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Host and Defense Test 3 > Test 3 Week 2 > Flashcards

Test 3 Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What age group gets “rotavirus” more?

A

Kids

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2
Q

What age group gets “giardia” more?

A

Adults

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3
Q

What does the EIA (enzyme immunoassay) do? What’s it for?

A

Changes color when it binds antigen

detecting antigen in GI

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4
Q

What does the LFA test do (lateral flow assay)? What’s it for?

A

Detects antigens from GI

Faster than EIA

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5
Q

What color does Vibrio Cholera grow?

A

Yellow

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6
Q

What is ETEC?

A

Entero Toxic E.Coli (ET was a Traveler)

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7
Q

What are the 4 non-inflammatory diarrheal causes?

A

Vibrio Cholera, ETEC, S. Aureus, Bacillus Cereus

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8
Q

What are three systemic things Salmonella can cause?

A

Osteomyelitis
Endocarditis
Mycotic Aneurysm

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9
Q

What is dysentery?

A

Bloody diarrhea

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10
Q

What’s the most used agar for Salmonella and Shigella?

A

HE

Mac

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11
Q

What color is Salmonella?

A

Black

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12
Q

What color is Shigella?

A

Green

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13
Q

What are two things about campylobacter to know about it’s growth?

A

Microaerophilic

42 degree growth

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14
Q

What are two things Yersinia Enterocolitica is known for?

A

Longer onset, longer duration (hence the granulomatous lymph nodes)

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15
Q

What type of a colony does Yersinia Entero grow?

A

Bulls Eye on CIN

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16
Q

What’s the number for EHEC?

A

0157:H7 (STEC: shiga toxin E.coli)

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17
Q

What are two things to know about Salmonella Typhi?

A

Southeast Asia

Bradycardia

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18
Q

What are the 6 non-inflammatory diarrheal causes?

A

Vibrio Cholera, ETEC, S. Aureus, Bacillus Cereus

Rotovirus, Norovirus

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19
Q

Where does “norovirus” get spread most often?

A

on cruise ships

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20
Q

How long do diarrheal viruses take to heal?

A

3-7 days

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21
Q

What is ORS?

A

Oral Rehydration solution (salts)

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22
Q

What type of diarrhea do viruses cause?

A

watery

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23
Q

Where do “noninflammatory” diarrhea occur? and What type of poop is it?

A

Small intestine

Watery

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24
Q

Where is “inflammatory” diarrhea occuring? What are symptoms?

A

Colon
Dysentery (bloody)
fever/GI pain

25
Q

What are the 5 inflammatory diarrheal causes? SSCYE

A 
Shigella
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Yersinia Enterocolitica
EHEC
(also Clostridium difficile)
26
Q

What are the two things that can be done to help reduce HAI’s? (healthcare acquired infections)

A

Transmission from one person to another

Portal of entry

27
Q

What would cause an “uncomplicated UTI”?

A
  1. Infection
    * *Not pregnant
    * *Normal Urinary anatomy
    * *No comorbidities (healthy)
28
Q

What would cause a “complicated UTI”?

A 
Any one of these....(it's harder for these people to clear it)
Pregnant
Abnormal urological anatomy
Diabetic
Immune compromised
Catheter
Male
29
Q

What’s the difference between “urethritis”, “cystitis” and “pyelonephritis”?

A

Urethritis: infection of urethra
Cystitis: lower bladder infection
Pyelonephritis: Upper UTI (kidneys, ureters)

30
Q

What is “dysuria”

A

pain with urinating

31
Q

What are the symptoms of cystitis?

A

Dysuria
increased urge and frequency to urinate
Suprapubic pain

32
Q

What are the symptoms of ‘pyelonephritis”?

A

Fever/Chills
Vertebral pain
Nausea/Vomiting
Cystitis

33
Q

What are the 3 diagnostics for old person UTI?

A

Symptoms
Culture
Inflammation on urinalysis (dipstick of urine with WBC)

34
Q

When would antibiotics be used on an “asymptomatic UTI”?

A

Pregnant
Pre-urology procedure
Renal transplant
Neutropenic (no neutrophils)

35
Q

What’s the most frequently ordered, but least sensitive test?

A

O and P trichome

36
Q

What is “pyuria”?

A

pus in the urine

37
Q

What’s different about Catheter associated UTI’s?

A

Lack of symptoms (no need to urinate or frequency)

lack of pyuria means they don’t have Ca-UTI

38
Q

What’s the current recommended approach, especially for domestic parasite diarrhea? (giardia, E. Hysto, Crypto)

A

EIA/LFA (eia is a “sandwich” antigen test, lfa is like a pregnancy antigen test)

39
Q

Can normal stains detect coccidia?

A

no

40
Q

What’s the test of the future?

A

PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

41
Q

What’s the longest roundworm?

A

Ascaris

42
Q

Where does the “trichurus” whipworm reside?

A

Colon

43
Q

How long do hookworms live?

A

5-7 years (longest)

44
Q

What was the last adjuvant approved for vaccines?

A

Monophosphoryl Lipid A

FENDrix Cervavix

45
Q

How do adjuvants work?

A

They help the vaccine work in the best possible way

46
Q

What’s an attenuated vaccine?

A

It is “live” but has reduced virulence

47
Q

What’s a “killed” vaccine?

A

It’s inactivated pathogen, requires adjuvant, and multiple doses to be effective

48
Q

What are the 5 things O and P stains don’t see?

A 
Cryptospore
Cyclospore
Isospore
Microsporidia
Entamoeba hystolytica
49
Q

What’s the current state of the art Ova and Parasite exam?

A

Formalin and Polyvinyl alcohol Fixed

50
Q

How many specimens should be collected from suspected worms/parasites patients?

A

3 stools on different days

51
Q

What type of antigens produce the best vaccines?

A

Thymus dependent

52
Q

What type of immunoglobulin is transferred through the placenta?

A

IgG

53
Q

What type of immunoglobulin is transferred through the milk?

A

IgA

54
Q

What are the 7 preventable infections from a hospital?

A 
CLABSI (central line associated blood infection)
CAUTI (catheter associated UTI)
SSI (surgical site infection)
C. diff
MRSA
pneumo
GI illness
55
Q

What are 8 common hospital acquired pathogens?

A 
C. diff
Staph aureus
Klebsiella
E.Coli
Enterococcus
Pseudomonas A. 
Candida
Streptococcus
56
Q

What are the 3 Gram neg bugs that cause UTI?

A

E coli
Klebsiella
Proteus Mirabilis

57
Q

What is asymptomatic bacteriuria?

A

Positive urine culture without symptoms of UTI and no signs of inflammation.

58
Q

How is an O and P exam done?

A

Fixed with “formalin and polyvinyl alcohol”
Specimen is concentrated
Trichrome stain
Iodine stain

59
Q

What are the most common “uncomplicated Pyelonephritis” medications used?

A

Fluoroquinolones

TMP-SMX (bactrim)

Host and Defense Test 3 (6 decks)

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