Test #1 Microbiology Test Flashcards
1
Q
The study of organisms that are too small for the naked eye.
A
- Microbiology
2
Q
What event, discovery or invention marked the start of microbiology?
A
- The microscope
3
Q
3 things common in all microbes:
A
- dividing, reproduce quickly
- produce large quantities quickly
- too small to see with naked eye
4
Q
5 categories of microbes:
A
- bacteria
- fungi
- algae
- protozoa
- helminth (worms)
5
Q
- unicellular (one cell)
- reproduce by binary fission ( one splits into two)
- prokaryotic
A
- bateria
6
Q
2 forms of fungi:
A
- yeast
* mold
7
Q
- unicellular
- eukaryotic
- reproduce by asexual budding
- look at under microscope
A
- yeast
8
Q
- multicellular (filaments)
- eukaryotic
- sexual or asexual
A
- mold
9
Q
- eukaryotic
- photosynthesis
A
- algae
10
Q
- unicellular
- eukaryotic
A
- protozoa
11
Q
- non-living things b/c they are non-cellular
- very tiny
- protein coated genetic elements, has DNA or RNA with wrapping of proteins
A
- viruses
12
Q
- very small
- simple
- geneme + palsmids = nucleoid (DNA)
- no membrane-bound organelles
- binary fission
- bacteria
A
- prokaryotes
13
Q
- big
- complex
- nucleus
- membrane bound organelles
- mitosis & meiosis
- fungi, algae, protozoa, plants, animals
A
- eukaryotes
14
Q
- they are everywhere
- they were here first (prokaryotes)
- essential for life:
- nutrients
* keeps you from being ill
* photosynthesis
- nutrients
A
- microbes
15
Q
Why are microbes so important?
A
- photosynthesis 70%
- environmental is made of microbial products 30%
70% - 30% split
16
Q
less than ____% are microbes that cause disease
over ____% are helpful or neutral
A
- 1%
* 90%
17
Q
3 beneficial microbes:
A
- genetic engineering (insulin)
- bioremediation
- symbionts
18
Q
helps clean up environment, oil spills
A
- bioremediation
19
Q
bacteria in or on you that help (e-coli)
A
- symbionts
20
Q
returns C02, N2, and H20 to atmosphere and soil
A
- decomposers
21
Q
types of food that wouldn’t possible without microbes:
A
- cheese
- bread
- yogurt
22
Q
you are home to ____ of microbes, this is good b/c____, they live in _____, when they travel they can cause _____
A
- billions
- helps with illnesses
- skin, gut, mouth
- sickness (UTI) ecoli
23
Q
classification and nomenclature was done way back by (3):
A
- microscopic appearance
- discoverer
- etc, (dont know)
24
Q
organize, classify, and name is called ____
A
- taxonomy
25
Carl von Linne was concerned with (3):
* classification
* nomenclature
* identification
(Taxonomy)
26
- domain (very broad group)
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species (one single type of organism)
* taxonomic system
27
3 categories of nomenclature:
* binomial (2 names)
* latinized
* genus (capitalized) species (never capitalized)
28
- new system of classification by Carl Woese
| - composed thousands of organisms
* rRNA (ribosomal)
29
- everything has it and uses it the same way
- not affected much by evolution (doesnt change much)
- lots of commonalities in a species
* rRNA
30
- rRNA in a species is ____
| - different species different ____
* the same
| * rRNA
31
Woese's conclusion, 3 domains of living cells:
* bacteria
* archaea
* eukarya
32
bacteria and archaea are ____
* prokaryotes
33
eukarya is all ____
* eukaryotes
34
bacteria and archaea are as ____ from each other as each is from eukarya
* different
35
Why do we use microscopes?
* to see microorganisms, make them look bigger
36
make things look bigger
- _____ lens
- _____ lens
* magnification
- objective
- ocular
37
variables lens
4x
10x
40x
100x (oil immersion)
* objective lens
38
the lens you look through, 10x
*ocular lens
39
____ x ____ = total magnification
ocular x objective
40
so why cant we just keep adding lenses?
* distortion (blur)
41
telling one object from another and being able to tell the object from background:
* contrast
42
how far apart two dots are:
* resolution
43
4 types of microscopes:
* bright field
* phase contrast
* dark field
* electron
44
standard, light microscope, hard to see things that are not stained
* bright field
45
not used a lot, used to see unstained moving microbes
* phase contrast
46
has to be used in dark room, no light
good for photosynthesis, things that glow
* dark field
47
beams of electrons to allow you to see very tiny things
can look inside microbe
* electron
48
- very small
- DNA in nucleiod (plasmids)
- no organelles or membranes, have ribosomes
- organisms: bacteria and archaea
* prokaryotic cell
49
can exist in more than one shape
* pleomorphic
50
3 types of rods, called bacillus/bacilli
* fusiform
* branching filaments
* vibrio
51
3 types of spheres, called caccus/cocci
* diplococci
* streptococci
* staphylococci ( also a genus)
52
1 type of spiral, called spirillum/ spirilla
* spirochete ( causes lime disease)
53
- cell walls are different between ____
| - big difference is how its made
* species
54
- plant cell walls are made of ____
- bacteria cell walls are made of ____
- fungus cell walls are made of ____
* cellulose
* peptidoglycan
* chitin
55
- peptidoglycan is unique to ___
- destroy the cell wall is called ___
- ____ digest peptidoglycan
- some ____ stop peptidoglycan formation (penicillan)
* bacteria
* lysis (rupture)
* lysozyomes
* antibiotics
56
what effect will chemicals that interfere peptidoglycan have on animal cells?
* none
57
- ____ invented the gram stain
- 4 steps
- positive or negative
- relates to cell wall composition
* Hans Christian Gram
58
gram positive have more ____
*peptidoglycan
59
positive gram is what color: ____
negative gram is what color: ____
* purple
| * pink or red
60
applying ____ kills bacteria, fixes it to slide
* heat
61
4 steps to gram stain :
* fix
- primary stain
- mordant
- decolorization
- counterstain
62
in this step all bacteria will turn purple, crystal violet
* primary stain (Step One)
63
in this step all bacteria will still be purple, makes bigger, iodine
* mordant (Step Two)
64
in this step, gram positive bacteria are purple, gram negative are pink or red, sofranin
* counterstain (Step Four)
65
in this step, gram positive bacteria are purple, gram negative are colorless b/c of not enough peptidoglyson, acetone or ethenol
* decolorizer
66
What would happen if i forgot:
gram positive gram negative
crystal violet ? ?
iodine ? ?
decolorizer ? ?
sofranin ? ?
* pink pink
* pink pink
* purple purple
* purple clear
67
So why do we care if bacteria is gram positive or gram negative?
* common categorization of bacteria
- E-coli (gram neg)
- Staph, strep, bacillus (gram pos)
* differences in the cell wall
* outer membrane on gram neg cells
68
outer membrane on gram negative cells have____
* lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which is an endotoxin
69
flagella can be on ____ and ____
* eukaryotes
| * prokaryotes
70
external prokaryotic structures, flagella are long whiplike structure used for motility: (4)
* monotrichous (one end)
* amphitrichous (both ends)
* lophotrichous (one end together)
* petrichous (all over)
71
bacteria move and response to chemical sensors, moving toward food, O2, ect....
*chemotaxis
72
fimbriae and pili you see only on ____
* prokaryotes
73
- small fibers
- adhesion/anchoring
- cause N. gonorrhea and S. mutans (cavities)
* fimbriae
74
- longer fibers
- gram negative only
- DNA exchange
* pili
75
- will protect bacteria from immune system
- glycocalyx (slim layer)
- often associated with greater pathogenicity
- pneumonia, meningitis, anthrax
*capsule
76
In the ____ contains:
- genetic information
* bacterial chromosome in nucleiod
* plasmids
- ribosomes
* proteinsynthesis happens
* cytoplasm
77
___ might give bacteria resistance to immune system.
* plasmids
78
- internal structure
- stress response
- dormant state
* metabolism
* reproduction
- survive extremes
- survive for years
* King Tut's Curse
- in bacillus and clostridium
* endospores (some bacteria can form)
79
Lets Compare:
bacteria archaea
-cell type ? ?
- chromosomes ? ?
- unique rRNA ? ?
-similarities to
eukaryotes ? ?
-protein synthesis
like eukaryotes ? ?
-peptidoglycan in
cell walls ? ?
* prokaryotic prokaryotic
* plasmids,nucleiod nucleiod
* yes yes
* very different from one another
* yes ribosomes
* yes no
80
-cell possess membrane bound organelles
- have mitochondria (powerhouse) and chloroplasts(photosynthesis)
* DNA
* Ribosomes (photosynthesis)
* eukaryotic cells
81
mitochondria and chloroplasts in ____ cells reproduce independently.
*eukaryotic cells
82
in the ____ the DNA is from your mother, separate from nucleus
*mitochandria
83
the _____ explains that:
- there are two prokaryotc cells
- one cell engulfs the other cell
- a double membrane can be found inside
*endo/ sym/ biont theory
inside/together/living thing
84
- structure
* double layer of lipids
* outer layer vs inner layer
- function
* semi-permeable membrane (lets things in and out)
* Cell membranes
85
structure function(Pro vs Eu)
cell wall ?
flagella ?
glycocalyx ?
ribosomes ?
* protect, made of different materials
* used for movement, different in size
* protection (capsule)
* protein synthesis, different in structure
86
- cell wall
- no photosynthesis
- dimorphic (2 forms) ____ and ____.
*fungi
yeast and mold
87
type of fungi:
- unicellular
- asexual reproduction (divide)
- pseudohyphae
*yeast
88
type of fungi:
- muliticellular
- sexual(2 different spores ) or asexual reproduction
- hyphae
* mold
89
- long filamentous cells
| - anchor and obtain nutrients
*hyphae
90
chain of yeast that look like hyphae but it isnt
pseudohyphae
91
reproductive hyphae have:
- ____ spores
- ____ spores
* asexual
| * sexual
92
fungi is used for good in the production ____
*antibiotics (penicillan)
93
these are ____ that causes problems:
- candida albicans
- tinea/ringworm
- cryptococcus neoformans (meningitis)
- allergic/toxic reactions
- contamination
*fungi
94
___ and ___ are fungi, eukaroyotic, and have cell walls
* yeast and mold
95
- unicellular
- no cell wall
- no photosynthesis
- some are parasites
*protozoa
96
requires a host to get nutrients from
*parasites
97
What makes a successful parasite?
* find a host
| * get all nutrients from host
98
all protozoan go through this, feed and reproduce
*trophozoite
99
some protozoa go through this, protective, keeps it from drying out
*cyst
100
protozoa are difficult to classify, they are classified by motility: (4)
* amoeba
* ciliates
* flagellates
* apicomplexans
101
____ gets around by a pseudupod
amoeba
102
all have a structure that can penetrate the host cell, always a parasite
*apicomplexans
103
pathogenic protozoa: (4)
* genus plasmodium (causes milaria)
* trichomonas vaginalis
* giardia lamblia (cause GI upsets,tx metronytisol)
* toxoplasma gondii (cause toxic plasmosis,from cat feces)
104
the word protozoa means (first animals). Why is this an appropriate title? Why does it not quite fit our modern definition of animals?
*protozoa are unicellular and thats why they are not animals.
105
Why are protozoan infections hard to treat?
* they are able to encapsulate and protect themselves from medication
* no cell wall
* hard to target b/c your are eukaryotic so the drug may cause side effects
