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Ornithology > Test 3 notes > Flashcards

Test 3 notes Flashcards

1
Q

critical song learning period

-conspecific song

A

chick/ fledging

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2
Q

subsong period

-practice

A

Fall juvenile

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3
Q

quiet

A

winter juvenile

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4
Q

normal song

A

spring adult

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5
Q

During critical song learning period, tutor sons are filtered through a _______ in the brain

A

template

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6
Q

Have an innate song template, no critical song learning period, but most practice as young birds

A

brown headed cowbird

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7
Q

Functions of song

A
  1. signaling social status in male-male competition
  2. attracting females during mate selection
    (when males were devocalized the number of fights/hr increased, the number of intrusions increased and the number of takeovers increased)
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8
Q

Song and Mate choice

-song may be an honest signal of?

A

-stamina
-brain structure
CELLULAR RESPIRATION

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9
Q

heightened volume of birds song at dawn

A

dawn chorus

  • hypothesized to signal male quality
  • only males in the best condition can wake up and sing for an hour before foraging
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10
Q

number of distinct songs that are sung by an individual

A

repertoire size

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11
Q

using the song of other birds or other sound sources as a part of song

A

mimicry

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12
Q

Movement Patterns

A
  1. Maintenance

2. Dispersal

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13
Q

movements within a home range

-food sources, nest roost

A

Maintenance

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14
Q

Movement Patterns

A
  1. Maintenance
  2. Dispersal
    a. natal dispersal
  3. irruptions/invasions
  4. migration
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15
Q

movement from the place of birth to the place of breedintg

A

natal dispersal

-THIS IS TO AVOID INBREEDING

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16
Q

brief sounds with relatively simple acoustical structure

A

call

  • year round
  • both sexes
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17
Q

more complex sounds than calls generally composed of 5 or more notes separated by pauses

A

song

  • breeding season only
  • males only
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18
Q

avian voice box

-function: equivalent of human larynx

A

syrinx

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19
Q

in a syrinx sounds are produced by

A
  1. vibration of membrane

2. facing air through passageway

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20
Q
  • birds have independent control of the right and left side of the syrinx
  • tested wood thrush
A

dual sound source theory

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21
Q

movement from the place of birth to the place of breedintg

A

natal dispersal

-THIS IS TO AVOID INBREEDING and competition with other sexes

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22
Q

benefits of natal dispersal

A

increases genetic representation in future generations

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23
Q

costs of natal dispersal

A

expose deleterious recessive alleles

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24
Q

dispersing sex

A
  • females are the dispersing sec in birds

- males are the dispersing sex in mammals

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25
Q

Why the difference dispersing sex between birds?

A
  • most birds are territorial and males benefit from site fidelity
  • most mammals dwell in burrows with matrilineal resource inheritance
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26
Q

determining direction and distance to a goal

A

navigation

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27
Q

requires a compass sense (orientation)

A

navigation

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28
Q

the tendency to stay at home

A

philopatry

birds: males more philopathic

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29
Q

movement from one breeding site to another by adults

A

breeding dispersal

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30
Q

movements hat ae irregular irregular in timing or duration

A

irruptions/invasions

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31
Q

movement back and forth b/t sites; regular in timing and distance

A

migration

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32
Q

typically from high elevations of mountains to valleys in winter

A

altitudinal migration

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33
Q

migrates b/t two deserts with offset wet seasons

A

wet/dry migration

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34
Q

Migration from North to South

A

latitudinal migration

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35
Q

energetics of migration

A
  • energy demanding process
  • fat stores
  • tans-gulf migration
  • pre-migratory fattening
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36
Q

lipid deposits used to fuel migration

A

fat stores

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37
Q

migrate across gulf of mexico

A

trans-gulf migration

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38
Q

pulling on fat before long distance migration

A

pre-migratory fatting

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39
Q

-most small birds and some large birds-leave at sun downdown

A

noturnal migration

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40
Q

why migrate at night?

A
  • to avoid predators

- avoid turbulent air

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41
Q

born with behavioral ability to migrate

-migratory behavior is shaped by evolution

A

Innate Navigational Ability

42
Q

are of exclusive resource use defended by one or more small group of individuals

A

territory

43
Q

an area habitually used by a bird but NOT EXCLUSIVE

A

home rage

44
Q

breeding territories

A

Type A,B,C, and D

45
Q

all purpose territory used for mating,nesting,foraging sit for parents and young. ex/ many yard birds

A

Type A

46
Q

mating and nesting but not feeding ex/marsh nesting birds

A

Type B

47
Q

mating only ex/ leks (turkey and cowbirds)

A

Type C

48
Q

small nesting territory- not usually considered a true territory

A

Type D

49
Q

non breeding territory

A

Feeding territories

50
Q

ex/ townsends colitare, sanderlings, rufus hummingbird

A

feeding territories

51
Q

Factors that determine territory

A
  1. Food Density
  2. Nest site availability
  3. Predation Pressure
52
Q
  • food must be distributed in a defensive pattern

- > neither clumped or to sparse

A

food density

53
Q

mainly species defend cavities

A

nest site availability

54
Q

clumping nests can either be beneficial or detrimental

A

predation pressure

55
Q

dominance hierarchies

A

pecking order
-most dominance hierarchies are linear
A>B and B>C then A>C

56
Q

determinant of dominance

A
  1. size and physical attributes
    - larger and stronger wins
  2. age and expensive
    - older birds with prior territorial experience almost always wins.
  3. home court advantage
    - site residency (experiment proved this)
  4. motivation
    - more motivated bird defeats less motivated bird
57
Q

a morphological trait that reliably indicates resource holding potential

A

status signal

  • honest because cheaters are punished -> trust but verify
  • can also work between age and sex class
58
Q

not attaining definitive (adult) plumage until after the first potential breeding season- subadult plumage (type of breeding signal)

A

delayed plumage maturation

59
Q

male steroid hormone

  • proximate control for aggressive behavior and dominance
  • > can change territorial behavior
A

testosterone

60
Q

two adaptations for hatching

A
  1. hatching muscle

2. egg tooth

61
Q

muscle at back of neck only presents on nestlings

A

hatching muscle

62
Q

small project at tip of bill on present at time of hatch

A

egg tooth

63
Q

development primarily inside egg

A

precocial development

64
Q

development primarily outside egg

A

altricial development

65
Q

at hatch:

  • mobile
  • covered in dense down
  • feed themselves
A

precocial young

66
Q

at hatch:

  • immobile
  • naked or nearly naked
A

altricial young

67
Q

young bird still in nest

A

nestling

68
Q

young bird out of nest but dependent on parent

A

fledgling

69
Q

act of leaving the nest

A

fledging

70
Q

birds grow very rapidly and reach adult body size by fledging

  • any flying bird is adult sized
  • birds grow fast and reach adult size soon after hatching
A

bird growth

71
Q

two brood catagories

A
  1. cup nests

2. cavity nests

72
Q

2 important groups

A

excavators and nonexcavatiors

73
Q

dig their own cavity

A

excavator

74
Q

wing existing catagories

A

nonexcavator

75
Q

sequence of eggs laid together

A

clutch

76
Q

2 general strategies of clutch size

A
  1. fixed

2. variable

77
Q

always the same number of eggs

A

fixed

78
Q

what determines clutch size?

A
  1. parental ability

2. risk of loss

79
Q
  • experience
  • condition
  • duality of mate
A

parental ability

80
Q
  • predators

- weather

A

risk of loss

81
Q

keeping eggs watm with parental body heat

A

incubation

82
Q

bare patch on breast that becomes a fluid filled

  • warm pillow for transferring heat
  • typically females onle
A

brood patch

83
Q

who incubates

A

most common: female only

uncommon: male and female
rare: male only

84
Q

2 patterns of incubation-determines hatching

A
  1. wait until eggs are laid

2. asynchronous hatching

85
Q

wait until eggs are laid
all chicks hatch at once
-necessary for precocial chicks

A

synchronous hatching

86
Q

start with first egg

-chicks hatch on different days

A

asynchronous hatching

87
Q

letting the youngest/weakest chicks starve if food is limited

A

brood reduction

-happens in asynchronous hatching

88
Q

killing siblings

A

siblicide

89
Q

laying eggs in other birds nests

A

brood parasitism

90
Q

capable of building nests and raising young but sometimes EGG DUMP

A

facultative brood parasite

91
Q

incapable of building nest or raising young. Must parasitize another species

A

obligate brood parasite

92
Q

sometimes recognize cowbird eggs and reject them

A

rejecter species

93
Q

almost never reject cowbird eggs

A

accepter species

94
Q

all edge/grassland species. All had a history of association with cowbirds

A

rejecter species

95
Q

inferior forest birds with that has n exposure to cowbirds until forests were clear.

A

accepter species

96
Q

finding a goal using familiar terrestrial marking

-how birds get around most of the time

A

piloting

97
Q

returning to location after displacement

-birds speciate very greatly in this

A

homing

98
Q

determining compass direction with out referring to terrestrial

A

orientation

99
Q

determining direction and distance to a goal without reference to terrestrial landmarks
-requires a compass sense

A

navigation

100
Q

north star fixed due north position in sky of north hemisphere

A

polaris

101
Q

earths geometric field is a good source of compass direction

A

geomagnetism

Ornithology (3 decks)

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