Test 3 Week 2 Flashcards
What age group gets “rotavirus” more?
Kids
What age group gets “giardia” more?
Adults
What does the EIA (enzyme immunoassay) do? What’s it for?
Changes color when it binds antigen
detecting antigen in GI
What does the LFA test do (lateral flow assay)? What’s it for?
Detects antigens from GI
Faster than EIA
What color does Vibrio Cholera grow?
Yellow
What is ETEC?
Entero Toxic E.Coli (ET was a Traveler)
What are the 4 non-inflammatory diarrheal causes?
Vibrio Cholera, ETEC, S. Aureus, Bacillus Cereus
What are three systemic things Salmonella can cause?
Osteomyelitis
Endocarditis
Mycotic Aneurysm
What is dysentery?
Bloody diarrhea
What’s the most used agar for Salmonella and Shigella?
HE
Mac
What color is Salmonella?
Black
What color is Shigella?
Green
What are two things about campylobacter to know about it’s growth?
Microaerophilic
42 degree growth
What are two things Yersinia Enterocolitica is known for?
Longer onset, longer duration (hence the granulomatous lymph nodes)
What type of a colony does Yersinia Entero grow?
Bulls Eye on CIN
What’s the number for EHEC?
0157:H7 (STEC: shiga toxin E.coli)
What are two things to know about Salmonella Typhi?
Southeast Asia
Bradycardia
What are the 6 non-inflammatory diarrheal causes?
Vibrio Cholera, ETEC, S. Aureus, Bacillus Cereus
Rotovirus, Norovirus
Where does “norovirus” get spread most often?
on cruise ships
How long do diarrheal viruses take to heal?
3-7 days
What is ORS?
Oral Rehydration solution (salts)
What type of diarrhea do viruses cause?
watery
Where do “noninflammatory” diarrhea occur? and What type of poop is it?
Small intestine
Watery
Where is “inflammatory” diarrhea occuring? What are symptoms?
Colon
Dysentery (bloody)
fever/GI pain
What are the 5 inflammatory diarrheal causes? SSCYE
Shigella Salmonella Campylobacter Yersinia Enterocolitica EHEC (also Clostridium difficile)
What are the two things that can be done to help reduce HAI’s? (healthcare acquired infections)
Transmission from one person to another
Portal of entry
What would cause an “uncomplicated UTI”?
- Infection
* *Not pregnant
* *Normal Urinary anatomy
* *No comorbidities (healthy)
What would cause a “complicated UTI”?
Any one of these....(it's harder for these people to clear it) Pregnant Abnormal urological anatomy Diabetic Immune compromised Catheter Male
What’s the difference between “urethritis”, “cystitis” and “pyelonephritis”?
Urethritis: infection of urethra
Cystitis: lower bladder infection
Pyelonephritis: Upper UTI (kidneys, ureters)
What is “dysuria”
pain with urinating
What are the symptoms of cystitis?
Dysuria
increased urge and frequency to urinate
Suprapubic pain
What are the symptoms of ‘pyelonephritis”?
Fever/Chills
Vertebral pain
Nausea/Vomiting
Cystitis
What are the 3 diagnostics for old person UTI?
Symptoms
Culture
Inflammation on urinalysis (dipstick of urine with WBC)
When would antibiotics be used on an “asymptomatic UTI”?
Pregnant
Pre-urology procedure
Renal transplant
Neutropenic (no neutrophils)
What’s the most frequently ordered, but least sensitive test?
O and P trichome
What is “pyuria”?
pus in the urine
What’s different about Catheter associated UTI’s?
Lack of symptoms (no need to urinate or frequency)
lack of pyuria means they don’t have Ca-UTI
What’s the current recommended approach, especially for domestic parasite diarrhea? (giardia, E. Hysto, Crypto)
EIA/LFA (eia is a “sandwich” antigen test, lfa is like a pregnancy antigen test)
Can normal stains detect coccidia?
no
What’s the test of the future?
PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
What’s the longest roundworm?
Ascaris
Where does the “trichurus” whipworm reside?
Colon
How long do hookworms live?
5-7 years (longest)
What was the last adjuvant approved for vaccines?
Monophosphoryl Lipid A
FENDrix Cervavix
How do adjuvants work?
They help the vaccine work in the best possible way
What’s an attenuated vaccine?
It is “live” but has reduced virulence
What’s a “killed” vaccine?
It’s inactivated pathogen, requires adjuvant, and multiple doses to be effective
What are the 5 things O and P stains don’t see?
Cryptospore Cyclospore Isospore Microsporidia Entamoeba hystolytica
What’s the current state of the art Ova and Parasite exam?
Formalin and Polyvinyl alcohol Fixed
How many specimens should be collected from suspected worms/parasites patients?
3 stools on different days
What type of antigens produce the best vaccines?
Thymus dependent
What type of immunoglobulin is transferred through the placenta?
IgG
What type of immunoglobulin is transferred through the milk?
IgA
What are the 7 preventable infections from a hospital?
CLABSI (central line associated blood infection) CAUTI (catheter associated UTI) SSI (surgical site infection) C. diff MRSA pneumo GI illness
What are 8 common hospital acquired pathogens?
C. diff Staph aureus Klebsiella E.Coli Enterococcus Pseudomonas A. Candida Streptococcus
What are the 3 Gram neg bugs that cause UTI?
E coli
Klebsiella
Proteus Mirabilis
What is asymptomatic bacteriuria?
Positive urine culture without symptoms of UTI and no signs of inflammation.
How is an O and P exam done?
Fixed with “formalin and polyvinyl alcohol”
Specimen is concentrated
Trichrome stain
Iodine stain
What are the most common “uncomplicated Pyelonephritis” medications used?
Fluoroquinolones
TMP-SMX (bactrim)
