-Antiseizure; antidysrhythmic
pharm -Hydantoin; sodium influx-suppressing drug

Acts by desensitizing sodium channels in the CNS, Preventing the spread of abnormal electrical charge in the brain that produces seizures. Also has antidysrhythmic activity

adverse- May cause dysrhythmias like bradycardia or v-fib, severe hypotension, hypoglycemia, headache, nystagmus, ataxia, confusion, twitching, insomnia, peripheral neuropathy with long time use, skin reactions such as steven Johnson. Black box- IV shouldn’t achieve 50mg/min due to risk of dysrhythmias and hypotension

IV max - 50mg/min
Always prime or flush before giving
Don’t use hand veins
monitor kidney and liver functions

similar drugs- fosphenytoin, zonisamide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Valproic acid (depakene)

A

ther-Antiseizure drug
pharm-valproate

Preferred for treating epilepsy. Many names Valproic acid (standard), valproate sodium (sodium salt), divalproex sodium (SR of valproic acid and sodium salt). All 3 form the chemical valproate. For seizures. Off label- behavioral disturbances

adverse- Sedation, drowsiness, GI upset, prolonged bleeding time, visual disturbances, muscle weakness, tremor, bone marrow suppression, weight gain, fetal hepatotoxicity, alopecia. Black box- hepatic failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ethosuximide (zarotonin)

A

ther- antiseizure
pharm- succinimide

Preferred drug for absence seizures. Depresses activity of neurons in the motor cortex by elevating the neuronal threshold. Usually ineffective for psychomotor or tonic clonic seizures

adverse-May impair mental and physical abilities. Psychosis, mood swings. Headaches, dizziness, lethargy, fatigue, ataxia, sleep disturbances

Don’t abruptly withdrawal- could cause tonic clonic seizure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

phenobarbital (luminal)

A

ther-Antiseizure drug; sedative
pharm- Antiseizure drug; sedative

Long acting barbiturate used for management of a variety of seizures. Also for sedation
Acts biochemically by enhancing the action of the GABA neurotransmitter, suppressing abnormal neuronal discharges

schedule IV drug

adverse-May cause dependance. Common side effects are drowsiness, vitamin deficiency (D, B12, folate) and laryngospasms. OD may cause resp depression, CNS depression, coma, death

report bleeding and bone pain

similar drug- primidone (mysoline)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

diazepam (valium)

A

ther-Antiseizure drug
pharm-Benzodiazepine; GABA receptor agonist

for Status epilectus, or prevention in patients who had toxic substances

action-Binds to GABA receptor chloride channels through out the CNS. Suppresses neuronal activity in the limbic system and subsequent impulses that might be transmitted to the reticular activating system. For short term use only

adverse- IV- hypotension, muscular weakness, tachycardia, resp depression

Effects may take 1-2 weeks
Tolerance may develop after 4 weeks

When IV- monitor RR

no alcohol, OTC drugs, nicotine, driving
take with food

end in -pam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

chlorpromazine

A

ther-First generation antipsychotic
pharm-D2 dopamine receptor antagonist; phenothiazine

Provides symptomatic relief of positive symptoms of schizophrenia and controls manic symptoms

adverse- Dizziness, drowsiness, orthostatic hypotension, EPS
Black box- older patients with dementia related psychosis increased risk for death
May take 7-8 weeks for improvements

Give IM in buttocks
Drug must be gradually withdrawn over 2-3 weeks
IV only in surgery or severe hiccups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

EPS

A

muscle spasms of face, tongue, neck or back
inability to rest: pacing
worm like movements of tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

haloperidol (haldol)

A

ther-Conventional antipsychotic; schizophrenia drug
pharm-D2 dopamine receptor antagonist; nonphenothiazine

For management of acute and chronic psychotic disorders. May help with Tourette’s. 50X more potent than chlorpromazine

adverse- EPS, possible sedation and hypotension
Black box- older patients with dementia related psychosis increased risk for death

do not abruptly stop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Risperidone (Risperdal)

A

ther- Atypical antipsychotic; schizophrenia drug
pharm- D2 dopamine receptor antagonist

