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pharm 2 > test 1 > Flashcards

test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what makes us the CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

what makes up the PNS

A

motor neurons and sensory neurons

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3
Q

what systems deprive from motor nuerons

A

somatic and autonomic

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4
Q

what divisions are under ANS

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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5
Q

sympathetic recpector

A

adrenergic receptors

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6
Q

parasympathetic receptor

A

cholinergic receptor

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7
Q

fight or flight – stressfull or energetic activity

A

sympthetic

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8
Q

rest and digest – maintenance activity

A

parasympathetic

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9
Q

controls voluntary movements by activating skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system

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10
Q

controls involuntary responses by influencing organs, glands, and smooth muscle

A

autonomic nervous system

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11
Q

function of ANS

A

achieve homeostasis

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12
Q

effects of parasympathetic

A

constricts pupils
stimulates salvation
slows heart rate & contractility
constricts bronchioles
stimulates digestion
stimulates gallbladder function
controls bladder
stimulates erection/vaginal lubrication

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13
Q

effects of sympathetic

A

dilates pupils
inhibits salvation
accelerates heart rate
dilates bronchioles
inhibits digestion
stimulates release of glucose
secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
relaxes bladder
stimulates ejaculation/orgasm

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14
Q

sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter

A

norepinephrine

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15
Q

parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine

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16
Q

what meds cause sympathetic nervous system responses

A

sympathomimetics
adrenergics
anticholinergics
parasympatholytics

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17
Q

what meds cause parasympathetic effects

A

parasympathomimetics
muscarinics
cholinergics
adrenergic antagonist
sympatholytics

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18
Q

types of cholinergic receptors

A

nicotinic, muscarinic

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19
Q

bethanechol (urecholine) ther. class, pharm class, and pregnancy class

A

ther class- non obstructive urinary retention drug

pharm class- muscarinic cholinergic receptor

pregnancy class= C

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20
Q

bethanechol (urecholine) action and uses

A

direct acting parasympathomimetic that interacts with muscarinic receptors to cause actions of parasympathetic effects. effects are mostly noted in urinary and Gi tract where it stimulates smooth muscle contraction.

uses: urinary retention, myasthenia gravis, alzheimer’s, glaucoma

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21
Q

bethanechol (urecholine) adverse effects, admin concerns and contraindications

A

adverse effects- profuse salivation, sweating, increased muscle tone, urinary frequency, bradycardia

admin concerns- never admin IM or IV, monitor vitals

contraindications- asthma, epilepsy, parkinsonian, hyperthyroidism, peptic ulcer disease, bradycardia

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22
Q

treatment of OD for bethanechol (urecholine)

A

atropine sulfate

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23
Q

what are cholinergic blocking drugs

A

drugs that inhibit parasympathetic nervous system

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24
Q

physostigmine (antilirium) ther. class, pharm class, and pregnancy class

A

ther class- antidote for anticholinergic toxicity

pharm class- acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

pregnancy class- C

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25
Q

physostigmine (antilirium) action and uses

A

indirect acting parasympathomimetic that inhibits acetylcholinesterase (ACHe), the enzyme responsible for breakdown of acetylcholine, stimulating muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

uses- treat glaucoma, and anticholinergic activity

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26
Q

physostigmine (antilirium) adverse effects, admin concerns and contraindications

A

adverse effects-Bradycardia, asystole, restlessness, sweating, seizures, salvation, Urinary frequency, muscle twitch, resp distress

admin concerns- Admin slowly over 5 mins to avoid seizures, monitor vitals; Discontinue med if excessive sweating, diarrhea or frequent Urination occurs

contraindications- Use with caution in patients with asthma, epilepsy, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, bradycardia

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27
Q

atropine (atropen) ther. class, pharm class, and pregnancy class

A

ther class-Antidote for anticholinesterase poisoning

pharm class-Muscarinic cholinergic receptor blocker

pregnancy class- C

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28
Q

Atropine (AtroPen) action and uses

A

by occupying muscarinic receptors, atropine blocks parasympathetic actions of ACh and induces symptoms of fight or flight such as increasing HR, bronchodilation, decreased mobility in GI tract, mydriasis

uses- peptic ulcers, Ibs, mydriasis for eye exam, bradycardia

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29
Q

atropine (atropen) adverse effects, admin concerns and contraindications

A

adverse effects- tachycardia, CNS stimulation, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, dry eyes, photophobia

admin concerns- monitor vitals, PO and subq doses are not interchangeable

contraindications- Glaucoma, obstructive GI patients, bladder neck obstruction, BPH, MG, acute hemorrhage, cardiac insufficiency

