Test 3 - Opera??? Flashcards by Marguerite Haddad

Pastoral Opera

Early 1600s - Monteverdi
Florence, Italy
Greek mythology inspired
Ritornellos :)

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Pastoral Opera Arias

Strophic, dramatic, resonant

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Pastoral Opera Recits

Speechlike, rhetoric (stile rappresentivo) monodic basso continuo

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Tragedie Lyrique

Late 1600s - Lully
France
Mythological stories as allusions to French events
Dance, spectacles

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Tragedie Lyrique Arias

Non-dramatic
Dance basis

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Tragedie Lyrique Recitatives

Speech pattern rhythm
Measured
Carries Action

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Opera Seria

Late 1600s - Handel
Italy and then England
Mythological and classical
No dance or chorus
Prima donna/uomo (look into what this means)

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Opera Seria Arias/Recits

Arias: Affect (still don’t know what this means btw), Virtuosic (this too), Da capo (ABA, fancy second A)
Recits: Secco (simple?)

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Intermezzo

Late 1600s - Pergolesi
Italy then France
Stock characters (aka stereotypes)
No dance, enough chorus

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Intermezzo Arias/Recits

Aria: simple, reduced accompaniment
Recit: Affective, reduced accompaniment

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Opera Buffa

Italy to France
Stock characters

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Opera Buffa Arias/Recits

Aria: virtuosic/elaborate. Less flamboyant
Recit: sung, becomes comique (unsung) in France.

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Reform Opera

1750s - Gluck
Opera made for the masses, must be funny to sell.
Galant (simple)
Orfeo ed Euridice except it has a hollywood ending
Chorus but not much, audience hated these

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Reform Opera Arias/Recits

Arias: reduced ornaments (Gluck HATED these), affective
Recits: Accompanied

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CPE Bach

Empfindsamkeit - true/natural emotion. Melody, rubato, rest, ornament, rhythmic flexibility, dynamic contrast, chromaticism, varied texture (think FREE FLOWING, or TOCCATA)
also he played the clavicord bebung style (aka with vibrato)

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Baroque Concierto

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Composers of Baroque Concierto

Giuseppe Torelli: structured principles
Antonio Vivaldi: form rework

Types of Baroque Concierto

Ripieno - full
Concierto - all instruments used freely

Ritornello Form

ABA pattern, first segment repeats. typically more ornate than the first time through.

Sonata

Trio sonata - 2 melodies + basso continuo
Solo - ?
Sonata de Chiesa/Camera
Dance

George Frederick Handel

German composer. 1685 - 1759.
Studied opera in Hamburg under Reinhard Keiser
Went to Italy at 21
1710 became music director at Hanover’s elector’s court
1720-1728 Wrote operas under the king’s patronage at the Royal Academy of Music in England
Writes oratorios after

Life of JS Bach

1685-1750
Lutheran (chorales)
Violinist/composer at Weimar
Kappelmeister/musician in Colhen for prince
Music director/teacher/composer in Leipzig

JS Bach Fugues

contrapuntal, pedalpoint (long notes in base line), episodes (content different from main theme), stretto technique (one voice part cannot complete an idea before another comes in), double figures (two subjects in one work)

JS Bach repertoire

Early age: Toccatas, Fugues, Chorale based, sacred concertos/church cantatas
Weimar: Violin Sacred concerto
Colhen: 5 Brendenburg concertos (piano maybe)
Leipzig: sacred concertos, motets, deutche masses, cantatas, passions (life/death of Christ, Lutheran/protestant, vernacular german, recitative or opera-like, arias, chorales)

JC Bach

Wrote sonatas (ABA) Galant style (simple, elegant, restrained) See notes on tonality, 10/29

JS Bach. Jesu, der du meine Seele

Form: multimovement choir cantata performed at churches. Somewhat operatic. Text: Sacred Texture: First movement everybody plays together. Second movement is solo voices Melody/texture: Ritornello, sarabande, da capo aria (ornateness = virtuosity) From group study: Use of chorus, Church cantata, bass that repeats, use of repetition, contrasting texture of voices, first section is chorus, second is an aria duet

Armide (Lully)

From review: French Overture Double dotting Armide is a greek myth – older story being reused for opera seria Influence of French court and state control

Giulio Cesare (Handel)

From review: Older story being reused for opera seria Use of castrati

Concerto in A minor (Vivaldi)

From review: Be able to identify different sections (concerto form)

Keyboard Sonata in D Major (JC Bach)

Review: Galant style Good example typical sonata form

Fantasia in C Minor (CPE Bach)

Review: Improvisatory Idea and style Clavichord

Keyboard Sonata in C minor (Haydn)

Review: Sonata form Talk about the use of piano Playing with expectations of the audience

La Serva Padrona (Pergolesi)

Review: Recit with simple accompaniment Intermezzo (performed during opera seria with reduced orchestra) Can talk about the patter singing – syllabic singing with rapid succession of rhythmic patterns

Orfeo ed Euridice (Gluck)

Review: Use of chorus A lot of ballet An aria at the end Chorus in dialogue with the aria**

Piano Concerto in A Major (Mozart)

Review: Concerto form, instrumentation, unique pairing of instruments (timbre)

Symphony no. 3 in E-flat major “Eroica” (Beethoven)

Review: Programmatic – when instrumental music has connotation, represents something, tells a story without words (‘Eroica’ is heroic)

Erlköng (Schubert)

Review: Lied (Lieder is plural) A Ballad Piano and voice Accompaniment responds to the text – musical composition (range, key changing, piano accompaniment) respond directly to the text/characters Voice tells story of all four characters in the lied (narrator, father, son, Erlkong) Nationalism at this time period NOT programmatic because it has words, but it is a story.

Sonata form

Enlightenment

Patronage was big in 18th century Mass production, printing press, composers wrote for the masses Haydn and Mozart

Franz Joseph Haydn

1732-1791 Austro-hungarian Learned galant style 1759 kappelmeister of Count of Bohemia

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

1719-1787 played with father in Salzburg