First line drug for treatment of schizophrenia and acute mania from bipolar. Also for irritability in autistic kids. Effects occur from blockade of dopamine type 2, serotonin type 2, and alpha 2 adrenergic receptors located in the CNS

adverse- EPS (involuntary shaking of head, arms, neck) hyperactivity, fatigue, nausea, dizziness, visual disturbances, fever, orthostatic hypotension. Black box- older patients with dementia related psychosis increased risk for death

May take weeks to produce effectiveness
monitor RBC and WBC

OD- activated charcoal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

hydrocortisone (cortef, hydrocortone)

A

ther- adrenal hormone
pharm- corticosteroid

Structurally identical with natural hormone cortisol, this is a synthetic corticosteroid that’s the drug of choice for adrenocortical insufficiency. Also available for inflammation and allergic disorders. Available in 6 different salts.

adverse- Rare. Cushing syndrome, CNS effects such as insomnia, anxiety, headache, vertigo, confusion. May also cause HTN and tachycardia

Admin at same time daily
Discontinue gradually if token longer then 2 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

methimazole (Tapazole)

A

ther- Drug for hyperthyroidism
pharm- antithyroid drug

For hyperthyroidism. Acts by interfering with the synthesis of T3 and T4 in the thyroid gland. Effects are return to normal thyroid function: weight gain, reduction in anxiety, less insomnia, slower HR

adverse-Could be hepatotoxic. Possible blood dyscrasias such as agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia

Talk to DR if pregnancy suspected
Monitor liver lab values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

levothyroxine (levothroid, Synthroid)

A

ther- thyroid hormone
pharm- thyroid replacement hormone

Synthetic form of T4 that is a drug of choice for replacement therapy. Actions are weight loss, improved tolerance to environmental temps, increased activity, increased pulse

adverse- Rare at therapeutic doses. Hyperthyroidism, palpitations, dysrhythmias, anxiety, insomnia, weight loss, menstrual irregularities. Black box- not for treatment of obesity

Admin at same time daily
Monitor TSH levels
Monitor for hyperthyroidism
Calcium, and iron supplements can interact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

desmopressin (DDAVP, noctiva)

A

ther-Drug for diabetes insipidus and nocturia
pharm-ADH analog

Synthetic form of ADH that acts on kidneys to increase the reabsorption of water. Causes contraction of smooth muscle in the vascular system, uterus, and GI tract. Lowers production of urine at night

adverse- Water intoxication- Drowsiness, headache, listlessness, convulsions, coma. Other adverse could be headache, facial flushing, abdominal cramping. Black box- may cause hyponatremia

ensure sodium is normal before starting
Restrict fluids if given IV

Overdose- water restriction, osmotic diuretic

similar drug: vasopressin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

metronidazole (flagyl)

A

ther-Anti-infective, antiprotozoal
pharm-Drugs that disrupt nucleic acid synthesis

For giardiasis and trichomoniasis.
Acts as antiprotozoal drug that has antibiotic activity against anaerobic bacteria

adverse-Anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, dry mouth, unpleasant metallic taste

no alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

nystatin (Nystop)

A

ther- Superficial antifungal
pharm- polyene

for Candida infections, typically topical, vagina or in mouth
action: Binds to sterols in fungal cell membrane, allowing leakage in intracellular components

adverse- Skin irritation, N/V/D

May swallow if yeast possibly in esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Amphotericin B (fungizone)

A

ther-
pharm-

For systemic fungal infections, given in ICU typically
action: Binds to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, causes them to become leaky

adverse-Fever, chills, vomiting, headache in beginning. Phlebitis possible for IV, nephrotoxicity, dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest, ototoxicity

Admin IV slowly
May cause decreased K, Ca, Mg
Tylenol/antihistamine may be given for early adverse

One of last choice drugs due to danger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

fluconazole (Diflucan)

A

ther-
pharm-

Treats fungal infection inside the body, such as in intestine
action: Interfering with synthesis of ergosterol

adverse- N/V/D

Look at liver test
No alcohol
Monitor BG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

omeprazole (Prilosec)

