Test 3 Week 3 Flashcards
What mediates the response to bee sting venom?
Histamine (lower blood pressure, constricted airways, swelling, smooth muscle contraction “diarrhea, vomit”)
Where do humans have connective tissue mast cells?
Skin
Where are mucosal mast cells found in humans?
Lung Intestine (Tcell dependent...if Tcell deficient they have problems with these.
What are the major contents in mast cell granules?
Proteases
How does the IgE allergen response work?
Allergen activatesTh2 and B cells
Isotype switching to IgE
IgE binds to mast cells (irreversible)
Second allergen attack activates the mast cells
Which subunit (a,b,g) binds to the IgE antibody?
Alpha
What are the two pro-inflammatory products of Arachidonic acid?
Prostaglandin
Leukotrienes
What causes Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease?
Over production of Leukotrienes (because NSAIDS inhibit Prostaglandins which are supposed to inhibit Leukotrienes)
What would you suspect with lots of Eosinophils?
Parasite infection
What’s the major toxic part of Eosinophils called?
Major basic protein
What’s the purpose of the basophil?
Helps initiate the Th2 by producing IL-4, which initiates IgE response
What’s the “Wheal and Flare” response?
What happens with a mosquito bite on the surface of the skin (and other allergens)
What are the differences between the Acute response and Chronic response of Asthma?
Acute response: caused by allergen (antigen) and inflammatory mediators
Chronic response: caused later by cytokines and Eosinophil products
What’s a probably cause of genetically inherited allergies?
more likely to produce IL-4
What is the name of the deer tick that transfers Lymes disease?
Ixodes tick
What life cycle stage do deer ticks feed on humans/dogs (transfer lymes disease)?
Nymph (after larval stage and before adult)
What’s the spirochete called that causes lymes disease?
Borrelia burgdorferi
What are the stages of Lyme disease?
Stage 1: (Progressive) erythema migrans (bulls eye) secondary lesions, flu-like, headache, muscle, joint pain, Neurological
Stage 2: (Disseminated) Organs involved, meningitis, Bells palsy, Carditis
Stage 3: (Late) Arthritis, skin lesions, neurologic
How does B. burgdorferi stay alive in the host?
resistant to host immune defenses (also it switches around its surface proteins by Vsle gene)
What is anaplasma phagocytophilum?
Another Ixodes tick spread bacteria (Doxycycline works)
What is borrellia miyamotoi?
Ixodes tick spread illness
How do we make “haptan” antibodies?
You conjugate a “drug” molecule with a self cell and it then becomes self reacting with B cells producing antibodies against it. (mainly IgG Type 2 response)
What antibody does Type 2 hypersensitivity produce?
IgG
What types of cells are targeted in Type 2 hypersensitivy?
Self cells (RBC’s or Mast cells)
What antibody is produced in a Type 3 response?
IgG
What is targeted in a type 3 hypersensitivity?
large doses of Soluble antigen
At what point is it easiest for your body to clear antigen?
later on, after cross linking
What does meningitis present as benign, without encephalitis?
HSV (VZV, CMV, EBV)
What’s LP?
lumbar puncture
How does HSV manifest in the CNS?
Acute encephalitis (memory and psychiatric problems)
What are the major bacterial pathogens that cause meningitis?
S. pneumo
Neisseria Meningitidis
Listeria
How does the bacteria cause meningitis?
Nasopharyngitis……local invasion…..bacteremia….crosses the BBB
What species of mosquitoes cause Malignant malaria?
Pl. Falciparum
What 3 species cause benign malaria?
Pl. vivax
Pl. ovalae
Pl. Malaria
What’s the difference between benign and malignant malaria?
Malignant: dangerous
Benign: not gonna kill you
What cells are infected by malaria?
RBC’s,
What makes Pl. falciparum lethal?
targets RBCs of all ages
heavy parasitemia in RBC’s
Malaria toxin
It evades clearance (avoids the spleen)
Where in the body does Malaria infect?
brain
retina
What’s the bug for anthrax?
bacillus Anthracis (spore)
Where does b. anthracis come from?
Cutaneous (common)
Injection (heroin)
livestock (eating it)
Inhalation (terrorism)
What is the life cycle of the B. burgdorfei Ixodes tick?
Spring: eggs hatch Summer: larva feed on small infected animals Fall/winter: nymph stage Spring: nymph feeds on human/dog Fall: Adult feeds on deer
What’s an ELISA?
Enzyme-Linked-Immuno-Sorbent-Assay (aka EIA yellow color change)
IgM/IgG reacts to Whole Cell Lysate
What’s Immunoblot/Western blot?
Proteins put on a band to show definitive Lymes disease
What are the 2 tier systems for Lymes disease diagnoses?
- ELISA with IgM/IgG WCL
2. Immunoblot/Western blot (protein antigens show up)
What causes Human Granulocytic anaplasmosis?
Anaplasma phagocytophilum (ixodes tick)
What is babesia microti?
Ixodes tick infection
What causes relapsing fever Borrelia?
Ixodes tick with B. Miyamotoi
What causes tick borne encephalitis?
Viral ixodes tick infection
What are the late signs of measles?
Rash
Kopliks spots
What 3 diseases can be caused by Measles?
Pneumonia
Encephalitis
Death
What two fungi can cause chronic sinusitis?
Mucor
Aspergillus
What causes Bronchitis?
Bordettella Pertussis
What do you treat strep pharyngitis with?
Penicillin
What does S. aureus food poisoning cause?
Vomiting
Why is PCR good for C. diff?
May detect asymptomatic carriers
What are the drugs to treat uncomplicated cystitis?
Nitrofurantoin
TMP/SMX (bactrin)
What are the drugs to treat uncomplicated pyelonephritis?
Fluoroquinolones
TMP/SMX (bactrin)
How can you get infected by a hook worm?
Soil to skin
How do you get infected by Schistosomas?
Freshwater skin penetration
What type of fever does Schistosomas cause?
Katayama
