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Host and Defense Test 3 > Test 3 Week 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What mediates the response to bee sting venom?

A

Histamine (lower blood pressure, constricted airways, swelling, smooth muscle contraction “diarrhea, vomit”)

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2
Q

Where do humans have connective tissue mast cells?

A

Skin

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3
Q

Where are mucosal mast cells found in humans?

A 
Lung
Intestine (Tcell dependent...if Tcell deficient they have problems with these.
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4
Q

What are the major contents in mast cell granules?

A

Proteases

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5
Q

How does the IgE allergen response work?

A

Allergen activatesTh2 and B cells
Isotype switching to IgE
IgE binds to mast cells (irreversible)
Second allergen attack activates the mast cells

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6
Q

Which subunit (a,b,g) binds to the IgE antibody?

A

Alpha

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7
Q

What are the two pro-inflammatory products of Arachidonic acid?

A

Prostaglandin

Leukotrienes

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8
Q

What causes Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease?

A

Over production of Leukotrienes (because NSAIDS inhibit Prostaglandins which are supposed to inhibit Leukotrienes)

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9
Q

What would you suspect with lots of Eosinophils?

A

Parasite infection

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10
Q

What’s the major toxic part of Eosinophils called?

A

Major basic protein

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11
Q

What’s the purpose of the basophil?

A

Helps initiate the Th2 by producing IL-4, which initiates IgE response

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12
Q

What’s the “Wheal and Flare” response?

A

What happens with a mosquito bite on the surface of the skin (and other allergens)

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13
Q

What are the differences between the Acute response and Chronic response of Asthma?

A

Acute response: caused by allergen (antigen) and inflammatory mediators
Chronic response: caused later by cytokines and Eosinophil products

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14
Q

What’s a probably cause of genetically inherited allergies?

A

more likely to produce IL-4

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15
Q

What is the name of the deer tick that transfers Lymes disease?

A

Ixodes tick

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16
Q

What life cycle stage do deer ticks feed on humans/dogs (transfer lymes disease)?

A

Nymph (after larval stage and before adult)

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17
Q

What’s the spirochete called that causes lymes disease?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

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18
Q

What are the stages of Lyme disease?

A

Stage 1: (Progressive) erythema migrans (bulls eye) secondary lesions, flu-like, headache, muscle, joint pain, Neurological
Stage 2: (Disseminated) Organs involved, meningitis, Bells palsy, Carditis
Stage 3: (Late) Arthritis, skin lesions, neurologic

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19
Q

How does B. burgdorferi stay alive in the host?

A

resistant to host immune defenses (also it switches around its surface proteins by Vsle gene)

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20
Q

What is anaplasma phagocytophilum?

A

Another Ixodes tick spread bacteria (Doxycycline works)

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21
Q

What is borrellia miyamotoi?

A

Ixodes tick spread illness

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22
Q

How do we make “haptan” antibodies?

A

You conjugate a “drug” molecule with a self cell and it then becomes self reacting with B cells producing antibodies against it. (mainly IgG Type 2 response)

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23
Q

What antibody does Type 2 hypersensitivity produce?

A

IgG

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24
Q

What types of cells are targeted in Type 2 hypersensitivy?

A

Self cells (RBC’s or Mast cells)

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25
Q

What antibody is produced in a Type 3 response?

A

IgG

26
Q

What is targeted in a type 3 hypersensitivity?

A

large doses of Soluble antigen

27
Q

At what point is it easiest for your body to clear antigen?

A

later on, after cross linking

28
Q

What does meningitis present as benign, without encephalitis?

A

HSV (VZV, CMV, EBV)

29
Q

What’s LP?

A

lumbar puncture

30
Q

How does HSV manifest in the CNS?

A

Acute encephalitis (memory and psychiatric problems)

31
Q

What are the major bacterial pathogens that cause meningitis?

A

S. pneumo
Neisseria Meningitidis
Listeria

32
Q

How does the bacteria cause meningitis?

A

Nasopharyngitis……local invasion…..bacteremia….crosses the BBB

33
Q

What species of mosquitoes cause Malignant malaria?

A

Pl. Falciparum

34
Q

What 3 species cause benign malaria?

A

Pl. vivax
Pl. ovalae
Pl. Malaria

35
Q

What’s the difference between benign and malignant malaria?

A

Malignant: dangerous
Benign: not gonna kill you

36
Q

What cells are infected by malaria?

A

RBC’s,

37
Q

What makes Pl. falciparum lethal?

A

targets RBCs of all ages
heavy parasitemia in RBC’s
Malaria toxin
It evades clearance (avoids the spleen)

38
Q

Where in the body does Malaria infect?

A

brain

retina

39
Q

What’s the bug for anthrax?

A

bacillus Anthracis (spore)

40
Q

Where does b. anthracis come from?

A

Cutaneous (common)
Injection (heroin)
livestock (eating it)
Inhalation (terrorism)

41
Q

What is the life cycle of the B. burgdorfei Ixodes tick?

A 
Spring: eggs hatch
Summer: larva feed on small infected animals
Fall/winter: nymph stage
Spring: nymph feeds on human/dog
Fall: Adult feeds on deer
42
Q

What’s an ELISA?

A

Enzyme-Linked-Immuno-Sorbent-Assay (aka EIA yellow color change)
IgM/IgG reacts to Whole Cell Lysate

43
Q

What’s Immunoblot/Western blot?

A

Proteins put on a band to show definitive Lymes disease

44
Q

What are the 2 tier systems for Lymes disease diagnoses?

A
  1. ELISA with IgM/IgG WCL

2. Immunoblot/Western blot (protein antigens show up)

45
Q

What causes Human Granulocytic anaplasmosis?

A

Anaplasma phagocytophilum (ixodes tick)

46
Q

What is babesia microti?

A

Ixodes tick infection

47
Q

What causes relapsing fever Borrelia?

A

Ixodes tick with B. Miyamotoi

48
Q

What causes tick borne encephalitis?

A

Viral ixodes tick infection

49
Q

What are the late signs of measles?

A

Rash

Kopliks spots

50
Q

What 3 diseases can be caused by Measles?

A

Pneumonia
Encephalitis
Death

51
Q

What two fungi can cause chronic sinusitis?

A

Mucor

Aspergillus

52
Q

What causes Bronchitis?

A

Bordettella Pertussis

53
Q

What do you treat strep pharyngitis with?

A

Penicillin

54
Q

What does S. aureus food poisoning cause?

A

Vomiting

55
Q

Why is PCR good for C. diff?

A

May detect asymptomatic carriers

56
Q

What are the drugs to treat uncomplicated cystitis?

A

Nitrofurantoin

TMP/SMX (bactrin)

57
Q

What are the drugs to treat uncomplicated pyelonephritis?

A

Fluoroquinolones

TMP/SMX (bactrin)

58
Q

How can you get infected by a hook worm?

A

Soil to skin

59
Q

How do you get infected by Schistosomas?

A

Freshwater skin penetration

60
Q

What type of fever does Schistosomas cause?

A

Katayama

Host and Defense Test 3 (6 decks)

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