A

ther- antiulcer drug
pharm-Proton pump inhibitor

Available prescription or OTC for PUD. Reduces acid in stomach by binding irreversibly to the enzyme H+K+ -ATPase. Can take up to 2 hours to reach effect but last 72 hours. Used short term 4-8 week therapy for peptic ulcers or GERD

adverse- Headache, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain. Rare- blood disorders

Take before breakfast on empty stomach

Interacts with anti seizures, more bleeding with warfarin

19
Q

ranitidine (zantac)

A

ther- antiulcer
pharm- H2 receptor antagonist

Acts by blocking H2 receptors in the stomach to decrease acid production. Healing of ulcer takes 4-8 weeks, gastric requires longer healing. Available IV and IM as well as PO

adverse- Headache is most common. Rare- decrease in RBC, WBC

Admin after meals and monitor liver and kidney function

20
Q

Aluminum hydroxide (alternaGEL)

A

ther- anti heartburn drug
pharm- antacid

Inorganic drug used alone or in combination of antacids. Giving these with magnesium increase effectiveness. These are minimally absorbed. Action is to neutralize stomach acid by raising the pH of the stomach contents, doesn’t reduce volume of acid secretions.

adverse- Constipation, could cause phosphate depletion

Admin 2 hours before or after drugs
Could inhibit iron
Don’t use if patient has bowel obstruction

21
Q

psyllium
(Metamucil)

A

ther- bulk type laxative
pharm- herbal agent

Derived from seeds of plantain plant, a insoluble fiber that is indigestible and not absorbed thru GI tract, when taking with enough water, swells and increases size of fecal mass, promoting passage of stool

adverse- Typically none, if not enough water-obstruction
Could cause small reduction in blood cholesterol

Reduction in warfarin, seizure drugs, antidepressants
May lower blood glucose in type II diabetes
Mix with 8oz liquid

22
Q

Diphenoxylate with atropine(Lomotil)

A

ther- antidiarrheal
pharm- opioid

Slows peristalsis, allowing additional time for water reabsorption. Acts within 45-60 mins. High doses could cause anticholinergic effects

adverse-Typically well tolerated. May cause dizziness

Don’t stop diarrhea that needs to occur, like c diff
Assess fluid and electrolytes

OD- narcan

23
Q

sulfasalazine (Azulfidine)

A

ther- drug for iBS
pharm-5 aminosalicyte, sulfonamide

Oral sulfonamide with anti-inflammatory properties that is approved to treat mild to moderate symptoms of ulcerative colitis. Off label is treating crohns. Approved as a alternate drug of RA classified as DMARD

adverse- GI related, headache, blood dyscrasias, skin rashes. Impairs men fertility but reverses when discontinued. Can cause photosensitivity

Don’t admin if allergy to furosemide, sulfa
May decrease iron and folic acid

24
Q

ondansetron (Zofran, zuplenz)

A

ther- antiemetic
pharm-Serotonin (5 ht3) receptor antagonist

Blocks serotonin receptors in the GI tract, as well as the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain. Started 30 mins prior to chemotherapy to prevent N/V. off label can be for pruritus

adverse- Usually well tolerated. Headache, dizziness, drowsiness, constipation or diarrhea

Admin on schedule not prn

25
Q

pancrelipase (Creon, pancreaze)

A

ther- pancreatic enzyme
pharm- none

Contains lipase, protease and amylase of pork origin and is used as replacement therapy for patients with insufficient pancreatic exocrine secretions such as CF, pancreatitis. The enzymes act locally in the GI tract

adverse-Uncommon because enzymes are not absorbed. Most frequent are N/V/D. High doses have risk for hyperuricemia

Give with meals or 1-2 hours before

26
Q

prochlorperazine (Compazine)

A

ther- antiemetic
pharm- Phenothiazine antipsychotic

Can be for psychoses or for severe nausea or vomiting. Acts by blocking dopamine receptors in brain, signaling to the vomiting receptor in the medulla. Frequently given the rectal route as absorption is rapid

adverse- Anticholinergic side effects such as dry mouth, sedation, constipation, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, extrapyramidal effects when prolonged. Black box–increased risk of death in dementia patients

Admin 2 hours before of after antacids or antidiarrheals
No alcohol

27
Q

prochlorperazine (Compazine)

