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Ornithology > Test 1 Notes > Flashcards

Test 1 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What makes it a bird?

Diagnostic Features

A
  1. feathers- present on all birds and NO other living creatures
  2. Furcula- fused clavioles
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2
Q

What makes it a bird?

Key Features

A
  1. keel
  2. bill
  3. wings
  4. bipedal locomotion
  5. no bony tail (pygostyle)
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3
Q

Increasing representation of more fit genotypes=evolution

A

Viola

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4
Q

Two key outcomes of evolution by natural selection

A
  1. adaptation

2. speciation

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5
Q

atonement to the environment

A

adaptation

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6
Q

may occur but doesn’t have to occur

A

speciation

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7
Q

changes within an environment

A

anagenisis

-adaptation

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8
Q

lineage splitting

A

cladogenesis

-speciation

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9
Q
  • all of life evolved from a single common ancestor
  • no TRANSITIONAL fossils
  • got credit for wallices idea
A

Darwin

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10
Q

transitional fossil

intermediate between birds and dinosaurs

A

Archaeopteryx

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11
Q

150 million years old
jurassic perios
lived with familiar dinasours
was able to fly- assymetrical structure

A

Archaeopteryx

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12
Q

strongest argument

A

theory 2- birds predate dinosaurs

-based on the belief that the 3 digests retained in the bird wing differs from the dinosaurs

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13
Q

taxon with only one subgroup

ex/ ospray is the only species in family Pan

A

Monotypic taxon

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14
Q

a group comprising an ancestor and all desccendents

by definition monophyletic

A

clade

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15
Q

a hypothesis of evolutionary relationships of a group of organisms

A

phylogeny

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16
Q

2 broad methods for constructing phylogenies

A
  1. Phonetics

2. Cladistics

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17
Q

method for constructing phylogenies based on the overall similarity of the organisms

  • total shared traits
  • group organisms by similarity
A

Phonetics

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18
Q

methods for constructing phylogenies based on SHARED DERIVED CHARACTERISTICS

A

Cladistics

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19
Q

two ways species can have similar characteristics

A
  1. By decent-inherit trait from common ancestor

2. By convergence -independently

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20
Q

similar by decent

A

Homology

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21
Q

a character shared by a similar species but not in there ancestor

A

Homoplasy

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22
Q

old approach, played a big role in early molecular systematics

A

Phonetics

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23
Q

cadistic approach- the simplest phylogeny is the correct phylogeny

A

Principle of Parsimony

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24
Q

primary function of respiratory system

A

aquire O2

discard CO2

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25
Q

How do they reach O2 demands?

A

2 small dense lungs in thoracic cavity
no diaphragm
6-12 air sacs

26
Q

birds core temp -40C

A

Thermoregulation

27
Q

no additional energy required to maintain body temp

  • upper critical limit
  • lower critical limit
A

thermoneutral zone

28
Q

must use energy to stay warm

A

lower critical limit

29
Q

must use energy to stay cold

A

upper critical limit

30
Q

2 requirements for high constant body temp

A
  1. insulation-feathers-best in nature

2. fuel- an unlimited supply

31
Q

can reduce effectiveness or fitness as an insulator

A

artificial selection

32
Q

heat generation

A
  1. biochemical breakdown of food
    - cellular respiration
  2. shivering
    - rapid contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles with no net movement
33
Q

responses to cold

A
  • adaptation, larger and darker colored
  • erect feathers
  • protected roost
  • huddle
  • shiver
34
Q

skeletal anatomy

A
  1. fusion of bones

2. pneumatization of bones

35
Q

flapping apparatus

A

pectorial major
supracoracoiclues
-both anchor at keel
challenge: how to raise the wing with muscle below it

36
Q

powerful downstroak

A

pectorial major

37
Q

upstroke

A

supracoracoiclues

38
Q

why do northern birds move south in fall?

A

to avoid lack of food

39
Q

avian thermoregulation

A

more feathers, more body fat

40
Q

a slowing down of metabolic rate ( including drop in core temp) during part of daily cycle

A

Torpor

-Many hummingbirds use this

41
Q

slowing down of metabolic cycle for part of anual cycle

A

Hibernation

42
Q

used for food storage

A

crop

43
Q

chemical digestion

A

proventricles

44
Q

mechanical digestion

A

grizzard

45
Q

small stones swallowd and stored in grizzard

A

grit

46
Q

site of bacterial digestion

A

ceacum

47
Q

all birds are____ in sex chromosomes

A

diploid

48
Q

hapliod sex chromosomes

A

gametes

49
Q

diploid cell resulting from combination of egg & sperm chromosomes

A

zygote

50
Q

Males and females contribute 50% of _____ genes via sexual reproduction

A

nuclear

51
Q

_____ engage in recombination

A

autosomes

52
Q
  • no recombination
  • very high mutation rate
  • codes for essential respiratory genes
A

mitochondrial genome

53
Q

female sex chromosomes

A

ZW heterogametic

54
Q

male sex chromosome

A

ZZ homogametic

55
Q

reproduction in which eggs are laid by the female and develop outside of the body
-all birds

A

oviparous

56
Q

the eggs produced by a bird in a continuous laying bout

A

clutch

57
Q

egg is coated with

A
  1. Albumen
  2. Shell membrane
  3. Shell pigment
58
Q

produce sperm (haploid)

A

testes

59
Q

transport and stores sperm

A

Vas Deren

60
Q

adds nutrients to produce semen

A

seminal vesicle

61
Q

a common reproductive strategy i birds with copulatory organs

A

forced copulation

Ornithology (3 decks)

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