Test #3 Microbiology Flashcards
1
Q
Human illness can sometimes be caused by ___ and microorganisms.
A
*infection
2
Q
Theory that a cloud of infection is what makes you sick.
A
*Meiamos Theory
3
Q
Had a theory about hand washing…
A
*Ignaz Semmelweis
4
Q
Worked with chlorea….
A
*John Snow
5
Q
Pasteurization, believed that germs dont just appear…
A
*Louis Pasteur
6
Q
Put together steps to see what causes disease…
A
*Robert Koch
7
Q
Microbes taking up space, spreading to a new habitat
A
*colonization
8
Q
Large and mixed collection of microbes adapted to the body.
A
*normal flora/indigenous flora
9
Q
Harmful microbes that make you sick, disruption of a tissue or organ.
A
*infectious disease
10
Q
The entry, establishment and multiplication of pathogenic organisms within a host.
A
*infection
11
Q
The state of being invaded by pest or parasites, actual organism living in or on a host.
A
*infestation
12
Q
- Normal flora and infection are ___.
- Infectious disease and infestation are___.
A
- harmless
* harmful
13
Q
Infections can be: (3)
A
- bacteria
- fungus
- virus
14
Q
Infestation can be:(3)
A
- worms
- protozoa
- arthropods
15
Q
Anything open to the outside can have___.
A
*normal flora/resident biota
16
Q
You would find resident biota in:(5)
A
- skin and mucus membranes
- resp track/oropharynx
- GI tract(most dense part of the body
- outer opening to uretha
- vagina and external genitalia
17
Q
You wont find resident biota in:(9)
A
- blood/circulatory
- liver
- kidneys(urinary tract)
- middle/inner ear
- glands
- lower leg
- nervous system
- bones/joints
- gonads
18
Q
Good vs bad for microbes on skin
- competition
- alteration of environment
A
*microbial antagomism
19
Q
Resident biota is good, takes all nutrients leaving nothing for the bad microbes.
A
*competition
20
Q
Waste can be acidic and fight off bacteria from good biota.
A
*alteration of environment
21
Q
Includes bacteria and fungi as primary, protozoans, and viruses.
A
*resident biota
22
Q
A normal uterus is ___.
A
*sterile
23
Q
Initial colonization:(3)
A
- during birth
- feeding
- contact
24
Q
During birth ___ ruptures.
- staphylococci and streptococci from moms skin
- lactobacilli from vagina
A
*membranes
25
___ has coliforms, lactobacilli, enteric strep and staph.
*formula
26
Breast has a metabolic sugar that helps build immune system, this is called___.
*bifidobacteria
27
Common neonatal infections that can cause infections and cross placenta or through birth:(5)
* toxoplasmosis
* other diseases(hep B, AIDS,chlamydia)
* rubella (virus)
* cytomegalovirus
* herpex simplex virus
****TORCH****
28
4 steps that forms infection:
* pathogens enter(everyday)
* penetrate host defenses
* multiply in body tissues
* disease
29
Warts, infections that stay where they are are called___.
*localized
30
Infections that start local, then spread to various of the body. (strep throat)
*focal
31
Infections that spread by pathway and gets everywhere. (shingles, anthrax)
*systemic
32
Ear infections, flu, being sick with one thing.
*primary
33
Infections that take advantage of the primary.
*secondary
34
Get sick and get over it infections.
*acute
35
Infections that last for years or a lifetime.
*chronic
36
Infections with multiple microbes involved.(open wound)
*mixed infections
37
How likely something is to cause disease, yes/no situation.
*pathogenicity
38
Measure of pathogenicity, a sliding scale, can be severe, high or low.
*virulence
39
___ pathogens make people sick.
*true
40
___ pathogens make people sick if something is already compromising immune system.
*opportunistic
41
If a person has an ___ pathogen, they have an illness.
- TB
- salmonella
- cholera
*true
42
Opportunistic pathogens dont always cause disease, they have two options:
* pathogen is in wrong place
| * weakened immune system
43
-genetic immune defects
-stress
-chemotherapy
-age
are factors that can ___ the immune system.
*weaken the immune system
44
Mycobacterium leprae is pathogenic but ___ virulence.
*low
45
Chracteristics that a bacteria or virus that helps them make you sick.
- capsule
- fimbria
*virulence factors
46
```
How disease (infectious or not) are acquired, spread, and runs its course.
-all infectious disease have an ___.
```
*epidemiology
47
Several infectious disease are reportable to the:(2)
* State lab in Smyrna, DE
| * CDC in Atl, Georgia
48
4 epidemiology statistics:
* prevalence
* incidence
* mortality rate
* morbidity rate
49
How many people in the population have the disease.
*prevalence
50
Number of cases of the disease.
*incidence
51
How many people have died from the disease.
*mortality rate
52
How many people are getting sick with the disease.
*morbidity rate
53
4 epidemiology patterns:
* sporadic
* epidemic
* endemic
* pandemic
54
Outbreak of cases in a particular area
*epidemic
55
Isolated cases of the disease.
*sporadic
56
Disease that is a primary focused in an area but keeps reoccurring.
*endemic
57
Everybody, everywhere is getting sick, global.
*pandemic
58
Natural habitats of a disease.
*reservoirs
59
What gets the disease to us.
*transmitters
60
3 living reservoirs:(3)
* humans
* arhropods
* other animals
61
3 non-living reservoirs:(3)
* soil
* water
* air
62
2 human reservoirs:(2)
* actively ill
| * carriers
63
5 types of carriers:
* asymptomatic
* chronic
* incubating
* convalescent
* passive
64
The person that is harboring disease but not showing any signs.
*carrier
65
Person may not ever show signs of disease. (gonnorhea)
*asymptomatic
66
Person is not aware that they are sick yet.
*incubating
67
Person was sick but is now recovering but is still able to make people sick.
*convalescent
68
-the worlds deadliest animal(mosquito, spread viruses, west nile)
-ticks(bacteria, lime disease)
-fleas
are ___ as reservoirs.
*arthropods (bugs)
69
- animals transmit directly to humans
- mammals, birds, lizards
- many emerging diseases
- often arise from mutations
*other animals as reservoirs
70
Caused by microbes but cant pass from host to host(UTI).
*noncommunicable infectious disease
71
Disease can past from host to host.
*communicable
72
Its likely that disease will past from host to host.
*contagious
73
___ is very complex, deals with sources of diseases.
*transmission
74
When your own normal microbes make you sick.
*endogenous transfer
75
Transmission from mother to fetus always.
*vertical
76
2 types of horizontal transmissions:
* direct
| * indirect
77
5 ways of direct transmission:
* casual contact
* blood borne/STI
* droplet contact(sneezing/coughing)
* bites from biologic vectors(mosquitos)
* parental transmission
78
Introducing something that is pathogenic to a person.(injection)
*parental transmisson
79
3 types of indirect transmission:
* fomites(desk, door knobs)
* vehicles
* fecal-oral
80
4 vehicle transmissions:
* air(aerosols)
* water
* soil
* food(huge transmission)
81
The ingestion of fecal matter.
*fecal-oral
82
2 types of hospital acquired infections:
* nasocomial
| * iatrogenic
83
Infections picked up in a healthcare facility.
*nasocomial
84
Infections directly related to a treatment, surgical site.
*iatrogenic
85
4 ways that HCF's are a source of infection?
* unknown infections enter
* lowered defenses(immunocompromised)
* items moved between rooms(passive carrier)
* visitors
86
___ is where you got the disease from.
*source
87
3 common nosocomial infections:
* UTI's
* surgical site infections
* respiratory
88
Very common, from bed pans, catherization, holding urine.
*UTI
89
Happens in bed bound people, goes farther is not handled quickly.
*respiratory infections
90
-assume ALL pts infectious behavior
-barrier of protection when handling skin, body, fluids, or mucous membranes
-sharps discarded without recapping
-hand washing
-wounds covered in waterproof dressing
-vaccinations and tuberculin tests
are ___.
*universal precautions
91
4 preventions based on spread:
* standard isolation
* contact isolation
* droplet isolation
* airborne isolation
92
___ isolation, gloves.
___ isolation, gloves and gown.
___ isolation, gloves, gown, and mask.
___ isolation, work in neg air flow room.
* standard
* contact
* droplet
* airborne
93
The objective, observable, and usually measurable, indicators of disease.
-things that you can observe in a pt, such as fever, redness, swelling.
*signs
94
The subjective indicators of disease that are reported by the pt.
-things that pt has to tell you because you can not see them, pain, headache, ect.
*symptoms
95
Koch's postulates is to determine ___.
*etiologic
96
- find evidence of a particular microbe in every case of a given disease.(one microbe)
- isolate the organism from the pt, culture it and identify it.(isolate one microbe and grow it)
- inoculate a healthy subject with the isolated culture.(make someone sick).Observe resulting disease.
- microbe must be isolated from disease animal.(isolate same microbe and see if it matches)
*Koch's postulates
97
2 issues with Koch's postulates:
* host specificity
| * polymicrobial
98
Issue with viruses, what makes you sick may not make mouse sick.
*host specificity
99
More than one microbe.
*polymicrobial
100
What is the purpose of the Koch's postulate?
*to determine cause of disease that we havent seen yet
101
The process of infection:(3)
* become established
* cause disease
* vacate host(portals of exit)
102
Steps to infection to become established: (3)
* portals of entry
* attach to the host
* survive host defenses
103
- exogenous vs endogenous infection
- infectious dose
- wrong portal...no infection
*portals of entry
104
- Outside infections are called ___.
| - Inside infections, comes from own biota are called___.
* exogenous
| * endogenous
105
How much of a microbe is needed to get you sick, varies in range.
*infectious dose
106
5 portals of entry:
* skin
* GI tract
* resp tract(most common)
* urogenital tract
* endogenous biota
107
4 skin portals:
* direct(warts, fungus)
* cuts in skin
* bites from pest
* eye infections
108
2 GI portals:
* food poisoning(very few things that cause)
| * water borne(drinking something)
109
How microbes attach, limited by host receptors.
*adhesion
110
How do bacteria adhere?
* fimbria
| * slim layer
111
How do viruses adhere?
* spikes
| * envelopes
112
___ factors have the ability not to be eaten.
*antiphagocytic
113
4 antiphagocytic factors:
* leukocidins(kills WBC's)
* slime layer(allows bacteria to form capsule)
* capsule(stops phagocytosis)
* live intracellularly(bacteria live inside phagocyte)
114
The body needs to be missing a ___ for antiphagocytic factors to take place.
*specific immunity
115
Bacteria is actively doing something to make you sick.
- enzymes
- toxins
*directly
116
Just sitting there
| -induce host defenses
*indirectly
117
- Exoenzymes damage tissue
| - Promote deeper infection
*enzymes
118
Cause:
- amoebic dysentary----mucinase
- clostridia---microbial hyaluronidase
- B.subtilis---keratinase
- coagulase vs.(strepto) kinase
*enzymes that cause disease
119
Gets in digestive tract and break down mucus, causes diarrhea, major effect on digestive tract.
*mucinase
120
Promotes and breaks down hyaluronidase acid, eats through tissue of wound.
*microbial hyaluronidase
121
Breaks down keratine.
*keratinase
122
- Induces clotting is called ___.
| - prevents clotting is called___.
* coagulase
| * (strepto) kinase
123
Simply put: poisons
- exotoxins
- endotoxins
*toxins
124
Secreted by bacteria ___.
| Stay on bacteria (LPS) lipopolysaccharides, gram negative.___.
* exotoxins
| * endotoxins
125
- neurotoxins, hemotoxins, nephrotoxins, enterotoxins
- a(alpha) and B(beta) hemolysis
- inactivated by heat
- both gram positive and gram negative
*Exotoxins
126
- the busting and lysing of RBC's is called ___.
- some bursting RBC's is called___.
- burst any RBC's in its path is called___.
* hemolysis
* alpha
* beta
127
- LPS,
- heat stable
- systemic effects:fever,hemorrhage, diarrhea
- gram negative ONLY
- ex:salmonella, shigella,E.coli
*endotoxins (pg 298)
128
Excessive/inappropriatse response by host
| -ex:s.pneumoniae
*host defenses
129
- capsule prevents clearing by phagocytosis
- continued inflammation(causes fluid to come in)
- fluid continues to flood into lungs
- main cause of pneumonia
*s.pneumoniae
130
- signs and symptoms=___.
| - inflammation is a ___ part of disease
* syndromes
| * major
131
What can blood tell us?(3)
* leukopenia(reduce# of wbc's)
* septicemia(bacteria in blood and actively multiplying)
* bacteremia or viremia
132
Determines how much of something in blood.(bacteremia)
*blood cultures
133
People show very low level signs of infection.
*subclinical infections
134
- parasites must find a new host(good parasite)
- often leaves the way it came in
- shedding by secretion, excretion,discharge or sloughed tissue
*portals of exit
135
Phases of bacterial growth:(4)
* incubation period
* prodromal stage
* period of invasion
* convalescent period
136
Portal of entry, attachment.
- hours to years
- 2 to 30 days(average)
*incubation period
137
Avoiding host defense, malaise, dont feel well.
- general symptoms begin to appear
- 1 to 2 days
*prodromal stage
138
Causing disease, you are sick
*period of invasion
139
Recovering, starting to feel better
*convalescent period
140
- steps in causing disease
- stages of infection
- phases of bacterial growth(incubation, sick,convalescent)
*bringing it all together
141
2 after effects of infections:
* latency
| * sequelae
142
- asymptomatic carriers(STI)
| - chronic carriers(people get better but still harbor disease)
*latency
143
Long term effects of disease, after you get better
| -ex: polio causes wasting leg muscles, lime disease
*sequelae
144
- microbes are everywhere
- even the microbes we live with everyday can make us sick
- so why aren't we sick all the time?
*natural defenses
145
What belongs in the body and what does not.
| ____ vs ___
*self vs non-self
146
-non-specific, not induced
-non-specific, induced
-specific, induced, memory
is called ___.
3 line of defense
147
- non-specific, has a lock, doesnt differenciate
- not induced: doesnt unlock itself
- 3 parts:
- physical barriers
- chemical barriers
- genetic components
*first line of defense
148
This line of defense came in contact with a microbe.
*2nd line
149
This line of defense treats based on microbe involved, and induces, and have memory.
*3rd line
150
-skin
-ciliary escalator
-muscle contractions
are ___ barriers
*physical
151
-lysozymes
-pH
-other
are ___ barriers
*chemical
152
- barrier between you and the world
| - sloughing/desquamation: shedding skin and mucus membrane
*skin
153
Present in upper resp tract, has cilia that pushes bacteria back up.
*ciliary escalator
154
- sneezing/coughing
- urination
- bowel movements
- vaginal secretions
- vomiting: reverse parastalsis
*muscle contractions
155
- hydrolizes peptidoglycan(gram pos)
| - tears, saliva, mucus
*lysozymes
156
- acidic environments hostile to pathogens
| - stomach acid,urine, vaginal fluids,skin
*low pH areas
157
- earwax
- sebum:natural oil produced by body
- sweat: has electrolytes
*other
158
2nd line of defense:
- ___ responsibilities
- ___mechanisms of action
* 3
| * 4
159
3 responsibilities of the 2nd line of defense:
* circulate(all over body to every cell)
* identify/recognize
* destroy(non-self only please!)
160
Identify/recognize
- ___cells that belong, they are identified by various markers,
- ___cells that dont belong there.
* self
| * non-self
161
Circulate involved ___ and ___.
* surveillance
| * compartments
162
4 compartments of circulation:
* extracellular fluid(ECF)
* reticuloendothelial system
* lymphatic system
* bloodstream
163
Body going around checking cells to see if they belong, checking ID badges.
*surveillance
164
Fluid that baths in cells, part of the immune system.
*extracellular fluid (ECF)
165
Bunch of connective tissue (reticular tissue), connects organs and tissues together, like a web of glue.
*reticuloendothelial system
166
Lymphatic system parts:(6)
* vessels
* thymus
* lymph nodes
* spleen
* GALT
* Peyer's patches
167
Highway around the body made of tubes, only goes one way with very thin walls, ends in thoracic duct or rt lymphatic duct to return fluid back to bloodstream.
*vessels
168
3rd line of defense, T-cells mature here.
*thymus
169
Collections of lymphatic tissue, acts as filters.
- ex:armpit, groin, neck
- when they swell its a sign of infection b/c they are clogged.
*lymph nodes
170
- filters blood
| - removing in small kids will impact their immune system
*spleen
171
Collections of lymphatic tissues throughout digestive tract.
*GALT
| gut associated lymphatic tissue
172
Important piece of GALT, collections of lymphatic tissue in small intestine, important part of immune system.
*Peyer's patches
173
- route for EFC return to the circulatory system
- drainage during inflammation(waste material)
- immunologic function through lymphocytes, phagocytes, and antibodies.
*lymphatic system function
174
2 main parts of the bloodstream:
* plasma
| * formed elements from stem cells
175
Bloodstream is primarily made of plasma thats made of 3 components:
* water(fluid that formed elements are floating in)
* proteins(albumin and globumin)
* fibrinogen(clotting)
176
4 formed elements from stem cells:
* thrombocytes
* erythrocytes
* leukocytes(WBC)
* other cells
177
You will find ___ cells in red bone marrow.
*stem
178
Platelets, important in clotting and inflammation.
*thrombocytes
179
The formation of elements coming from stem cells.
*hematopoeisis
180
RBC's, very few cells that dont have a nucleus, the stem cells has a nucleus, important in carrying gases.
*erythrocytes
181
Natural killer cells and mass cells are ___ cells.
*other
182
2 categories of leukocytes:
* granulocytes
| * agranulocytes
183
Have cytoplasmic inclusions, see speckles on WBC's and granuals hold on to enzymes.
*granulocytes
184
3 types of granulocytes:
* neutrophils
* eosinophils
* basophils
185
Very active phagocytes, most numerous WBC's, first responders to invader, see speckles of granueles, have a multiple nucleus, globby looking.
*neutrophils
186
Active during allergic reactions, worms and fungi, have a bilobed nucleus.
*eosinophils
187
Active in allergic reactions, release histamines from granueles, bilobed nucleus, arent gonna find many.
-when taking benadryl you block these
*basophils
188
2 types of agranulocytes:(do not have granueles)
* monocytes
| * lymphocytes
189
Circulate through blood, leave blood and mature into macrophages, highly important in inflammation and phagocytosis.
*monocytes
190
T and B cells, important in line of defense.
*lymphocytes
191
Four mechanisms of action in 2nd line of defense:
* phagocytosis
* inflammation
* fever
* antimicrobial proteins
192
Cells devour non-self cells, dosent matter what they are.
*phagocytosis
193
Activities:
- survey tissues and interstitial compartments
- ingest and eliminate
- extract antigens
- signal to 3rd line of defense
*phagocytosis
194
- anyone can eat, but it takes a ___ for this job.
- neutrophils
- monocytes and macrophages
*professional phagocytes
195
- ___ is a monocyte that has moved out into tissue and into a mature professional.
- ___are in the blood.
* macrophages
| * monocytes
196
- 40-60% of WBC's, half of WBC's
- 1st responders
- granular leukocytes-->lysosomes
- most phagocytic of the granulocytes
- pus
*neutrophils
197
Granulars that release lysozymes that break down bad stuff.
*lysosomes
198
Pile of dead neutrophils, green/white
*pus
199
-king of phagocytes
-large cells ingest pathogens and infected cells
-monocytes mature,move out-->___
-histocytes
-active in 3rd line defenses too
these are ___ and ___
* macrophages
| * macrophages and monocytes
200
Specialized macrophages that live in different parts of the body.
ex: aveolar(macrophages in cells), cupfort cells(macrophages in liver)
*histocytes
201
These are macrophages in the skin
*dendritic cells
202
5 parts of phagocytosis:
* chemotaxis
* adhesion
* engulfment
* killing
* elimination
203
Phagocytes being chemically attracted to non-self cells.
*chemotaxis
204
Phagocytes recognizes the non-self cell and latches on by phagogenic association molecular patterns.
*adhesion
205
Proteins on cell membrane that your body recognizes as pathogens, lock and key mechanism.
*phagogenic association molecular pattern
| PAMP
206
Bacteria being wrapped up by phagocyte, chemical mediators being released to attract more neutrophils.
*engulfment
207
Phagocyte has engulfed bacteria and lysosome is doing its work.
*phagolysosome formation
208
Destruction of pathogen by lysosomes, dead bacteria inside neutrophils or macrophages.
*killing
209
Phagocyte digest bacteria, gets rid of all left over waste products, drives forward chemotaxis.
*elimination
210
- accumulation of dead phagocytes allows other pathogens to breed, other pathogens may live in pus
- viruses can enter cells through phagocytosis, cell is eating pathogen if it happens to be a virus, it gets inside the cell.
*cons of phagocytosis
211
- response to severe or chronic injury or infection, something that comes on strongly or lower level that just keeps existing.
- mild or severe, rapid or long term
*inflammation
212
- ___ inflammation is there and gone
| - ___inflammation is very dangerous for long term health
* severe
| * chronic
213
- mobilize immune components to injury site, get WBC's and fluid to site
- set up to repair, clear out microbes and dead tissue
- destroy and block microbes from getting to infection site **linked to a lot of diseases in old age, heart disease, alzheimers,cancer**
*function of inflammation
214
- dolor(pain)
- tumor(swelling)
- rubor(redness)
- calor(heat)
* loss of function*
- may see all of these signs or just some
*signs of inflammation
215
Chemical messengers, itchy feeling at inflammation site, directing traffic
5 groups:
-non specific mediators
-activators of specific immune responses
-vasoactive mediators
-regulators of lymphocyte growth and action
-etc
*cytokines/chemokines
216
-tumor necrosis factor(TNF) and interleukin 1(IL1)
-interferons(INF)
-interleukin 6 (IL-6)
are ___.
*non-specific mediators
217
Phagocytosis drive forward inflammation, are indogenous pyrogenes.
* tumor necrosis factor(TNF)
| * interleukin 1(IL1)
218
Chemicals that your body releases to cause fever
*indogenous pyrogenes
219
Inhibiting viral replication active when viral infections are present.
*interferons (INF)
220
Important in stimulating B-cells
*interleukin 6 (IL-6)
221
- Interferon gamma
- IL-5
- IL-10
- IL-12
- important in stimulating and regulating action WBC's, inhibiting viral replications
*activators of immune response
222
-histamine
-seratonin
-bradykinin
are ___.
*vasoactive mediators (acting on vascular system)
223
Induce mucus production and cause vaso dialation, blood vessels opening up allowing more blood flow to the area.
*histamine
224
Increase smooth muscle contractions, important neurotransmitter.
*seratonin
225
Huge in mucus production and pain, also huge in inflammation in allergies.
*bradykinin
226
- IL-2-
- macrophage colony-stimulating factor M-CSF)
Contributes to lymphocyte action
*lymphocyte growth and action
227
-prostaglandins
-leukotrienes
-platelet-activating factor
are ___.
*Etc....
228
Stimulate more inflammation, heavy with pain
*prostaglandins
229
Increase vascular permeability, more stuff can get in and out of blood vessels.
*leukotrienes
230
Encourage aggragation of platelets coming together for clotting and inflammatory reasons.
*platelet-activating factor
231
4 steps in inflammation:
* immediate reaction
* vascular reaction
* edema and pus
* resolution/scar formation
232
Happens right away with inflammation.
- cytokines-->SOS(starts pumping chemical messengers)
- vasoactive-->increased bloodflow(more fluid,swelling,more blood, redness, pain)
- chemotactic-->call for reinforcement(cytokine cell to neutrophils and macrophages to eat bad stuff)
*immediate reaction
233
- Brief vasoconstriction, blood vessels constrict and less blood flow gets to the area, incase of blood loss.
- vasodilation-->heat and redness, more blood flow
- exudate-->edema,causes pressure around the area
*vascular reaction
234
Fluid leaking out to tissue(edema) that causes swelling.
*exudate
235
-dilute toxins
-trap microbes
-diapedesis
are steps in ___.
*exudate-->edema
236
WBC's squeeze out tiny gaps of cells of blood vessels to tissues, phagocytise bad microbes.
*diapedesis
237
```
Fluid flowing into the area
-white and milky(pus)
-bloody
-clear
(you would see all 3 in a wound)
```
*pus and edema
238
Pros: more fluid=more phagocytes, toxin dilution, norishment, trap microbes
Cons: compartment syndrome, pain
*pus and edema
239
Involves separation of layer of tissue causing permanent damage.
*compartment syndrome
240
- hopefully
- replacement by healthy tissue(functional tissue)
- scar formation
*resolution
241
Filling the whole that was left by inflammation,non functional tissue
-can be serious around heart muscle b/c it causes non-functional tissue to block functional tissue
*scar formation
242
Raising of core body temperature
| -even though ___ raises body temp, many people get the chills
*fever/pyrexia
243
Responsible for causing fever, act on hypothalamas(where the body controls temperature)
2 types:
-exogenous
-endogenous
*pyrogens
244
- ___ are endotoxins, coming from the outside
- ___are chemical mediators,comes from within our bodies, that act on hypothalamus
ex: I-1, tumor necrosis factor
* exogenous
| * endogenous
245
-raise metabolism to fight things off
-can kill some pathogens that are sensitive to heat
-early warning sign of illness
are ____ of fever.
*benefits
246
-denature certain proteins(unfold), big problem in CNS
-one body crosses 105F the brain proteins will denature, a concern with children
-major problem in pregnancy
are ___ of fever
*dangers
247
4 anti-microbial proteins:
* interferon
* complement
* iron binding proteins
* antimicrobial peptides
248
- Signal that one cell sends to another that says"its too late for me,save yourself!"
- infected cell produces interferon(pumps to cells around it to help other cells not die)
- interferon attaches to another cell
- 2nd cell has two option:
* degrade viral RNA
* prevent translation of viral proteins
*interferon
249
-Attached and penetrates, uncode, and breaks RNA
-2nd cell latches on viral proteins and goes through the cell replication process but when it gets to synthesis the cell says"NO"
These are 2 options for a cell in interferon___ and ___.
* degrade viral RNA
| * prevent translation of viral proteins
250
3 types of interferons:
* alpha
* beta
* gamma
251
-lymphocytes,fibroblasts and macrophages
-stimulate phagocytes
-inhibit/suppress tumors
are ___ and ___ interferons
* alpha
| * beta
252
- primarily associated with WBC's is the ___ interferon.
| - primarily associated with fibroblasts and epithelial cells is the ___ interferon.
* alpha
| * beta
253
- T cells:lymphocyte
| - regulate macrophages, T and B cells
*gamma
254
- proteins in blood, always there
- inactive until infection
- cascade
*complement
255
4 steps in a cascade reaction:
* initiation
* amplification and cascade
* polymerization
* membrane attack
256
Start of cascade, complement protein 1(C1) binds to an antibody on a foreign cell,3rd line defense is related to complement system, antibody has to be present before C1 can come in.
*initiation
257
All complement proteins coming together, start to build in complex way, alternative or classical pathway from the membrane attack complex.
*amplification and cascade
258
4th part of cascade, complex can poke holes in infecting cells that causes them to burst.
*membrane attack
259
- bacterial siderohores(little hands that grab on)
- in the body
- fever increases this, which is a benefit
*iron-binding proteins
260
4 types of iron in the body:
* hemoglobin
* transferrin
* lactoferrin
* ferritin
261
- ___ is found in blood, iron binding protein
ex: anemia
- ___ is found in blood and tissue fluid, iron binding protein
- ___is found in milk and saliva, iron binding protein
- ___is found all over body, iron binding protein
* hemoglobin
* transferrin
* lactoferrin
* ferritin
262
- new-ish discovery
- short proteins: 12 to 50 amino acids long
- insert into prokaryotic membrane-->death
* like to mimic and use for antimicrobial
*antimicrobial peptides
263
- reacts to non-self
- induced
- specific(matter what it is)
- memory
- immunocompetence
*3rd line
264
Large molecules that act and respond to specific antigen.
*antibody
265
Molecules that stimulate an immune response, B and T cells.
*antigen
266
Part of antigen that body recognizes an antigen later on.
*epitope
267
B cells response ___.
| Tcells response ___.
* humoral response
| * cell mediated response
268
- 4 steps's
- lymphocyte development
- antigens and clonal selection
- MHC's
- lymphocyte receptors
- challenging with antigens
*overview of immune response
269
-lymphocyte development and diffrentiation(WBC)
-presentation of antigens
-challenge of B and T lymphocytes
-immune response by B or T cells
are the 4 steps of ____.
*immune response
270
- antigen independent(only step has this)
- stem cells-->B or T cells
- B cells mature in bone marrow(where stem cells are)
- T cells mature in thymus(shrinks over lifetime)
- all circulate through circulatory and lymphatic systems(wait for a antigen to move to next phase)
*lymphocyte development
271
- pathogens breech 1st and 2nd line(before 3rd stage)
- antigens are processed and presented(have to be arranged for immune system to see)
- appropriate B and T cells activated
- markers are important here...identify cells.
*antigens and clonal selection
272
Major factor in how different cells in immune system react to body.
*major histocompatibility complex
273
- genes code for MHC molecules/glycoproteins(HCL's)
- important in recognition of self vs non self
- all nucleated human cells(have some form of MHC on them, except RBC's)
- 3 classes
- MHC I
- MHC II
- MCH III
*major histocompatibility complex
274
- ___ is on every nucleated cell
- ___on presenting cells(B cells, macrophages,dendritic cells)
- ___important part in complement system
* MHC I
* MHC II
* MHC III
275
- Markers are often called receptors
- The"hands"of the immune system(where lymphocytes grab on to antigens)
- billions of options due to random genetic rearrangements
- B cells grasp Ags directly
- T cells grasp processed Ags with MHC's(by Ag presenting cells)
- Note: 'Self" coding lymphocytes are destroyed in clonal deletion
*lymphocyte receptors
276
- B and T cells are "challenged" by antigens
- proliferation
- differentiation
- clonal expansion
*challenging with Antigens
277
- ___grow B and T cells
- ___pick out correct B and T cells
- ___the picked cell grows even more
* proliferation
* differentiation
* clonal expansion
278
When cells attack directly.
*cell mediated immunity
279
3 targets in cell mediated immunity:
* eukaryotes(protozoa,fungi,worms)
* virally infected cells(T cells recognize own cell as being bad)
* intracellular pathogens(tuberculosis)
280
3 types of cells in cell mediated immunity:
* helper T cells
* regulatory T cells
* cytotoxic T cells
281
- antigen independent(T cells always around)
- maturation in thymus
- all T cells:CD3 coreceptors(help T cell do what it does)
- T helper cells:CD4 receptor protein(big receptor,interact with mucus, Ag presenting cells
- cytotoxic T cells:CD8 receptor protein(recognizes MCH 1, to find and destroy cells)
*lymphocyte development in T cells
282
- Good antigens/immunogens must be BIG and COMPLEX.
- epitopes
- special antigen types
*antigen presentation for T cells
283
4 types of special antigens:
* haptens
* alloantigens
* superantigens
* allergens
284
Antigens that are responsible for allergic response.
*allergens
285
Little tiny antigens, to small for body to see but meet with other proteins.
*haptens
286
Antigens that vary in types of species.(blood type, organ tissue)
*alloantigens
287
Antigens that are able to stimulate immune system and send it overboard.
*superanitgens
288
Antigens that are able to stimulate immune system and send it overboard.
*superanitgens
289
- T cells activated
- clonal selection: picking rt T cell
- memory T cells formed: keep you from getting sick from same illness
*step 3 for T cells
290
Attack: T cells kill off what is making you sick
*step 4 for T cells
291
Attack: T cells kill off what is making you sick
*step 4
292
- APC stimulates CD4 cell(helper cells)
- APC and CD4 exchange cytokines(chemical signals/messages
- CD4 cell-->active helper or regulatory T cells
*activation of T cells
293
- low in HIV/AIDs patients
- T helper (Th)
- T regulatory(Tr)
*CD4 cells
294
- Th1-->TNF and interferon gamma-->(stimulate macrophages)
- Th2-->IL-4 and B cell growth factors(help with B cell maturation)
- Th17-->inflammation
*T helper cells
295
Makes sure immune response doesnt get out of control, develop from helper T cells.
*T regulartory
296
- APC and Th1 stimulate CD8 cell(receptors that regonize MCH1)
- CD8 cell-->active cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells(can be CD4 or 8)
*activation of T cells
297
- t cytotoxic (Tc)
- destroy
- especially helpful with viruses and cancer
- active in graft rejection(organ transplant)
*CD8 cells
298
- CD4 or Cd8
- long lived(vary from pathogen to pathogen)
- reproduce on re-exposure to antigen
- provide Th and Tc for future attacks
*T memory
299
- interferon stimulation of T cells, helps with viruses
- natural killer cells (NK)
- great against cancer cells
*3rd line but non-specific
300
- release large amount of cytokines
- cancer and viral infections
* are ____ cells
*natural killer cells
301
- B cells and antibodies
- antibodies do the work/B cells dont do work directly
- very low circulation in the blood
- B cells hide in lymphatic system
*humoral imminity(antibodies)
302
- regulatory B cells
- memory B cells(waiting for reinfection)
- plasma cells(cells that produce antibodies)
*types of B cells
303
- antigen independent
- maturation in bone marrow
- surface receptors-immunoglobulins(Ig)
*lymphocyte development for B cells
304
- antigen presenting cells(APC's) process and present antigen
- engulf-->breakdown-->Ag presented on MHC II receptor
*antigen presentation for B cells
305
-activation
-differentiation
is step ___
*step 3 for B cells
306
-antibodies attack
| is step ___
*step 4 for B cells
307
- B cell endocytosis and breaks down antigen-->APC
- APC meets up with helper T cell(Th2) and exchanges cytokines
- cytokines becomes active B cells
- differentiates into 3 types of cells
*activation and differentiation of B cells
308
3 types of B cells:
* regulatory B cells
* memeory B cells
- plasma cells
309
- secrete IL-10
- regulate T cell response
- makes sure things dont get out of control
*regulatory B cells
310
- lymphatic circulation
| - wait for the next exposure to the same antigen
*memory B cells
311
- short-lived antibody factories that match the original B cell
- secrete antibodies into blood
*plasma cells
312
- proteins that bind specifically to antigens(Ag)
| - immunoglobulins
*antibodies(Ab)
313
-4 polypeptide chains form the letter "Y"(fab top)
-monomer subunit
is the structure of ___.
*antibodies
314
- the crystallizable fragment
- can bind with macrophages and mast cells
- constant within a class of antibodies
- not specific to a specific antigen
- has 5 options
*Fc Site (bottom of Y)
315
- hypervariable(whole lot of options)
- 1 antibody matches 1 antigen
- host DNA recombines in cell to create these unique proteins(jumping genes)
- both sites on one Y fit the same epitope
*Fab Sites(top of Y)
316
- 5 isotypes
- vary in shape, size and function
- GAMED or MADGE
*classes of immunoglobulins
317
- gamma globulin
- produced by B cells, B memory cells, plasma cells(produces it and secretes it)
- can fix complement
- more prevalent(antibody floating around in blood)
- important in secondary response
- crosses the placenta, part of babies immune system
IgG(gamma)
318
- break 1st line of defense(outside/inside)
- 2nd line
* initial phagocytosis
* inflammation
* fever
* antimicrobial proteins
- if pathogen survives, 3rd line of defense
* T cells/B cells
*pathogen entry
319
- Fc bin>ds to mast cells and basophils(associated with histamines)
- bind to allergens during allergic response
- IgE binds-->mast cell/basophil degranulates-->release cytokines-->allergic response
- protects from parasitic infections, BUT...
- causes more problems than it solves
- Y shape
*IgE
320
- found on the surface of B cells(good receptor)
- very low concentration
- function?!
- Y shape
*IgD
321
- first antibodies produced as a response to infection, 1st time exposed to same thing
- huge
- found on the surface of B cells
- pentamer shape(10 binding sites)
- can fix complement
*IgM
322
- produced at mucous membranes in secretions
- dimer(shape, like an S)
- found in mucus, tears, breast milk
- found a lot in digestive tract
*IgA
323
5 ways Ig works:
* neutralization
* opsonization
* complement fixation
* agglutination
324
- exotoxins and bacterial proteins bound by antibodies-->non toxic-->complexes eliminated by liver
- the bad news:serum sickness b/c complexins are to big and get stuck in capillaries
- antibodies can render toxins
*neutralization
325
- antibodies bind to non-self antigens
- changes to the antigen surface
- new "look" is more attractive to phagocytes
- increases phagocytosis
*opsonization
326
- recall: 2nd line of defense
| - complement is activated by antibodies(IgM or IgG) bound to antigen-->bacteria lysis(burst)
*complement fixation
327
- antibodies cross link bacteria and clump up
- bacteria are immobile
- phagocytosis!!
*agglutination
328
5 ways to measure antibody concentrations:
* titers
* first exposure
* latent phase
* primary response
* secondary response
329
Measures how much of an antibody is in your system.
*measure antibody concentrations
330
- ___ is how much antibody is in serum
- ___first time exposed to and pathogen
- ___nothing is happening, has to reach 1st line and B cells
* titers
* first exposure
* latent phase
331
IgM spikes 1st, then IgG a week or so later
* IgM drop to nearly nothing
* IgG wont drop as much
*primary response
332
Much faster and dramatic, spike of IgG memory
| -will sometimes happen and take care of issue before you even know
*secondary response
333
Types of immunity:
- ___happened in course of life
- ___some sort of medical intervention
- ___given immune cells/antibodies
- ___body produces own immune cells/antibodies
* natural
* artificial
* passive
* active
334
Natural Artificial
Active -get sick -vaccine
Passive -vertical -Ig therapy
ex:cancer
*types of immunity
335
- create an antibody response WITHOUT pathogen exposure, immunity without making person sick
- Edward Jenner (1796) conferred immunity to smallpox via serum from cowpox
- no proven link to autism
*vaccination
336
-live attenuated
-inactivated
-subunit
-toxoids
-maybe soon:
DNA(immunity from genetics)
recombinant vector
*types of vaccines
337
- ___ weakened form of pathogen
| - ___just use epitope
* live attenuated
| * subunit
338
Took pathogen and treated chemically or with heat, body reacts to shell of it.
(polio)
*inactivated
339
Neutralized version of toxins, immunity against the toxins from bacteria.
(tetnus)
*toxiods