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30
Q

what receptor does norepinephrine go to and what does it do

A

adrenergic receptor, causes adrenaline like response

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31
Q

alpha 1 adrenergic receptor

A

in all sympathetic organs except heart;
constricts blood vessels and dilates pupil

primarly used for nasal congestion, hypotension, and dilation of pupil

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32
Q

alpha 2 adrenergic receptor

A

at presynaptic adrenergic nerve terminals;
inhibits release of norepinephrine

used for hypertension

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33
Q

beta 1 adrenergic receptor

A

in heart and kidneys;
increases heart rate and force of contraction and releases renin

used in cases of cardiac arrest, heart failure and shock

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34
Q

beta 2 adrenergic receptor

A

in all sympathetic target organs except heart;
inhibits smooth muscle

used in asthma and premature labor contractions

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35
Q

beta 3 adrenergic receptor

A

adipose tissue- lipolysis
urinary bladder- relaxation of the detrusor

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36
Q

phenylephrine (neo-synephrine) therapeutic class , pharm, and pregnancy cat.

A

ther- nasal decongestant; mydriatic drug; antihypotensive

pharm- adrenergic drug

pregnancy class C

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37
Q

phenylephrine (neo-synephrine) action and uses

A

a selective alpha adrenergic agonist that is available in different formations, causing sympathetic stimulation

uses- Nasal- reduce nasal congestion
Topical (in eye)- dilate pupil
Parenteral- reverse acute hypotension caused by spinal ane

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38
Q

phenylephrine (neo-synephrine) adverse effects, admin concerns and contraindications

A

adverse effects- side effects are uncommon in nasal and topically; High doses can cause bradycardia, possible death with IV use

admin concerns- Parenteral can cause tissue damage with extravasation
Drops may damage soft contacts

contraindications- Don’t use if patient has pancreatitis, heart disease, hepatitis, or narrow angle glaucoma

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39
Q

prazosin (minipress) therapeutic class , pharm, and pregnancy cat.

A

ther class- antihypertensive

pharm class- adrenergic blocking drug

pregnancy category- not established

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40
Q

prazosin (minipress) action and uses

A

Selective alpha 1 adrenergic that competes with norepinephrine at its receptors on vascular smooth muscle in arterioles and veins. Causes rapid decrease in peripheral resistance that reduces BP.

uses- treat hypertension

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41
Q

prazosin (minipress) adverse effects, admin concerns and contraindications

A

adverse effects- Orthostatic hypotension due to alpha 1 inhibition in vascular smooth muscle; dizziness, drowsiness

admin concerns- give low dose first to avoid severe hypotension

contraindications- safety in pregnancy and lactation not established

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42
Q

what are bronchioles

A

muscular tube like structures whose diameter (lumen) varies on contraction or relaxation of smooth muscle which is controlled by ANS

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43
Q

respiration

A

bringing o2 in body and co2 out

44
Q

beta 2 adrenergic receptors

A

activated by sympathetic, causes smooth muscle to relax and diameter increases

45
Q

how does parasympathetic branch control airways

A

causes bronchiolar smooth muscle to contract, narrowing airway

46
Q

why is pulmonary inhalation drugs efficient

A

it goes straight into resp system

47
Q

oral drugs

A

frequent side effects because it goes everywhere in body

48
Q

how is nebulizer used

A

patient breathe normally, difficult to measure dose received

49
Q

metered dose inhaler

A

propellent delivers measured drug of dose

50
Q

dry powder inhaler

A

patient inhales powdered drug from inhalation

51
Q

bronchospasm

A

spasm of bronchi; causes wheeze

52
Q

status asthmaticus

A

prolonged asthma attack; med emergency

53
Q

quick relief asthma drugs

A

beta 2 adrenergic agonist, anticholinergic, systemic corticosteroids

54
Q

long acting asthma meds

A

inhaled corticosteroids, mast cell stabilizers leukotriene modifier, long acting beta 2 adrenergic agonist, methylxanthines, immunomodulators

55
Q

short acting beta 2 adrenergic agonist (SABAs)

A

bronchodilation, preferred drug for relief of acute symptoms

56
Q

anticholinergic for asthma

A

causes bronchodilation, alternate to those who cant take SABAs

57
Q

systemic corticosteroids for asthma

A

anti-inflammatory, used for short periods to reduce frequency of acute exacerbations

58
Q

inhaled corticosteroids for asthma

A

anti inflammatory, preferred drugs for long term asthma management

59
Q

mast cell stabilizers for asthma

A

anti inflammatory, control of mild, persistent asthma or exercise induced asthma

60
Q

leukotriene modifier for asthma

A

anti-inflam, control mild, persistent asthma, or adjunctive therapy with inhaled corticosteroid

61
Q

long acting adrenergic agonist (LABAs)

A

bronchodilation, used in combination with inhaled corticosteroids for preventing moderate to severe asthma

62
Q

methylxanthines

A

for bronchodilation, used in combination with inhaled corticosteroids for preventing moderate to severe asthma. long term

common side effects - nauasea, vomiting, CNS stimulation
given IV or orally

63
Q

immunomodulators for asthma

A

monoclonal antibody, for patients who have allergies and severe persistent asthma

64
Q

albuterol (proair HFA, proventil HFA, ventolin HFA) ther class, pharm class, preg category

A

ther- bronchodilator
pharm- beta 2 adrenergic agonist
preg class C

65
Q

albuterol (proair HFA, proventil HFA, ventolin HFA) action and uses

A

A SABA (short acting beta agonist) that used to relieve bronchospasm of asthma. Rapid onset. Selectively binds to beta 2

for quick acting asthma relief

66
Q

albuterol (proair HFA, proventil HFA, ventolin HFA) adverse effects, admin concerns and contraindications

A

adverse effect- Uncommon, palpitations, headaches, throat irritation, tachycardia, tremor, allergic reaction, chest pain, dry mouth

admin concerns- may cause hypokalemia at large dose, concurrent use with beta blockers will inhibit. avoid caffeine

contraindications- People who are hypersensitive to drug. Caution in CAD, HTN

67
Q

ipratropium (atrovent) ther class, pharm class, preg class

A

ther class- bronchodilator
pharm class- anticholinergic
preg class- B

68
Q

ipratropium (atrovent) action and uses

A

Blocks cholinergic receptors, causing bronchodilation. delivered by inhalation or intranasally. If nasal, inhibits secretions but don’t decongest

for COPD, bronchitis, emphysema. Relief of acute bronchospasm

69
Q

ipratropium (atrovent) adverse effects, admin concerns and contraindications

A

adverse- Irritation of upper resp tract, bitter taste- inhalation
Epistaxis, drying of nasal mucosa- intranasal

admin concerns- Dry’s things- be ware if patient has urinary retention, constipation, troubles seeing or salivating

contraindicated if have peanut allergy

70
Q

how many days should someone use corticosteriod

A

no longer than 10

71
Q

beclomethasone (QVAR) ther class, pharm class, preg category

A

ther class- anti inflammatory drug for asthma and allergic rhinitis
pharm class- inhaled corticosteroid
preg category- C

72
Q

beclomethasone (QVAR) action and uses

A

Corticosteroid available through aerosol inhalation for asthma and a nasal spray for allergic rhinitis. reduce inflammation, for prevention

73
Q

beclomethasone (QVAR) adverse effects, admin concerns and contraindications

A

adverse effects- Corticosteroid toxicity, hoarseness, dry mouth, long term can cause oral thrush

not for acute attacks. be careful with children as it could stunt growth

contraindications- prior hypersensitivity.

74
Q

montelukast (singulair) ther class, pharm class, and preg class

A

ther class- Anti inflammatory drug for asthma prophylaxis
pharm class- leukotriene modifier
preg class- B

75
Q

Montelukast (singulair) action and uses

A

Prevents airway edema and inflammation by blocking leukotriene receptors in the airway. Given PO and acts rapidly

Used for prophylaxis of persistent, chronic asthma, exercise induced bronchospasm, and allergic rhinitis

76
Q

Montelukast (singulair) adverse effects, admin concerns and contraindications

A

adverse effects- Headache, nausea, diarrhea, possible neuropsychic effects such as suicidal ideation, hallucinations, aggressiveness, depression

if preventing exercise induced, take drug 2 hours prior. don’t use for quick acting
may increase ALT values

don’t use if have hepatic issues

77
Q

beta blockers

A

type of adrenergic blocking drug
prevents catecholamines from binding to beta receptors. used for hypertension, MI, heart failure

ex- metoprolol, acebutolol

78
Q

what does upper resp tract do

A

warm, humidifies and cleans incoming air

79
Q

inflammation rhinitis

A

inflammation of nasal mucosa
caused by exposure to antigen: histamine is released

80
Q

allergic rhinitis : how does it work

A

Plasma cells release IgE antibodies, binds to mast cell and histamine is released, attaching to H1 receptors causing allergies

81
Q

preventers for allergic rhinitis

A

antihistamine, intranasal corticosteroid, mast cell stabilizer

82
Q

relievers for allergic rhinitis

A

oral and intranasal decongestant

83
Q

what is histamine

A

chemical mediator of inflammatory response

84
Q

diphenhydramine (benadryl) ther class, pharm class and pregnancy category

A

ther class- drug to treat allergies
pharm class- H1 receptor antagonist; antihistamine
preg category C

85
Q

diphenhydramine (benadryl) similar drug

A

fexofenadine (allegra)

86
Q

diphenhydramine (benadryl) action and uses

A

First gen H1 receptor antagonist whose primary use is to treat minor symptoms of allergy and the common cold such as runny nose, sneezing, tearing. This drug often combines with analgesic, decongestant, or expectorant

87
Q

diphenhydramine (benadryl) adverse effects, admin concerns, and contraindictions

A

adverse effects- drowsiness (safety), paradoxical CNS stimulation, anticholinergic effects (dryness)

admin concerns- increased risk of anaphylaxis when given iv

contraindications- Hypersensitivity to the drug, BPH, narrow angle glaucoma, GI obstruction. Use cautiously with asthma or hyperthyroidism

88
Q

what do intranasal corticosteroids do

A

reduce tissue edema, cause mild vasoconstriction

89
Q

vasodilation vs vasoconstriction of airways

A

vasodilation- nasal mucosa thicker, airway smaller
vasoconstriction- nasal mucosa thinner, airway diameter larger

90
Q

fluticasone (flonase) ther class, pharm class, preg category

A

ther class- Drug for allergic rhinitis, asthma, and skin inflammation
pharm class- corticosteroid

preg category C

91
Q

fluticasone (flonase) action and uses

A

Decrease local inflammation in nasal passage, reducing stuffiness- nasal
Oral reduce bronchial inflammation
Topical- reduce inflammation of skin

92
Q

fluticasone (flonase) adverse effects, admin concerns, contraindications

A

adverse effects- Nasal irritation and epistaxis, inhalation can cause headache and nasopharyngitis. swallowing can cause issues

admin concerns- follow directions. caution with licorice

contraindications- prior hypersensitivity

93
Q

oxymetazoline (afrin) ther class, pharm class, pregnancy category

A

ther class- nasal decongestant
pharm class- sympathomimetic
preg category C

94
Q

oxymetazoline (afrin) action and uses

A

Activates alpha adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic NS, causes arterioles in the nasal passage to constrict, drying the mucous membranes, also can be used as eye drops to provide relief from red, dry eyed

95
Q

oxymetazoline (afrin) adverse effects, admin concerns, contraindications

A

adverse effects- rebound congestion. stinging of mucosa

admin concerns- wash hands after administering to avoid anisocoria

contraindications- Patients with thyroid disorders, hypertension, diabetes, or heart disease

96
Q

antitussives

A

inhibit coughs

97
Q

expectorants

A

inhibit mucus production

98
Q

mucolytics

A

loosen thick bronchial secretions
-> thin them

99
Q

mucolytics

A

loosen thick bronchial secretions
-> thin them

100
Q

drug similar to dextromethorphan

A

benzonatate (tessalon)

101
Q

expectorant drug

A

guaifenesin (mucinex)

102
Q

examples of mucolytics

A

acetylcysteine (mucomyst, cetylev), dornase alfa (pulmozyme)

103
Q

dextromethorphan (Delsym) ther class, pharm class, pregnancy category

A

ther- cough suppressant

pharm class- centrally acting antitussive

pregnancy category C

104
Q

dextromethorphan (Delsym) action and uses

A

Nonopioid drug that is a component in many OTC severe cold and flu preparations. Rapid onset action. Acts through medulla. Many formations

105
Q

dextromethorphan (Delsym) adverse effects, admin concerns, contraindications

A

adverse effect-Uncommon. Dizziness, drowsiness, GI upset, CNS toxicity such as resp depression, stupor, seizure, coma

admin concerns- don’t drink grapefruit

contraindications- In treatment of chronic cough due to excessive bronchial secretions, such as asthma, smoking, emphysema. Don’t use under children age 6

pharm 2 (4 decks)

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