A

ther- antiemetic
pharm- Phenothiazine antipsychotic

Can be for psychoses or for severe nausea or vomiting. Acts by blocking dopamine receptors in brain, signaling to the vomiting receptor in the medulla. Frequently given the rectal route as absorption is rapid

adverse- Anticholinergic side effects such as dry mouth, sedation, constipation, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, extrapyramidal effects when prolonged. Black box–increased risk of death in dementia patients

Admin 2 hours before of after antacids or antidiarrheals
No alcohol

28
Q

drugs for peptic ulcers

A

sucralfate (carafate)- coats and protects from father erosion

misoprostol (cytotec)- inhibits acid and stimulates production of mucosa

metoclopramide (reglan)- causes muscle in upper extremity to contract, antinausea

29
Q

bacteriostatic antibiotic

A

slows growth of bacteria

30
Q

bactericidal antibiotics

A

kills bacteria

31
Q

penicillin G

A

ther- Antibacterial
pharm- Cell wall inhibitor, natural penicillin

Drug of choice against streptococci, pneumococci, and staphylococcus organism that do not produce beta-lactamase and are shown to be susceptible by C&S testing. May also be drug of choice for gonorrhea and syphilis.

adverse- Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, pain at injection site, anaphylaxis

Only 15% of oral dose is absorbed, often given IV or IM

After IV monitor for reactions 30 minutes after

May decrease effectiveness of oral contraceptive

32
Q

Cefazolin (Ancef, Kefzol)

A

ther- Antibacterial
pharm- Cell wall inhibitor; first generation cephalosporin

Beta lactam antibiotic used for the treatment and prophylaxis of bacterial infections, particularly gram positive. Has been used to treat infections of resp tract, urinary tract, skin structures, biliary tract, bones and joints. Can also be used for genital infections, septicemia and endocarditis

adverse- Tolerated well. Most common- rash and diarrhea. Pain and phlebitis and IM sites, rare- seizures

Not effective against MRSA
Typically given IV
Admin IM deep into large muscle mass to avoid injury to surrounding tissue

Don’t use if CKD or allergy to penicillin

33
Q

Tetracycline (sumycin)

A

ther-Antibacterial
pharm- Tetracycline, protein synthesis inhibitor

Effective against a broad range of gram pos and gram neg organisms. Also effective against H. pylori for PUD. Given PO, but has short half life so may require 4x daily. Topical can be for acne

adverse- May affect vagina, oral and intestinal flora and cause superinfections. Irritates the GI mucosa cause N/V/D, and epigastric burning. Photosensitivity and discoloration of teeth could occur

Can cause intense pain at injection sites
Give with full glass of water to avoid GI irritation
Admin 1-3 hours before/after antacids
Dairy products interfere with absorption

Don’t give to people under 18 or pregnant woman
Decreases effectiveness of oral contraceptives

34
Q

Erythrolysin (ERC, erythrocin)

A

ther- Antibacterial
pharm- Macrolide, protein synthesis inhibitor

Inactivated by stomach acid and is thus formulated as coated, acid resistant tablets or caplets that dissolve in the small intestine. Main application is for people that cant use penicillin. It is effective against most gram pos bacteria

adverse- Nausea, abdominal cramping, vomiting. High doses may cause hearing loss, vertigo and dizziness. High dose IV could pose risk for dysrhythmias

Admin on empty stomach with water
Don’t give immediately before or after fruit juices
Risk of nephrotoxicity
Alcohol can decrease absorption

35
Q

Gentamicin (garamycin)

A

ther- Antibacterial
pharm- Aminoglycoside, protein synthesis inhibitor

Broad spectrum , bacterial antibiotic usually prescribed for serious urinary, resp, nervous or GI infections when less toxic antibiotics are contraindicated. Effective against gram pos bacteria, and some strains of MRSA. Drug isn’t absorbed orally

adverse- Rash , nausea, vomiting, fatigue. Black box- neurotoxicity may manifest with ototoxicity, neuromuscular blockade and resp paralysis is possible, nephrotoxicity is possible

IV or IM solutions should be clear and colorless or slightly yellow
Withhold is serum is above range of 5-10mcg
IM- inject deep into large muscle
Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity possible
May increase liver values, decrease electrolytes

