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Biochem > Test 3 Review > Flashcards

Test 3 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Enzymes of irreversible reactions in glycolysis in liver

A

Glucokinase
Phosphofructokinase
Pyruvate kinase

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2
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors
Major precursors are lactate, amino acids and glycerol (not fatty acids)
Pathway converts pyruvate into glucose
Pathway is not a reversal of glycolysis

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3
Q

3 reactions in glycolysis are irreversible

A

Hexokinase step
Phosphofructokinase step
Pyruvate kinase step

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4
Q

Gluconeogenesis occurs in

A

Liver

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5
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Occurs in liver
Synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors
Major precursors are lactate, amino acids and glycerol
Pathway converts pyruvate into glucose
Pathway not a reversal of glycolysis
Bypass the pyruvate - get it from the mitochondria

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6
Q

This pathway converts pyruvate into glucose

A

gluconeogenesis

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7
Q

3 irreversible reactions in glycolysis in liver

A

Glucokinase
Phosphofructokinase
Pyruvate kinase

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8
Q

Regulation of Gluconeogenesis

A

Glycolysis generates ATP, gluconeogenesis consumes ATP
E charge (ATP/ADP ratio) determines which pathway will be most active
Gluconeogenesis and glycolysis are reciprocally regulated

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9
Q

Gluconeogenesis _______ ATP

A

Consumes

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10
Q

Glycolysis __________ ATP

A

Generates

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11
Q

Can get glucose from

A

Glycogen

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12
Q

Glucose Storage

A

Glycogen

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13
Q

Enzyme most important in getting glucose from glycogen

A

Phosphorylase

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14
Q

Phosphorylase a

A

Active form

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15
Q

Phosphorylase b

A

Inactive form

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16
Q

Glucose 1-phosphate

A

Gets trapped in cell

17
Q

Transferase

A

Debranching enzyme

used to remove long chains

18
Q

alpha-1,6-glucosidase

A

Glucose is product

19
Q

Glycogen Synthesis

A

UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase step

20
Q

Glycogen Synthesis

A

Branching enzyme step
Branching enzyme breaks alpha (1,4) and forms alpha (1,6) branch points by transferring segments 7 to 8 glucoses in length
Increases solubility
Increases rate at which glycogen can be synthesized and degraded

21
Q

Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism

A

Regulated by glucagon (from pancreas) and epinephrine (from adrenal medulla)

  • can’t get across membrane like steroid hormones
  • these two can block pathways when insulin is present
22
Q

Insulin

A

Can stimulate synthesis

–glucagon and epinephrine can block insulin

23
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A 
CAC
More ATP generated from glucose than glycolysis
-net 2 ATP - 2 consumed, 4 made
Aerobic conditions
Take place in mitochondria vs cytosol
24
Q

CAC Overview

A

Oxidation of 2-Carbon units to produce

  • 2 CO2 molecules
  • 1 GTP
  • Electrons in the form of 3NADH and 1FADH2
25
Q

CAC generates

A

ONE high E containing GTP

26
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

High E electrons are removed from carbon fuels
Electrons reduce O2 - generating a proton gradient
Gradient used to synthesize ATP in oxidative phosphorylation

27
Q

Glycolysis and TCA cycle

A

Carbohydrates - glucose - can be converted to pyruvate in glycolysis
Pyruvate from glycolysis can be converted to acetyl CoA –aerobic only
Under anaerobic contitions pyruvate is converted to lactate or ethanol
Aerobic conditions result in pyruvate entering the mitochondria

28
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

Highly regulated
E1-oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
E2-transfer of acetyl group to CoA
E3-Regeneration of the oxidized form of lipoamide

29
Q

High acetyl CoA directly inhibits

A

E2

30
Q

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

A

Re-dox reaction
Produces NADH
-this step is important in determining the rate of the cycle

31
Q

alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

A

Complex similar to pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)

32
Q

Succinyl CoA synthetase

A

ONLY step that generates GTP

33
Q

PDH

A

Turns on and off the citric acid cycle

34
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

A

This is an anabolic pathway, trying to get 5C sugars (ex ribose and deoxyribose)
Produces NADPH needed for reductive biosynthesis
Alternate pathway for the oxidation of glucose
Initial step is rate limiting
-Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenate

35
Q

Problem with Pentose Phosphate Pathway

A

X-linked recessive

Hemolytic anemia because of deficient levels of NADPH in red cells

36
Q

Warberg Effect

A

In hypoxic conditions we are activating glycolysis (produce energy) followed by lactic acid fermentation in the cytosol, not in the mitochondria

37
Q

SIRT1

A

Nuclear

When activated will regulate transcription through deacetylation of histones. Genes are wrapped in histones

38
Q

SIRT3

A

Mitochondrial

Regulate metabolic processes

Biochem (12 decks)

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