Test 3 Study Guide

Question 1

_______________a lawmaking body made up of two chambers or parts. The US congress is made of House of Representatives and Senate

Answer 1

Bicameral legislature:

Question 2

_____________ permanently established legstilative committees that consider and are responsible for legislation within a certain subject area

Answer 2

standing committees:

Question 3

_____________a proposed legislation under consideration by a legislative. It does not become a law until it is passed by legislative and approved by the president

Answer 3

bill:

Question 4

________________ An attempt to defeat a bill in the senate by talking in definitely this preventing the senate from taking action on the bill

Answer 4

filibusters:

Question 5

______________a rule used by the senate to end or limit debate

Answer 5

cloture (rule):

Question 6

_________________ a rule used by the senate to end or limit debate

Answer 6

logrolling (see book Index):

Question 7

1. According to data presented in the text, do the people generally have a higher approval rating of the Congress today as compared to 2000?

Answer 7

A legislator supports a proposal favored by another legislator in return for the support of his.

Question 8

2. In the past 50 years, does the data suggest that House and Senate incumbents are re-elected a majority of the time?

Answer 8

Most incumbents house members win and win big in their districts. A senators though same what less secure than house members still win the vast majority of the time. However, in the last decade ratings are 1/2 that of earlier levels, less than 20% and have sometimes dipped below 10%.

Question 9

3. What are the three “theories of representation” with respect to members of Congress? According to the text, what type of issue will representatives most likely vote as delegates?
   The current Wilson book does not address these “theories of representation” directly. However here is a link to a page from the Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns, Elections, and Electoral Behavior, edited by Kenneth F. Warren, SAGE Publications, 2008:

Answer 9

Three theories of representation with respect to members of congress. Three main models of representation are used for classifications by political scientists
-Delegate roll type: also know as instructed delegate officials who view their role as a delegate will strive to directly reflect the will of the people they represent as closely as possible; they represent as closely as possible. They represent as closely as possible. Strict delegates put view of their constituents first

• Trustee role type: representatives who see themselves as trustees will be concerned with the broad dispositions of their district but will feel free to exercise their own best judgement when making decisions. Trustees think voters expect judgement, wisdom a expertise from their representative
• Politicos: most representatives do not see themselves as pure delegates or pure trusted but somewhere in between. A politico typically acts as a trustee on matter for which there is not public guidance, but feels compelled to act as a delegate when constituents express a strong opinion

Question 10

_______________ also know as instructed delegate officials who view their role as a delegate will strive to directly reflect the will of the people they represent as closely as possible; they represent as closely as possible. They represent as closely as possible. Strict delegates put view of their constituents first

Answer 10

-Delegate roll type:

Question 11

________________ representatives who see themselves as trustees will be concerned with the broad dispositions of their district but will feel free to exercise their own best judgement when making decisions. Trustees think voters expect judgement, wisdom a expertise from their representative

Answer 11

-Trustee role type:

Question 12

___________ most representatives do not see themselves as pure delegates or pure trusted but somewhere in between. A politico typically acts as a trustee on matter for which there is not public guidance, but feels compelled to act as a delegate when constituents express a strong opinion

Answer 12

-Politicos:

Question 13

4. What are the key party leadership positions for the Senate (President Pro Temp-ore, Majority Leader, Majority Whip, Minority Leader, Minority Whip) and the House of Representatives (Speaker, Majority Leader, Majority Whip, Minority Leader, Minority Whip)? What are the basic powers and responsibilities for each leadership position? Which leaders play the most important role (most powerful) in each house of Congress?

Answer 13

Senate:

• President Pro Temp-ore: the majority party choses one of its members- usually the person with greatest seniority- to be president Pro Temper. This is a historic position for when the Vice President is absent
• Majority leader: The leader elected by party members holding the majority of seats in the the senate
• Minority leader: elected leader of the minority party
• Majority Whip: A senator or representative who helps the party leader stay informed about what party members in the majority party are thinking
• Minority Whip: A senator or representative who helps the party leader stay informed about what party members in the minority party are thinking

House of Representatives:

• Speaker of the House: the presiding officer of the House of Representatives and the leader of his party in the house. He is elected by whatever party is in the majority. This position is most important person in body. Expected to use powers to help pass legislation.
• Majority leader: The leader elected by party members holding the majority of seats in the house
• Minority leader: elected leader of the minority part

Question 14

Senate:
___________ the majority party choses one of its members- usually the person with greatest seniority- to be president Pro Temper. This is a historic position for when the Vice President is absent

Answer 14

-President Pro Temp-ore:

Question 15

Senate:

_____________ The leader elected by party members holding the majority of seats in the the senate

Answer 15

-Majority leader:

Question 16

Senate:

_____________ elected leader of the minority party

Answer 16

-Minority leader:

Question 17

Senate:
_____________ A senator or representative who helps the party leader stay informed about what party members in the majority party are thinking

Answer 17

-Majority Whip:

Question 18

Senate:
_____________: A senator or representative who helps the party leader stay informed about what party members in the minority party are thinking

Answer 18

Minority Whip

Question 19

House of Representatives:
________________ the presiding officer of the House of Representatives and the leader of his party in the house. He is elected by whatever party is in the majority. This position is most important person in body. Expected to use powers to help pass legislation.

Answer 19

-Speaker of the House:

Question 20

House of Representatives:

______________The leader elected by party members holding the majority of seats in the house

Answer 20

-Majority leader:

Question 21

House of Representatives:

______________ elected leader of the minority part

Answer 21

-Minority leader:

Question 22

5. Know the basic steps required for a bill to become a law, including: introduction, standing committee action, rule committee action (House only), floor action, possible conference committee action, final passage, the choices for presidential action, and possible congressional override of presidential veto. Also see the “Veto Power” section in Chapter 14, which outlines the choices for presidential action. According to the text, do most bills become law? Here is some help on this one(According to govtrack.com, in the 114th Congress (1/2015 to 1/2017), 12,063 bills were introduced. Of that total, only 329 (3%) were actually enacted into law.)

Answer 22

Introduction: any member of congress can introduce a bill: in the house by handing it to a clerk or dropping it in a box and in the senate by being recognized by presiding officer and announcing bills in the introduction

Standing Action committee: a billed is then rendered to standing committee by speaker of the house or or senates presiding officer. Assignment is important; most bills check in committee. Bills of general interest are assigned to subcommittees for a hearing where witnesses appear, evident is taken and questions are asked

Rule of committee action (house only): a powerful committee in house only on arm of the party leadership especially of the speaker, sets limits on debate

Floor action: once on the floor, the bill is re-debated

Final Passage: congress votes on bill (both chambers must vote and what they are voting on must match or must have conference action)

Question 23

______________ congress votes on bill (both chambers must vote and what they are voting on must match or must have conference action)

Answer 23

Final Passage:

Question 24

______________ once on the floor, the bill is re-debated

Answer 24

Floor action:

Question 25

________________ a powerful committee in house only on arm of the party leadership especially of the speaker, sets limits on debate

Answer 25

Rule of committee action (house only):

Question 26

_________________ a billed is then rendered to standing committee by speaker of the house or or senates presiding officer. Assignment is important; most bills check in committee. Bills of general interest are assigned to subcommittees for a hearing where witnesses appear, evident is taken and questions are asked

Answer 26

Standing Action committee:

Question 27

6. (See “judicial review” in Chapter 16) Does the Supreme Court have the authority to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress? Has the Court ever struck down federal laws?

