Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Test 3-Microbial nutrition, ecology, and growth > Flashcards

Test 3-Microbial nutrition, ecology, and growth Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What is a example of a nutrient that cannot be synthesized by the body

A

Vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Nutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body

A

Essential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Nutrients that are needed in large quantities (>1% dry weight)

A

Macronutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Examples of macronutrients

A

C H N O P S

especially carbohydrates, proteins, water, oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Known as trace nutrients, only needed in small amounts (<1% of dry weight)

A

Micronutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Examples of micronutrients

A

Ca
Mg
Cl
Fe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Carbon containing nutrients

A

Organic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Examples of organic nutrients

A

Glucose and amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Nutrients that do not contain carbon

A

Inorganic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Examples of inorganic nutrients

A

Water, minerals, oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Function of carbon

A

Backbone or all organic macromolecules (carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Function of oxygen

A

Crucial component of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Essential (as O2) electron acceptor for aerobic respiration. Component of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Function of hydrogen

A

Key component in organic macromolecules. Forms hydrogen bonds between molecules. Key to energy transfer in reactions of aerobic respiration. Component of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is function of nitrogen

A

Crucial component of proteins and nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where are nutrients obtained from

A

The environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How to we obtain our carbon

A

Heterotrophs- obtain carbon in organic form through respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

obtain carbon in organic form through respiration

A

Heterotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Use CO2 as their main carbon source through photosynthesis

*nutritionally independent

A

Autotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the main regimen of nitrogen

A

The atmosphere (79%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do heterotrophs depend on in order to get nitrogen

A

The few species of bacteria that can transform N2 into NH3 and then into organic compound through nitrogen fixation
Depend on consuming other organisms that have nitrogen in fixed organic form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How much of atmosphere does oxygen make up

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a waste product of photosynthesis

A

Molecular O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does photosynthesis change sunlight into

A

Chemical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What type of microbial nutritional strategy is most likely to cause a disease

A

Chemoheterotroph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is parasitism

A

Chemoheterotrophs obtain nutrients from the cells of a host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Live on or outside of the body

A

Ectoparisites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Live within bodies in organs and tissues

A

Endoparasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Live within cells

A

Intracellular parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Unable to grow outside of a living host

A

Obligate parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

High concentration to low concentration, no ATP required, small nonpolar molecules of lipid solvable molecules

A

Simple diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Passive transport of hydrophilic molecules through protein channels. No ATP required, movement is down concentration gradient.

A

Facilitated diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Transport against the concentration gradient , protein channels and energy (ATP) required

A

Active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Materials included by membrane and taken into intracellular vesicles

A

Endocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Liquids entering the cell

A

Pinocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Solids entering the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Who can do endocytosis

A

Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

37
Q

What way will water move is osmosis if water is not diffusible

A

From the side that has more water to the side that has less water

38
Q

The environment is equal in solute concentration to the cells internal environment, generally most stable environment for cells

A

Isotonic

39
Q

The solute concentration of the external environment is lower than that of the cells internal environment. Water tends to rush in cell

A

Hypotonic

40
Q

The environment with a higher solute concentration that the cytoplasm. Will force water to diffuse out of a cell, cell will shrink

A

Hypertonic

41
Q

Range of temperatures microbes can grow

A

Cardinal range

42
Q

The temperature range that promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism. Usually a relatively small range between the minimum and maximum

A

Optimum temperature

Most 37 degrees C

43
Q

What are psychrophiles

A

Cold only (-15 to +10 C)

44
Q

What are psychotrophs

A

Prefer cold but can grow at intermediate temperatures

45
Q

What are mesophiles

A

Intermediate only (20-45 C)

46
Q

What are Thermophiles

A

Hot only (45-122 C)

47
Q

What are Extremophiles

A

Extremely hot or cold (below -15 or above 120 C)

48
Q

What temperature do most human pathogens like? They are?

A

30-40 C

They are mesophiles

49
Q

Use gaseous oxygen in their metabolism

A

Aerobes

50
Q

Cannot grow without oxygen

A

Obligate aerobes

51
Q

Aerobes that can use oxygen but are also capable of growing without it

A

Facultative anaerobes

52
Q

Do not use oxygen for metabolism

A

Anaerobes

53
Q

Cannot tolerate any free oxygen and will die if exposed to it

A

Strict/obligate anaerobes

54
Q

Do not use oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

55
Q

Do not grow at normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen but do require a small amount of it in metabolism

A

Microaerophiles

56
Q

Like very low pH means

A

Acidophiles

pH 0-6

57
Q

Like Neutral pH means

A

Neutrophiles

pH 6-8

58
Q

Like very high pH means

A

Alkaliphiles

pH 8-14

59
Q

Who live in habitats of high solute concentration

A

Osmophiles .

Halophiles are Osmophiles that prefer high concentration of salt

60
Q

Interaction between organisms and their environment (both physical and biological)

A

Ecology

61
Q

What does symbiotic mean

A

Living together, close partnership

62
Q

What does nonsymbiotic mean

A

Not obligatory but do influence growth of microbes

63
Q

When organisms live in a mutually beneficial relationship

A

Mutualism

64
Q

The member called the commensal receives benefits, while its coinhabitant is neither harmed nor benefited

A

Commensalism

65
Q

When one member provides nutritional or protective factors needed by the other

A

Satellitism

66
Q

A relationship in which the host organism provides the parasitic microbe with nutrients and a habitat, generally harmful to the host

A

Parasitism

67
Q

An interaction that benefits both but is not necessary for survival

A

Synergism

68
Q

An interaction where species compete

A

Antagonism

69
Q

An interaction that is detrimental to at least one species

A

Antibiosis

70
Q

Two levels of bacterial growth

A
  1. Cell growth

2. Population growth

71
Q

The time required for a complete fission cycle

A

Generating or doubling time

72
Q

Growth is _______

A

Exponential which means it can be expressed mathematically

73
Q

What is formula to calculate size of a population over time

A

Nf=(Ni)2^n
Total number of cells in population at some point in growth phase= initial number times 2 raised to the generation number

74
Q

4 components of growth

A

Lag phase
Exponential phase
Stationary growth phase
Death phase

75
Q

Growth patterns in microorganisms can account for stages of _________ in the clinic

A

Infection

76
Q

What does Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) quantify

A

Counts the number of DNA molecules

77
Q

What is a spectrophotometer

A

An apparatus for measuring the intensity of light as transmitted through a substance. Can quantify turbidity

78
Q

With respect to temperature, humans are?

A

Mesophiles

79
Q

With respect to oxygen, humans are?

A

Obligate aerobes

80
Q

With respect to pH, humans are?

A

Neutrophiles

81
Q

The ecological relationship between HIV and humans is best described as ______.

A

Parasitic

82
Q

Makes up 70+% of atmosphere

A

Nitrogen

83
Q

A non protein element or compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme

A

Coenzyme

84
Q

Decomposers of dead organic material

A

Saprobe

85
Q

Most significant one is water

A

Inorganic nutrient

86
Q

What’s types of transport can prokaryotes and eukaryotes do?

A

Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport

87
Q

Each new fission cycle or generation increases the population by a factor of _____.

A

2

88
Q

If you plotted bacterial growth arithmetically vs logarithmically what would change

A

Arithmetically- a constantly curved shape

Logarithmically-a straight line

89
Q

Most significant one is water

A

Inorganic nutrient

90
Q

How do bacteria grow

A

Binary fission

Microbiology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions