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Bio 151- Final exam > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Phenotype is exclusively the result of genetic influences

A

False

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2
Q

The color of your eyes is a normal polygenic trait

A

True

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3
Q

What is all of the DNA in a set of 23 chromosomes referred to as?

A

Genome

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4
Q

Use the figure to match the following with a LETTER: This gland stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

A

D- Posterior Pituitary

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5
Q

Use the figure to match the following with a LETTER: This gland produces melatonin.

A

C- Pineal gland

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6
Q

Which of these is NOT found in the karyotype of a normal human male?

  • 46 chromatids
  • 46 chromosomes
  • 92 DNA molecules
  • X and Y chromosomes
  • 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
A

46 chromatids

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7
Q

If one allele is not phenotypically expressed in the presence of another allele, we say that it is a(an) ______ allele.

A

recessive

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8
Q

Eye color is caused by genes at multiple loci. This phenomenon is called _____.

A

Polygenic inheritance

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9
Q

Germ cells have ______ unpaired chromosomes and are thus called _____ cells.

A

23; haploid (n)

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10
Q

The allele for the cleft chin (C) is dominant to the allele for uncleft chin (c). A male and female who are both heterozygous for cleft chin have a child. What is the chance that this child will have an uncleft chin?

A

25%

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11
Q

Use the figure to match the following with a LETTER: This gland produces glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.

A

K- Adrenal cortex

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12
Q

The alleles posessed by all members of a population collectively are called the____.

A

gene pool

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13
Q

All of the body’s nonreproductive cells, called _____, usually have 23 pairs of chromosomes and are thus called _____ cells.

A

somatic cells; diploid (2n)

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14
Q

Males carry a pair of ______ sex chromosomes

A

XY

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15
Q

Females carry a pair of _____ sex chromosomes

A

XX

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16
Q

Use the figure to match the following with a LETTER: This gland produces insulin and glucagon

A

G- Pancreas

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17
Q

Critical thinking Question:

Which blood type would NOT be possible for children of a type AB mother and a type A father?

A

O

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18
Q

When one gene produces multiple phenotypic effects, this is called ______.

A

Pleiotropy

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19
Q

Himalayan rabbits cxarry the C gene, which is required for the development of pigments in the fur, skin and eyes, and whose expression is regulated by the temerature. Specifically, the Cgene is inactive above 35 degrees Celcius, and is maximally active from 15 degrees to 25 degrees celcius. This temperature regulation of gene expression produces rabbits with a distinctive coat coloring. In the warm, central parts of the rabbit’s body, the gene is inactive, and no pigments are produced, causing the fur color to be white. Meanwhile, in the rabbit’s extremities (ears, tip of the nose, and feet), where the temerature is much lower than 35 degrees, the C gene actively produces pigment, making these parts of the animal black.

This is an example of _______.

A

enviromental influence of genes

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20
Q

Addition of methyl groups to DNA is an example of ______.

A

epigenetics

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21
Q

Cancers in epiuthelial tissue are called ____

A

carcinoma

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22
Q

Cancers in bone, other connective tissue, or muscle are called _____

A

Sarcoma

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23
Q

Mutated Tumor Suppressor genes result in inhibiting development of cancer.

A

False

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24
Q

Enviromental agents that can cause cancers are called ______

A

carcinogens

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25
Q

The gestation period is approximately:

A

280 days

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26
Q

The organ systems rudimentarily (initially) form durning the:

A

embryonic period

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27
Q

Which of the following inplants in, or attaches to, the endometrium of the uterus?

A

blastocyst

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28
Q

Where does fertilization usually occur?

A

ampulla of the uterine tube

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29
Q

What follows immediately after fertilization occurs?

A

cleavage

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30
Q

How is polyspermy prevented?

A

cortical reaction

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31
Q

What is the neonatal period?

A

The first 6 weeks of life

32
Q

The outermost membrane enclosing all of the membranes and the embryo is:

33
Q

By what week of prenatal development is organogenesis complete?

34
Q

Which germ layer forms the gut and bladder?

35
Q

What does the ectoderm form?

A

nervous system and skin

36
Q

What does gastrulation accomplish?

A

formation of the three germ layers

37
Q

Which of the following systems shows the least overall senescence?

A

endocrine system

38
Q

Which statement is true regarding telomeres?

A

Telomeres are DNA segments at each end of a chromosome

39
Q

Uterine retention is a greater problem for elderly men than for elderly women because men _______.

A

can develop benign prostatic hyperplasia

40
Q

Down Syndrome (trisomy-21) results from ______.

A

nondisjunction

41
Q

Critical thinking question:

A teratogen is most likely to cause ____.

A

a deformation of the limbs

42
Q

Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) is caused by _____.

A

deficiency of pulmonary surfactant

43
Q

Which is NOT an embryonic membrane?

  • amion
  • yolk sac
  • placenta
  • chorion
  • allantis
44
Q

As it implants, the conceptus is nourished by means of _____.

A

trophoblastic nutrition

45
Q

The ____ is an embryonic membrane that serves as the origin of the first blood and germ cells.

46
Q

During implantation, the trophoblast divides into a superficial layer called the ____, which is composed of a multinucleate mass of cytoplasm.

A

syncytiotrophoblast

47
Q

In the blastocyst, the trophoblast will become ____, whereas the embryoblast will become ____.

A

part of the placenta; the embryo

48
Q

Twins produced when a single egg is fertilized are called ____ twins. Twins produced from 2 eggs ovulated at the same time are called ____ twins.

A

monozygotic; dizygotic

49
Q

Use the figure to match the following with a LETTER: This gland produces and releases a hormone that raises blood calcium levels.

A

J- Parathyroid glands

50
Q

Which hormones work synergistically to retain water?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone

51
Q

What is the target tissue of erythropoietin (EPO)?

A

red bone marrow

52
Q

Testerone is priamrily produced by the:

53
Q

What stimulates melatonin production?

A

Light and dark cycles

54
Q

Which hormone is the antagonist of glucagon?

55
Q

Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?

56
Q

The effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine have nearly the same effects as the neurotransmitters of the:

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

57
Q

What is NOT a primary effect of aldosterone?

  • Maintaining blood glucose
  • maintaining blood pressure
  • regulating extracellular fluid volume
  • maintaining acid-base balance
A

Maintaining blood glucose

58
Q

What hormones are produced by zone glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

A

Mineralocorticoids

59
Q

From superficial to deep, the three layers of the adrenal cortex are:

A

Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

60
Q

What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

Hypocalcemia

61
Q

Under normal conditions, what is the response to an increase in thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)?

A

Increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) production

62
Q

Place the following hormones in the correct order of their control, from first tier to third tier

Thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH), production of T3 and T4, thyrotropin-releasing hormone(TRH)

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone(TRH), thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH), production of T3 and T4

63
Q

What element is necessary for the production of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)?

64
Q

What growth hormone levels are low, which hormone stimulates its release?

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

65
Q

Which of the following is a gonadotropin?

  • GH
  • TRH
  • FSH
  • ACTH
66
Q

Where are releasing and inhibiting hormones made?

A

Hypothalamus

67
Q

Use the figure to match the following with a letter:

In males, follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) prods these organs to produce testerone.

68
Q

Which of the following is true regarding endocrine glands?

  • Their secretions may be released onto the body surface.
  • They have an unusually low density of blood capillaries.
  • They secrete their products by way of ducts.
  • They secrete substances that do not alter the metabolism of their target cells, but have extracellular effects.
  • They release thier secretions into the blood.
A

They release their secretions into the blood.

69
Q

____ are secreted by one cell into the tissue fluid, diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue, and stimulate their physiology.

A

Paracrines

70
Q

The posterior pituitary secretes _____.

71
Q

Use the figure to match the following with a letter:

This neuroendocrine organ (gland) produces and releases Catecholamines

A

L- Adrenal Medulla

72
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) targets the ____.

A

anterior pituitary

73
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the ____.

74
Q

Which of the following is the last step in the sequence of events happening when cyclic AMP (cAMP) acts as a second messenger?

A

Enzymes are activated or deactivated by the action of protein kinases

75
Q

Use the figure to match the following with a letter: This gland is the target organ of thyroid-stimulating hormone.

A

E- Thyroid gland

Bio 151- Final exam (3 decks)

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