Answer 27

Judicial review: the right of the federal courts to declare laws of congress act of executive branch void and unenforceable. If they are judged in conflict with the constitution. Judicial review is the federal courts chief weapon in the system of checks and balances of supremacy court has struck down federal laws 160 times

Question 28

________________The heads of the 15 executive branch departments of the federal government

Answer 28

cabinet (the “formal body”) :

Question 29

______________ one political party controls white house and another political party controls one or both chambers of congress

Answer 29

divided government:

Question 30

___________ the procedure established under the constitution by which the president refuses to approve a bill or joint resolution and thus prevents its enactment into law. A regular veto occurs when the president returns the legislation in house in which its originated. The president usually returns vetoed bill with a message indicates his reasons for rejecting the measure. The veto can be overridden only by 2/3 vote in congress

Answer 30

veto:

Question 31

_______________The constitution grants the president 10 days to review a measure passed by the Congress. If the president has not signed the bill after 10 days, it becomes law without his signature. However, if congress adjourns during the 10-day period, the bill does not become law

Answer 31

pocket-veto:

Question 32

___________“line item veto” authority to veto part rather than all of appropriations act. The president does not now have item veto authority. He must sign or veto the entire appropriations act.

Answer 32

Item Veto:

Question 33

_________________ A presidential directive that calls for action within the executive branch

Answer 33

Executive orders:

Question 34

_________________ An international agreement, usually regarding routine administrative matters not warranting a formal treaty made by the executive branch of the US government without ratification by the Senate

Answer 34

Executive agreements:

Question 35

What constitutional powers does the president exercise alone? What powers are shared with Senate? What powers are shared with the Congress as a whole? (know appointment power, treaty power, executive agreement and executive order power, legislative power, pardon power)

Answer 35

Powers of the President Alone:

• Commander and Chief of armed forces
• Commissions officers to armed forces
• Grant reprieves and pardons for federal officers
• Convene congress in special sessions
• Receive ambassadors
• Take care that the laws are faithfully executed
• Weld the executive power
• Appoint officials to lesson offices, powers President shares with congress as a whole; both house and senate

Powers President shares with Senate:

• make treaties
• appoint ambassadors judges and high officials

Powers President shares with congress:
-approve legislation

Question 36

Powers of the President Alone:

Answer 36

• Commander and Chief of armed forces
• Commissions officers to armed forces
• Grant reprieves and pardons for federal officers
• Convene congress in special sessions
• Receive ambassadors
• Take care that the laws are faithfully executed
• Weld the executive power
• Appoint officials to lesson offices, powers President shares with congress as a whole; both house and senate

Question 37

Powers President shares with Senate:

Answer 37

• make treaties

- appoint ambassadors judges and high officials

Question 38

Powers President shares with congress:

Answer 38

-approve legislation

Question 39

2. According to the Neustadt, how important is a president’s power to persuade?

Answer 39

• Appointment power: the appointment clauses gives the president, the power to appoint federal officials. He has power to appoint federal judges, ambassadors and other principal officers
• Treaty power: The president has power- with advice and consent of senate to make treaties, provided 2013 of Senators
• Executive agreement: An international agreement, usually regarding routine administrative matters not warranting a formal treaty
• Legislative power: The president can veto any bill passed by congress and unless 2/3 in each house override the veto the bill will not become law
• Pardon Power: President has power to grant pardons or suspend sentence of any person convicted of any offense

Question 40

________________ the appointment clauses gives the president, the power to appoint federal officials. He has power to appoint federal judges, ambassadors and other principal officers

Answer 40

-Appointment power:

Question 41

______________The president has power- with advice and consent of senate to make treaties, provided 2013 of Senators

Answer 41

-Treaty power:

Question 42

___________________ The president can veto any bill passed by congress and unless 2/3 in each house override the veto the bill will not become law

Answer 42

-Legislative power:

Question 43

_________________ President has power to grant pardons or suspend sentence of any person convicted of any offense

Answer 43

-Pardon Power:

Question 44

________________ An international agreement, usually regarding routine administrative matters not warranting a formal treaty

Answer 44

-Executive agreement:

Question 45

3. From Truman to Barack Obama, what has happened to presidential “approval ratings” comparing the rate when they come in office versus the rate when they leave office? Any exceptions to the general trend?

Answer 45

The present’s approval ratings go down usually a lot by the time they leave office.

Question 46

4. In the event that vice-president is unable to succeed to the office of the president, know the next three officials who are in the presidential line of succession (according to the Presidential Succession Act of 1947)? For further information, please see a complete and current list from InfoPlease.com:
   https: //www.infoplease.com/order-presidential-succession-trump

Answer 46

The 25th amendment is president disability clause.

Question 47

5. Has the disability clause ever been used from the 25th Amendment?
   For a understandable and thorough presentation of the 25th Amendment, see:
   https://www.brookings.edu/blog/unpacked/2017/06/09/the-25th-amendment/

Answer 47

Yes voluntarily. President Clinton, Bush, and other invoked 25th amendment during medical procedures. No president has had the 25th amendment involuntary invoked by the vice president and his cabinet.

Question 48

6. What executive officers may be impeached and removed from office by the Congress? According to the Constitution, on what grounds may Congress impeach officials (See Article II, Sec. 4)? What is “impeachment,” and what body carries this out? Who may conduct the trial of impeachment? Have any presidents actually been impeached or removed from office? If so, which president(s)? How did President Nixon leave office?

What is impeachment..

Answer 48

Impeachment: charges against a president approved by a simple majority of the House of Representatives congress can remove the president, the vice president and also all civil officers of the US federal judges are frequent objects of impeachment. To be removed from office the impeachment person is now brought before the senate and must be convicted. The senate is president over by the chief justice of supreme court, senate hears evidence and makes its decision.

Only two presidents impeached:
-Andrew Jackson
-Bill Clinton
Richard Nixon resigned from office before he was impeached. He was them parked by his vice.

Question 49

_____________ The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional. This is courts chief weapon in system of checks and balances

Answer 49

judicial review:

Question 50

_____________ A written command by which a higher court orders a lower court to send documents in a case so that a higher court can review the lower courts decision

Answer 50

writ of certiorari:

Question 51

_______________a written statement by an attorney that summarizes a case and the laws and rulings that support it

Answer 51

Brief:

Question 52

_____________a brief submitted by a friend of the court

Answer 52

amicus curiae briefs:

Question 53

__________________ let the decision stand, allowing prior ruling to control a current case

Answer 53

stare deceases:

Question 54

1. What are basic differences between the judicial philosophies of “judicial restraint” and “judicial activism”?

Answer 54

Judicial restraint: the view that judges should decide cases strictly on the basis of the language of the laws of the constitution. Judges should only judge- that is confine themselves to those rules states in or clearly implied in constitution

Judicial activist: the view that judges should discern the general principles underlaying laws of the constitution and apply them to modern circumstances. The language in constitution is sometimes vague so they should amplify those principles on basis of moral economic philosophy and apply.

Question 55

_______________ the view that judges should decide cases strictly on the basis of the language of the laws of the constitution. Judges should only judge- that is confine themselves to those rules states in or clearly implied in constitution

Answer 55

Judicial restraint:

Question 56

_________________ the view that judges should discern the general principles underlaying laws of the constitution and apply them to modern circumstances. The language in constitution is sometimes vague so they should amplify those principles on basis of moral economic philosophy and apply.

Answer 56

Judicial activist:

Question 57

2. What is the significance of Marbury v. Madison (1803) in the development and power of the United States Supreme Court?

Answer 57

Marbury v. Madison: affirmed the power of judicial review (the power of courts to declare laws unconstitutional). Marshal wrote- it is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. Furthermore a law repugnant to the constitution is void.

Question 58

3. What are the differences between appellate courts and trial courts (courts of original jurisdiction)? How may the U.S. Supreme Court be classified? For a more complete discussion of court jurisdiction and classification, please see this short lesson from Study.com:

Answer 58

Trial court:

• Cases are heard for first time in trial courts
• cases only affect the people involved in the case
• two sides present evidence, witnesses and judge or jury decides

Appellate Court:
I either side disagrees with trial court they can appeal to a high court, asking them to review decision of trial court
The outcome of appeals cases have potential to affect large numbers of people because decisions are binding on district courts
No evidence is presented judges judge just review evidence from trial court

Question 59

4. How are Supreme Court justices and other federal judges selected (according to the Constitution)?

Answer 59

Supreme Court justices and federal judges are nominated by President
US senate confirms ore rejects the nominees

Question 60

Trial court:

Answer 60

• Cases are heard for first time in trial courts
• cases only affect the people involved in the case
• two sides present evidence, witnesses and judge or jury decides

Question 61

Appellate Court:

Answer 61

I either side disagrees with trial court they can appeal to a high court, asking them to review decision of trial court
The outcome of appeals cases have potential to affect large numbers of people because decisions are binding on district courts
No evidence is presented judges judge just review evidence from trial court

Question 62

6. Know the basic steps of how the Supreme Court reaches a decision in a case: “rule of four” (meaning: “where cert is issued”), briefs, oral arguments, conference, and the (written) decision. Know the following kinds of signed opinions: majority (opinion of the Court), concurring, dissenting.
   Rule of four: allows four of nine justices to grant writ of certioraris. This is done to prevent a majority of the court from controlling courts docket

Answer 62

Briefs: a written summary statement by an attorney that summarizes the case and the laws and rulings that support it.

Oral arguments: The lawyers are allowed to present their oral arguments in open court, They usually summarize their briefs and emphasize particular points

Conference: The justices spend every Friday on their conference rooms where in complete secrecy. They debate cases they have heard. After all justices speak and argue they vote

Written decision: Proclaim opinion- court usually issues a written opinion explaining its decision. Sometimes the opinion is brief and unsigned called a proclaim opinion.

Major Opinion: A signed opinion of a majority of the supreme court.

Question 63

__________ a written summary statement by an attorney that summarizes the case and the laws and rulings that support it.

Answer 63

Briefs:

Question 64

-______________ The lawyers are allowed to present their oral arguments in open court, They usually summarize their briefs and emphasize particular points

Answer 64

Oral arguments:

Question 65

____________The justices spend every Friday on their conference rooms where in complete secrecy. They debate cases they have heard. After all justices speak and argue they vote

Answer 65

Conference:

Question 66

-_____________Proclaim opinion- court usually issues a written opinion explaining its decision. Sometimes the opinion is brief and unsigned called a proclaim opinion.

Answer 66

Written decision:

Question 67

A signed opinion of a majority of the supreme court.

Answer 67

Major Opinion:

Question 68

______________ A self financing government program based on contributions yjat provided benefits to unemployed or retired persons

Answer 68

insurance program:

Question 69

_________________ A government program financed by general income taxes that provide benefits to poor citizens without requiring contributions from them

Answer 69

assistance program:

Question 70

______________
An income qualification program that determines whether one is eligible for benefits under government programs. This is reserved for lower income groups.

Answer 70

Means test:

Question 71

__________________ the worst economic downtime in history of industrialized world, lasting from 1929 to 1939. It began after stock market crash of Oct 1929- world wide depression. The new deal was Franklin Delanor Roosevelts solution; he passed a series of government programs, public work projects, financial reforms and regulations between 1933 and 1936 to provided relief, reform, and recovery from the Great Depression

Answer 71

Great Depression and New Deal:

Question 72

_____________ social welfare programs with no test for qualification. They are available to everyone with and without repaired to income

Answer 72

No means test:

Question 73

Prior to the 1930s, how involved was the federal government in “social welfare policies and programs”? How does that contrast to the 1930s and beyond to today?

Answer 73

Prior to the 1930’s hardly any state had programs for supporting the unemployed, though many states provided some help of it was clear that person was out of work through no fault of their own.

The great depression in 1930’s Brough the economy to a standstill and unemployed rose to nearly 1/4 of work force. In the 1932 election brought FDR and a majority of democrats who enacted many emergency measures including social reform, social security. The government never again had the low or little involvement socially as it did prior to the 1930’s.

Question 74

2. Medicare and Medicaid: with each of these programs, be able to identify the kind of assistance that is offered, “who” is covered by the program, and whether these programs are means tested/ non- means tested. Know the dates when these programs were created. When was the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“Obamacare”) passed, how did this represent a shift in national health policy?

Answer 74

Medicare: federal government pays for part of the cost of medical care for retired or disabled covered by social security. It was enacted in 1965 and signed by Lyndon B Johnson by No means tested

Medicaid: pays medical expenses of certain low income persons. It was enacted in 1965 and signed by Lyndon B Johnson

Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)
Expanded medicaid
Individual mandate
Created Health insurance exchanges to serve as market places where people could buy coverage
Offered subsides many Americans to help them purchase insurance policies.
Allowed children to be on parents policies until 26
Removed bans with pre-existing conditions

Question 75

______________ federal government pays for part of the cost of medical care for retired or disabled covered by social security. It was enacted in 1965 and signed by Lyndon B Johnson by No means tested

Answer 75

Medicare:

Question 76

_____________________
Expanded medicaid
Individual mandate
Created Health insurance exchanges to serve as market places where people could buy coverage
Offered subsides many Americans to help them purchase insurance policies.
Allowed children to be on parents policies until 26
Removed bans with pre-existing conditions

Answer 76

Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)

Question 77

___________ pays medical expenses of certain low income persons. It was enacted in 1965 and signed by Lyndon B Johnson

Answer 77

Medicaid:

Question 78

3. Social Security: knowwhen this was enacted, whether this program is means tested or an entitlement (non-means tested). How has the “workers per beneficiary” demographic help to cause a serious challenge to Social Security solvency. How is Social Security funded?

Answer 78

Social Security: monthly payments to retired or disabled people and to surviving members of their families. This program popularly called social security is raided for by a payroll tax on employers and employees

No means test: works per beneficiary demographic. In 1935- 42 workers per retires persons. In 2030 expect 2.3 workers per retired person. By 2030, nearly 1.5 Americans will be 65 or older. Social security expects its trust fund to be depleted

Question 79

4. Be able to identify all of the programs identified in the section as “means tested”: AFDC (now TANF), SSI, food stamps (now SNAP). With each of these programs, be able to identify the kind of assistance that is offered and “who” is covered by the program. Were any of those programs part of national public policy before the 1930s?

Answer 79

TANF (temporarily assistances to needy families) payments to needy families with children replacing ADFC. Payments to needy families with children replacing AFDC.

SSI supplemental security Income: cash payment aged, blind, or disabled people who income is below a certain omit. Paid out of generalized federal revenues

Food stamps: vouchers giveth people whose income is below a certain level that can be used to buy fond at grocery stores. Paid out of general federal revenues.

Question 80

_______________ monthly payments to retired or disabled people and to surviving members of their families. This program popularly called social security is raided for by a payroll tax on employers and employees

Answer 80

Social Security:

Question 81

______________ works per beneficiary demographic. In 1935- 42 workers per retires persons. In 2030 expect 2.3 workers per retired person. By 2030, nearly 1.5 Americans will be 65 or older. Social security expects its trust fund to be depleted

Answer 81

No means test:

Question 82

______________________________________________: payments to needy families with children replacing ADFC. Payments to needy families with children replacing AFDC.

Answer 82

TANF (temporarily assistances to needy families)

Question 83

___________ cash payment aged, blind, or disabled people who income is below a certain omit. Paid out of generalized federal revenues

Answer 83

SSI supplemental security Income:

Question 84

____________ vouchers giveth people whose income is below a certain level that can be used to buy fond at grocery stores. Paid out of general federal revenues.

Answer 84

Food stamps:

Question 85

5. Prior to the 1890s, how involved was the federal government in the “business regulation policy”? How does that contrast to the 1930s and beyond to today?

Answer 85

Prior to 1890’s very little federal government regulation agency in charge of enforcing the law.
Clayton created federal trade commission made certain practices such as price and discrimination illegal.
Laws used to break up companies deemed monopolistic or too big such as phone company/ AT&T which made local phone companies independent of AT&T forcing it to complete with other long distance services.

Question 86

mixed economic system (describes the U.S. economic system today)

What is a ‘Mixed Economic System?

Answer 86

A mixed economic system is an economic system that features characteristics of both capitalism and socialism. A mixed economic system protects private property and allows a level of economic freedom in the use of capital, but also allows for governments to interfere in economic activities in order to achieve social aims. According to neoclassical theory, mixed economies are less efficient than pure free markets, but proponents of government interventions argue that the base conditions such as equal information and rational market participants cannot be achieved in practical application.

Question 87

Most modern economies feature a synthesis of two or more economic systems, with economies falling at some point along a continuum. The public sector works alongside the private sector, but may compete for the same limited resources. Mixed economic systems do not block the private sector from profit-seeking, but do monitor profit levels and may nationalize companies that are deemed impediments to the public good. The United States is mostly a free market economy, but it incorporates elements such as protection for agriculture and manufacturing by through trade restrictions and subsidies. This makes the United States a mixed economy by definition.

Answer 87

Most modern economies feature a synthesis of two or more economic systems, with economies falling at some point along a continuum. The public sector works alongside the private sector, but may compete for the same limited resources. Mixed economic systems do not block the private sector from profit-seeking, but do monitor profit levels and may nationalize companies that are deemed impediments to the public good. The United States is mostly a free market economy, but it incorporates elements such as protection for agriculture and manufacturing by through trade restrictions and subsidies. This makes the United States a mixed economy by definition.

Question 88

Difference from Free Markets

Answer 88

Mixed economic systems are not laissez-faire systems, because the government is involved in planning the use of some resources and can exert control over businesses in the private sector. Governments may seek to redistribute wealth by taxing the private sector, and using funds from taxes to promote social objectives. Trade protection, subsidies, targeted tax credits, fiscal stimulus and public-private partnerships are common examples of government intervention in mixed economies. These usually do not generate massive economic distortions, but instead are instruments to achieve specific goals.

Question 89

___________________ An economic theory that government should not regulate or interfere with commerce

Answer 89

laissez-faire economics (see Index):

Question 90

_____________ the total of all goods and services produced in an economy in a given year

Answer 90

gross domestic product (GDP):

Question 91

__________ managing the economy by altering the supply of money and interest rates

Answer 91

monetary policy:

Question 92

______________ managing the economy through the use of tax and spending laws

Answer 92

fiscal policy:

Question 93

____________ a claim for government findings that cannot be changed without violating the rights of the claimart

Answer 93

entitlements:

Question 94

______________ occurs when expenses exceed revenue, and it is an indicator of financial health.

Answer 94

budget deficit:

Question 95

______________ the total amount of money that a country’s government has borrowed, by various means.

Answer 95

national debt:

Question 96

1. How do these three theories differ with respect to how economic growth is best achieved?

Answer 96

• Keynesianism: the belief that the government must manage the economy when in a recession and cutting spending, when inflation occurs.
• Supply-Side Economics: The belief that lower taxes and fewer regulations with stimulate the economy

Question 97

______________ the belief that the government must manage the economy when in a recession and cutting spending, when inflation occurs.

Answer 97

-Keynesianism:

Question 98

__________________The belief that lower taxes and fewer regulations with stimulate the economy

Answer 98

-Supply-Side Economics:

Question 99

2. What is the Federal Reserve? How may the President influence the direction of the Federal Reserve Board? Essentially, what “tools” does the Federal Reserve Board have over the economy (buying and selling federal government securities, discount rates, reserve requirements)?

Answer 99

Federal reserve (the Fed): Its seven members are appointed by the president with the consent of the senate with nonrenewable 14-year term they may not be removed except for cause and no one has ever been removed except for cause. No one has ever been removed since its creation in 1918. In theory and in some degrees the FED sets is independent.

Question 100

-_________________ thought up by President Woodrow Wilson created in 1920 after WWI. A group of nations that worked together to keep peace and resolve, international disputes. US did not join. Citizens wanted out of European affairs.

Answer 100

League of Nations:

Question 101

_____________ the state of political hostility that exists between soviet bloc countries and the US led western powers from 1945 to 1990.

Answer 101

Cold War:

Question 102

1. executive agreements vs. treaties (define, know in what ways these are the different, and know which seems to be the preferred route for the these policy tools– executive agreements or treaties).

Answer 102

• a treaty requires 2/3 votes in the senate. An executive agreement does not
• a treaty is a formal agreement while executive agreement is not as formal
• a treaty is carried to the sucessesive president while executive agreement has two be reinstated with every president

Question 103

2. In what sense do the president and the Congress “share” foreign policy powers (in terms of defined authorities in the Constitution of the president and the Congress)? (treaties, appointments, appropriations)

Answer 103

The president has the power to negotiate treaties second appoint ambassadors. Congress can only declare war. Senate must approve all treaties and confirm nominees for ambassadors. They also have appropriation power, the power to grant money expenditures.

Question 104

3. Compare the U.S. foreign policy of “isolationism” United States in the 1800s to its interventionist role and strategy in the 1900s (especially from World War II and on).

Answer 104

Isolationsim: The belief that the US should withdraw from world affairs. Americans were very isolationists after WWI because so many Americans were killed in a war that accomplished little as a result the majority of Americans were apposed to involvement in European wars. Interventionist/ intern nationalist: the attack on pearl harbor ended isolationism. Faulty intervention especially by a government or one country into the affairs of another

Question 105

4. What was the containment (Truman Doctrine)? To which country was it primarily directed? Be able to relate how the Marshall Plan and NATO were designed to contain the Soviets.

Answer 105

Containment believes that one unites states should resist the expansion of aggressive nations. Especially from the former Soviet Union.

The Truman doctrine: The us should give support to countries threatened by soviets or communists insurrection first expressed by president Truman, the doctrine was seen as open declaration of cold war by the soviets

Marshal plan: American plan to give aid to western Europe over 12 billion to help rebuild western economy

Nato: North Atlantic treaty organization; military alliance of Europe and north America democracy

Question 106

___________ believes that one unites states should resist the expansion of aggressive nations. Especially from the former Soviet Union.

Answer 106

Containment

Question 107

___________North Atlantic treaty organization; military alliance of Europe and north America democracy

Answer 107

Nato:

Question 108

_____________ American plan to give aid to western Europe over 12 billion to help rebuild western economy

Answer 108

Marshal plan:

Question 109

_____________The us should give support to countries threatened by soviets or communists insurrection first expressed by president Truman, the doctrine was seen as open declaration of cold war by the soviets

Answer 109

The Truman doctrine:

Question 110

5. How may Congress’ appropriation power be used to influence foreign policy? Know how the president can be limited in his ability to use military force by the War Powers Resolution (specifically, whether the president may keep troops in an armed struggle for a long period of time without congressional consent). What was the last war that Congress has declared? Have presidents deployed troops abroad more often without congressional consent through a war declaration? **For an excellent interactive historical record of U.S. military interventions, go to:

Answer 110

Appropriations: a legislative grant of money to finance a government program or agency. No money may be spent unless it is authorized by congress

War powers resolution passed in 1973, it placed restrictions. A president must report in writing to congress within 48 hours. Congress must declare war or other specific statutory authorization within 60 days after troops are sent into hostile situations. Congress must provided authorization or else the president must withdraw the troop.

Congress last declared war in WWI. They have only declared war 11 times. The president has deployed troops hundreds of times.

Question 111

_____________a legislative grant of money to finance a government program or agency. No money may be spent unless it is authorized by congress

Answer 111

Appropriations:

Question 112

How is federal budget deficit best defined

Answer 112

the amount by which the federal government total outlays exceeds its total revenues in a given fiscal period

Question 113

How is the term federal debt defined

Answer 113

the total value of outstanding securities