Most toxic antibiotic

36
Q

Ciprofloxacin (cipro)

A

ther-Antibacterial
pharm- Fluoroquinolone; bacterial DNA synthesis inhibitor

Most widely prescribed drug in this class; inhibits DNA gyrase, affects DNA replication and DNA repair. More effective against gram neg. Prescribed for UTI, sinusitis, pneumonia, skin/bone infections, eye infections, infectious diarrhea or TB. Drug is rapidly absorbed PO

adverse-Typically tolerated well. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, phototoxicity, headache, dizziness. Black box- tendonitis and tendon rupture

Admin 4 hours before antacids and ferrous sulfate
Admin w food to diminish GI effects
Restrict caffeine as the drug could increase levels
Don’t take with multivitamins or minerals- Ca, Fe, mg, zinc
Monitor liver and kidney function

Over 60, taking corticosteroids, have risk for Achilles tendon rupture- cartilage toxic

37
Q

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, septra)

A

ther- Antibacterial
pharm- Sulfonamide; folic acid inhibitor

Bacteriostatic drug

Most frequently prescribed for UTIs also approved for pneumocystis pneumonia, shigella, and chronic bronchitis. Inhibitors of bacterial metabolism of folic acid

Nausea and vomiting are most common. Hypersensitivity- rash, fever, itching. Photosensitivity (avoid sunlight), thrombocytopenia.
Use cautiously w CKD bc kidney failure has been reported

Use with caution w diuretics
Increases K+

Don’t use in pregnant woman
Don’t give if allergic to sulfa

38
Q

Meropenem (merrem)

A

ther- anti-infective
pharm-carbapenems

binds to bacterial cell wall resulting in death

adverse- GI related, c diff, DRESS, steven johnson, seizures

39
Q

Isoniazid (INH)

A

first line Antituberculosis. For latent or active TB.
adverse- GI symptoms. May cause anaphylaxis, peripheral neuropathy, hepatotoxicity, blood dyscrasias

40
Q

Acyclovir (zovirax)

A

ther- Antiviral for herpes virus
pharm- Nucleoside analog

Effective against HSV1 and HSV2, only effective at high doses against CMV and varicella zoster. By preventing viral DNA synthesis, acyclovir decreases the decreases the duration and severity of herpes. It doesn’t cure the patient, just helps get virus back into the latent form.

adverse- few adverse effects. IV- Nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity and possible

IV may cause painful inflammation
Admin around the clock

41
Q

oseltamivir (tamiflu)

A

antiviral, neuraminidase inhibitor
flu drug, needs to be taken within 48 hours to be effective. doesn’t kill flu just shortens duration

adverse effects are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness

other similar flu drugs are rimantadine, and amantadine

42
Q

Zidovudine (Retrovir, ZVD)

A

ther- Antiretroviral
pharm- Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)

Drug resembles thymidine (of DNA). As the reverse transcriptase enzyme begins to synthesize viral DNA, it mistakenly uses zidovudine as one of the nucleosides, thus creating a defective DNA strand. Used for HIV

adverse- Fatigue, generalized weakness, anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, headache
Black box- lactic acidosis with hepatomegaly, bone marrow suppression

Admin on empty stomach
Avoid fruit juices

43
Q

Efavirenz (sustiva)

A

ther- Antiretroviral
pharm- Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)

Given PO with other antiretroviral for HIV. Acts by inhibiting reverse transcriptase . Resistance can develop rapidly

adverse- CNS effects- sleep disorders, nightmares, dizziness, delusions. Rash is common

Admin on empty stomach
Admin at bedtime to limit CNS effective

44
Q

Dolutegravir (DTG, tivicay)

A

ther- Antiretroviral
pharm- Integrase stand transfer inhibitor

Inhibits HIV integrase, thus blocking the stand transfer of retroviral DNA, which interrupts the HIV replication cycle. It is become a preferred drug. Effective in both adults and peds

adverse- Insomnia, fatigue, headache. Less frequent include hypersensitivity and headache

Increased risk of neural tube defects in babies born to mothers taking this

pharm 2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions