Test 3-Microbial nutrition, ecology, and growth

Question 0

What is a example of a nutrient that cannot be synthesized by the body

Answer 0

Vitamins

Question 1

Nutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body

Answer 1

Essential

Question 2

Nutrients that are needed in large quantities (>1% dry weight)

Answer 2

Macronutrients

Question 3

Examples of macronutrients

Answer 3

C H N O P S

especially carbohydrates, proteins, water, oxygen

Question 4

Known as trace nutrients, only needed in small amounts (<1% of dry weight)

Answer 4

Micronutrients

Question 5

Examples of micronutrients

Answer 5

Ca
Mg
Cl
Fe

Question 6

Carbon containing nutrients

Answer 6

Organic

Question 7

Examples of organic nutrients

Answer 7

Glucose and amino acids

Question 8

Nutrients that do not contain carbon

Answer 8

Inorganic

Question 9

Examples of inorganic nutrients

Answer 9

Water, minerals, oxygen

Question 10

Function of carbon

Answer 10

Backbone or all organic macromolecules (carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids)

Question 11

Function of oxygen

Answer 11

Crucial component of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Essential (as O2) electron acceptor for aerobic respiration. Component of water

Question 12

Function of hydrogen

Answer 12

Key component in organic macromolecules. Forms hydrogen bonds between molecules. Key to energy transfer in reactions of aerobic respiration. Component of water

Question 13

What is function of nitrogen

Answer 13

Crucial component of proteins and nucleic acids

Question 14

Where are nutrients obtained from

Answer 14

The environment

Question 15

How to we obtain our carbon

Answer 15

Heterotrophs- obtain carbon in organic form through respiration

Question 16

obtain carbon in organic form through respiration

Answer 16

Heterotrophs

Question 17

Use CO2 as their main carbon source through photosynthesis

*nutritionally independent

Answer 17

Autotrophs

Question 18

What is the main regimen of nitrogen

Answer 18

The atmosphere (79%)

Question 19

What do heterotrophs depend on in order to get nitrogen

Answer 19

The few species of bacteria that can transform N2 into NH3 and then into organic compound through nitrogen fixation
Depend on consuming other organisms that have nitrogen in fixed organic form

Question 20

How much of atmosphere does oxygen make up

Answer 20

20%

Question 21

What is a waste product of photosynthesis

Answer 21

Molecular O2

Question 22

What does photosynthesis change sunlight into

Answer 22

Chemical energy

Question 23

What type of microbial nutritional strategy is most likely to cause a disease

Answer 23

Chemoheterotroph

Question 24

What is parasitism

Answer 24

Chemoheterotrophs obtain nutrients from the cells of a host

Question 25

Live on or outside of the body

Answer 25

Ectoparisites

Question 26

Live within bodies in organs and tissues

Answer 26

Endoparasites

Question 27

Live within cells

Answer 27

Intracellular parasite

Question 28

Unable to grow outside of a living host

Answer 28

Obligate parasites

Question 29

High concentration to low concentration, no ATP required, small nonpolar molecules of lipid solvable molecules

Answer 29

Simple diffusion

Question 30

Passive transport of hydrophilic molecules through protein channels. No ATP required, movement is down concentration gradient.

Answer 30

Facilitated diffusion

Question 31

Transport against the concentration gradient , protein channels and energy (ATP) required

Answer 31

Active transport

Question 32

Materials included by membrane and taken into intracellular vesicles

Answer 32

Endocytosis

Question 33

Liquids entering the cell

Answer 33

Pinocytosis

Question 34

Phagocytosis

Answer 34

Solids entering the cell

Question 35

Who can do endocytosis

Answer 35

Eukaryotes

Question 36

What is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Answer 36

Osmosis

Question 37

What way will water move is osmosis if water is not diffusible

Answer 37

From the side that has more water to the side that has less water

Question 38

The environment is equal in solute concentration to the cells internal environment, generally most stable environment for cells

Answer 38

Isotonic

Question 39

The solute concentration of the external environment is lower than that of the cells internal environment. Water tends to rush in cell

Answer 39

Hypotonic

Question 40

The environment with a higher solute concentration that the cytoplasm. Will force water to diffuse out of a cell, cell will shrink

Answer 40

Hypertonic

Question 41

Range of temperatures microbes can grow

Answer 41

Cardinal range

Question 42

The temperature range that promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism. Usually a relatively small range between the minimum and maximum

Answer 42

Optimum temperature | Most 37 degrees C

Question 43

What are psychrophiles

Answer 43

Cold only (-15 to +10 C)

Question 44

What are psychotrophs

Answer 44

Prefer cold but can grow at intermediate temperatures

Question 45

What are mesophiles

Answer 45

Intermediate only (20-45 C)

Question 46

What are Thermophiles

Answer 46

Hot only (45-122 C)

Question 47

What are Extremophiles

Answer 47

Extremely hot or cold (below -15 or above 120 C)

Question 48

What temperature do most human pathogens like? They are?

Answer 48

30-40 C | They are mesophiles

Question 49

Use gaseous oxygen in their metabolism

Answer 49

Aerobes

Question 50

Cannot grow without oxygen

Answer 50

Obligate aerobes

Question 51

Aerobes that can use oxygen but are also capable of growing without it

Answer 51

Facultative anaerobes

Question 52

Do not use oxygen for metabolism

Answer 52

Anaerobes

Question 53

Cannot tolerate any free oxygen and will die if exposed to it

Answer 53

Strict/obligate anaerobes

Question 54

Do not use oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence

Answer 54

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Question 55

Do not grow at normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen but do require a small amount of it in metabolism

Answer 55

Microaerophiles

Question 56

Like very low pH means

Answer 56

Acidophiles | pH 0-6

Question 57

Like Neutral pH means

Answer 57

Neutrophiles | pH 6-8

Question 58

Like very high pH means

Answer 58

Alkaliphiles | pH 8-14

Question 59

Who live in habitats of high solute concentration

Answer 59

Osmophiles . | Halophiles are Osmophiles that prefer high concentration of salt

Question 60

Interaction between organisms and their environment (both physical and biological)

Answer 60

Ecology

Question 61

What does symbiotic mean

Answer 61

Living together, close partnership

Question 62

What does nonsymbiotic mean

Answer 62

Not obligatory but do influence growth of microbes

Question 63

When organisms live in a mutually beneficial relationship

Answer 63

Mutualism

Question 64

The member called the commensal receives benefits, while its coinhabitant is neither harmed nor benefited

Answer 64

Commensalism

Question 65

When one member provides nutritional or protective factors needed by the other

Answer 65

Satellitism

Question 66

A relationship in which the host organism provides the parasitic microbe with nutrients and a habitat, generally harmful to the host

Answer 66

Parasitism

Question 67

An interaction that benefits both but is not necessary for survival

Answer 67

Synergism

Question 68

An interaction where species compete

Answer 68

Antagonism

Question 69

An interaction that is detrimental to at least one species

Answer 69

Antibiosis

Question 70

Two levels of bacterial growth

Answer 70

1. Cell growth | 2. Population growth

Question 71

The time required for a complete fission cycle

Answer 71

Generating or doubling time

Question 72

Growth is _______

Answer 72

Exponential which means it can be expressed mathematically

Question 73

What is formula to calculate size of a population over time

Answer 73

Nf=(Ni)2^n Total number of cells in population at some point in growth phase= initial number times 2 raised to the generation number

Question 74

4 components of growth

Answer 74

Lag phase Exponential phase Stationary growth phase Death phase

Question 75

Growth patterns in microorganisms can account for stages of _________ in the clinic

Answer 75

Infection

Question 76

What does Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) quantify

Answer 76

Counts the number of DNA molecules

Question 77

What is a spectrophotometer

Answer 77

An apparatus for measuring the intensity of light as transmitted through a substance. Can quantify turbidity

Question 78

With respect to temperature, humans are?

Answer 78

Mesophiles

Question 79

With respect to oxygen, humans are?

Answer 79

Obligate aerobes

Question 80

With respect to pH, humans are?

Answer 80

Neutrophiles

Question 81

The ecological relationship between HIV and humans is best described as ______.

Answer 81

Parasitic

Question 82

Makes up 70+% of atmosphere

Answer 82

Nitrogen

Question 83

A non protein element or compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme

Answer 83

Coenzyme

Question 84

Decomposers of dead organic material

Answer 84

Saprobe

Question 85

Most significant one is water

Answer 85

Inorganic nutrient

Question 86

What's types of transport can prokaryotes and eukaryotes do?

Answer 86

Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport

Question 87

Each new fission cycle or generation increases the population by a factor of _____.

Answer 87

2

Question 88

If you plotted bacterial growth arithmetically vs logarithmically what would change

Answer 88

Arithmetically- a constantly curved shape | Logarithmically-a straight line

Question 89

Most significant one is water

Answer 89

Inorganic nutrient

Question 90

How do bacteria grow

Answer 90

Binary fission