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Geology > test 3 study guide > Flashcards

test 3 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

drainage basin

A

Total area drained by a stream and its tributaries

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2
Q

meander

A

A pronounced sinuous curve along a stream’s course.

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3
Q

floodplain

A

A broad strip of land built up by sedimentation on either side of a stream channel.

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4
Q

saltation

A

A mode of transport that carries sediment downcurrent in a series of short leaps or bounces.

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5
Q

recurrence interval

A

the average time between floods of a given discharge

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6
Q

point bar

A

A stream bar (see definition) deposited on the inside of a curve in the stream, where the water velocity is low.

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7
Q

delta

A

A body of sediment deposited at the mouth of a river when the river velocity decreases as it flows into a standing body of water.

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8
Q

traction

A

Movement by rolling, sliding, or dragging of sediment fragments along a stream bottom.

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9
Q

Braided stream

A

A stream that flows in a network of many interconnected rivulets around numerous bars.

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10
Q

Alluvial fan

A

Large, fan-shaped pile of sediment that usually forms where a stream’s velocity decreases as it emerges from a narrow canyon onto a flat plain at the foot of a mountain range.

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11
Q

Passive margin (E)

A

A margin that includes a continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise that generally extends down to an abyssal plain at a depth of about 5 kilometers.

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12
Q

mid-ocean ridge

A

A giant mountain range that lies under the ocean and extends around the world.

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13
Q

active margin (W)

A

A margin consisting of a continental shelf, a continental slope, and an oceanic trench.

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14
Q

turbidity current

A

A flowing mass of sediment-laden water that is heavier than clear water and therefore flows downslope along the bottom of the sea or a lake.

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15
Q

aseismic ridge

A

Submarine ridge with which no earthquakes are associated.

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16
Q

continental shelf

A

A submarine platform at the edge of a continent, inclined very gently seaward generally at an angle of less than 1°.

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17
Q

abyssal plain

A

Very flat, sediment-covered region of the deep-sea floor, usually at the base of the continental rise.

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18
Q

seamount

A

Conical mountain rising 1,000 meters or more above the sea floor.

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19
Q

Seamount

A

Conical mountain rising 1,000 meters or more above the sea floor.

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20
Q

Crevasses

A

Open fissure in a glacier.

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21
Q

artesian well

A

A well in which water rises above the aquifer.

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22
Q

Recahrge

A

The addition of new water to an aquifer or to the zone of saturation.

23
Q

subsidence

A

Sinking or down warping of a part of the Earth’s surface.

24
Q

sinkhole

A

A closed depression found on land surfaces underlain by limestone.

25
Q

aquifer

A

A body of saturated rock or sediment through which water can move readily

26
Q

discharge

A

In a stream, the volume of water that flows past a given point in a unit of time.

27
Q

cone of depression

A

A depression of the water table formed around a well when water is pumped out; it is shaped like an inverted cone.

28
Q

desert

A

A region with low precipitation (usually defined as less than 25 centimeters per year).

29
Q

Mesa

A

broad, flat-topped hill bounded by cliffs and capped with a resistant rock layer.

30
Q

Playa

A

A very flat surface underlain by hard, mud-cracked clay.

31
Q

flash floods vs regular floods

A

flash flood covers smaller area and is over and done very quickly.

32
Q

Understand how gradient affects velocity, and how velocity affects a streams ability to erode, transport, and deposit sediment

A

High velocity = large grains

high velocity streams are dominated by erosion and transport low velocity are dominated by transport and deposition

33
Q

Name describe, and understand the different ways in which a stream transports sediment.

A

Bed load- gravel and sand
Suspended load- silt clay muddy water
Dissolved load- soluble products of chemical weathering, ions, invisible, present in all streams.

34
Q

Understand the concepts of downcutting, base level, and lateral erosion, and how they are interrelated.

A

Downcutting- A valley-deepening process caused by erosion of a streambed.
Base Level- theoretical limit of downcutting
Lateral Erosion- Erosion and undercutting of stream banks caused by a stream swinging from side to side across its valley floor.

35
Q

Understand the concepts of downcutting, base level, and lateral erosion, and how they are interrelated.

A

Downcutting- A valley-deepening process caused by erosion of a streambed.
Base Level- theoretical limit of downcutting
Lateral Erosion- Erosion and undercutting of stream banks caused by a stream swinging from side to side across its valley floor.

36
Q

Know stream terraces’ relationship to base level.

A

Stream terrace is a response to drop in base level. When base level drops a stream that is meandering will renew downcutting and carve a new lower flood plane and leave the older one up high as a terrace.

37
Q

Be able to identify three basic drainage patterns and what they indicate about the underlying geology.

A

Dendritic- horizontal sedimentary rock
Radial- volcanic landforms
Trellis- folded sedimentary rock

38
Q

Know the definitions of and difference between porosity and permeability.

A

porosity- the amount of rock that is openings, ability to hold water
permeability- ability to transmit water, requires connected openings

39
Q

Understand what the water table is, including its position in space and time.

A

its the underground level of water, upper surface of the saturated zone. Generally deeper at high elevations and shallower at low elevations.

40
Q

Know and be able to identify the subsurface groundwater zones.

A

Water table- The upper surface of the zone of saturation.
Saturated zone- A subsurface zone in which all rock openings are filled with water.
Unsaturated zone- A subsurface zone in which rock openings are generally unsaturated and filled partly with air and partly with water; above the saturated zone.
unconfined aquifer- closer to surface, recharge can easily get in, fluctuates with weather
confined aquifer- separated from the surface by confining layer, recharge passes through aquitard, deeper fewer fluctuations.

41
Q

Explain how some rock/soil can purify contaminated (sewage) GW and why others can’t. speed/velocity

A

Some soil/rocks are too permeable and the water passes through so fast the micro organisms don’t have time to cleanse.

42
Q

Be able to explain the origin of caves, including information about rock type and relationship to fractures

A

Soluble rock: Gypsum, halite, dolomite, limestone
Groundwater
Fractures

43
Q

List the three steps/phases in the formation of glacial ice.

A

Snow
Firn (takes about a year to form, is the partially compacted granular snow)
Ice

44
Q

Understand the relationship of glacial budget to glacial advance/retreat.

A

Positive budget means glacier is accumulating more than losing so it grows
Negative budget means opposite so it shrinks

45
Q

moraine

A

A body of till either being carried on a glacier or left behind after a glacier has receded.

46
Q

till

A

Unsorted and unlayered rock debris carried by a glacier.

47
Q

outwash

A

Material deposited by debris-laden meltwater from a glacier.

48
Q

outwash

A

Material deposited by debris-laden meltwater from a glacier.

49
Q

Sea Level

A

Sea level rises as glaciers retreat and drops as glaciers advance.

50
Q

What is the dominant agent of land sculpture in deserts?

A

running water

51
Q

What is the dominant rock structure (orientation) in the Colorado Plateau?

A

Horizontal sedimentary rock

52
Q

Rock structure in the CO Plateau results in what types of landforms?

A

Canyons, mesas, and buttes

53
Q

Explain two reasons that wind is more effective in deserts than humid regions.

A

wind is less dense than water, stronger, less vegetation, and wind can’t pick up wet seds

Geology (4 decks)

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