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Microbiology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

How small is too small to see with the human unaided eye?

A

0.10 mm

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1
Q

How many micrometers are there in one centimeter?

A

10,000 micrometers

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2
Q

What do we really mean by biological?

A

Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids

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3
Q

How much more bacteria than human cells are in the body?

A

Ten times

Approximately 10^14 instead of 10^13

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4
Q

How many species of bacteria live in the human gut? Under the skin?

A

500 to 1000 in both

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5
Q

Which are bigger prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells? By how much?

A

Eukaryotic are ten times the linear diameter of prokaryotic cells and volumes are about 1000 times greater

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6
Q

What’s the difference between cellular and acellular?

A

Cellular- have cell membrane
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are cellular
Acellular- no cell membrane
Viruses are acellular

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7
Q

Examples or prokaryotes

A

Bacteria and archaea

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8
Q

Examples of eukaryotes

A

Fungi, algae, Protozoa, helminths

Eukaryotes have a nucleus and compartments inside

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9
Q

What kinds of viruses are there and what are they known as

A

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic viruses and they are known as bacteriophages

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10
Q

Example of prokaryotic single cells

A

Bacteria and archaea

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11
Q

Examples of Eukaryotic single cell photosynthetic plants

A

Algae

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12
Q

Example of a eukaryotic single cell animals

A

Protozoa

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13
Q

Example of eukaryotic multicellular worms

A

Helminths

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14
Q

Example of eukaryotic single or multicellular that feed on dead or decaying organic matter aka “saprobes”

A

Fungi

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15
Q

What are prions

A

Infectious proteins

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16
Q

Example or viroids

A

Infectious nucleic acids

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17
Q

What is the study of prokaryotes

A

Bacteriology

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18
Q

What is the study of fungi

A

Mycology

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19
Q

What is the study of algae

A

Phycology

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20
Q

What are social approaches to disease prevention

A

Public health

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21
Q

What is the study of disease patterns in populations

A

Epidemiology

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22
Q

What is the genetic manipulation of microbes for industrial, medical, and other purposes

A

Biotechnology

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23
Q

What is the mechanism that directs the path of change?

A

Evolution

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24
Q

At what rate do microbes grow and change

A

Microbes grow very rapidly and they can change very quickly

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25
Q

Where can you find microbes

A

Everywhere. They are in out bodies and environment, they can live places we can not

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26
Q

What is it called when new products and genetic modified organisms (GMOs) are created

A

Genetic engineering

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27
Q

What allows microbes to be engineered to synthesize desirable proteins (drugs, hormones, enzymes)

A

Recombinant DNA technology

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28
Q

What percentage of microbes are associated with infectious disease that can harm our bodies as they grow

A

Small percentage but they can be deadly

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29
Q

What accounts for most of the atmospheric oxygen on earth

A

Microbial photosynthesis

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30
Q

How much smaller are prokaryotic cells than eukaryotic cells

A

10 times

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31
Q

What do eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotic don’t ?

A

Compartments (organelles) —>Nucleus, mitochondria

  • all prokaryotes are microorganisms but only some eukaryotes are
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32
Q

Which type of cellular microbes have cell walls

A

Prokaryotic

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33
Q

What do some microorganisms come when they are eukaryotes?

A

Macrophages

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34
Q

What is an example of a acellular eukaryote virus

A

HIV

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35
Q

What is an example of a acellular prokaryotic virus

A

MRSA bacteriophage

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36
Q

How has microbiology changed?

A

Originally descriptive now experimental

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37
Q

What is independent variable

A

Manipulated

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38
Q

What is dependent variable

A

What happens

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39
Q

What are control and experimental groups

A

Unmanipulated

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40
Q

What is difference between hypothesis and theory

A

Hypothesis- testable explanation may be correct or incorrect
Theory-very good explanation of what is happening originally a hypothesis but has been tested a lot and is the best explanation we have

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41
Q

What does binomial designation mean

A 
Every organism has a two name designation 
Genus species (italicized)
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42
Q

Ranks of microorganisms

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum (division), class, order, family, genus, species

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43
Q

The traditional five kingdom model

A
  1. Animals
  2. Plants
  3. Fungi (microbes)
  4. Protists ( microbes)
  5. Monera ( microbes)
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44
Q

What does the modern (molecular) classification use

A

16S ribosomal RNA nucleotide sequences

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45
Q

What are the three domains of modern classification

A
  1. Archaea (AAUAGC)- all microbes
  2. Bacteria (AAAACC) - all microbes
  3. Eukarya (AAUUGC) - some microbes
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46
Q

What is Bergey’s manual?

A

Now organized using 16S sequences

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47
Q

What cause gastric ulcers

A

Heliopactor pylori

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48
Q

What is a infectious RNA molecule

A

Viroid

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49
Q

Acellular obligate intracellular parasite

A

Virus

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50
Q

Methicillin resistant Staph aureus

A

MRSA

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51
Q

Cellular organism with no nucleus

A

Prokaryote

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52
Q

First name of both Hooke and Koch

A

Robert

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53
Q

Size of yeast if polio size is a quarter

A

Elephant

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54
Q

Using microbes to clean up environment

A

Bioremediation

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55
Q

Correct spelling of instructors last name

A

Lawrance

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56
Q

Type of RNA used in classification

A

Ribosomal

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57
Q

Provided convincing evidence against spontaneous generation

A

Pasteur

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58
Q

Atomic number=

A

Number of protons

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59
Q

What are elements

A

Different kinds of atoms each with a different number or protons and different inherent and unique properties

60
Q

What is the form of most oxygen in body

A

Water

61
Q

What does the octet rule mean

A

Atoms tend to establish completely full shells, two in the forts and and eight in the second. This information allows us to predict chemical behavior of elements

62
Q

Left of arrow –>

Right of arrow –>

A

Left of arrow –> reactants

Right of arrow –> products

63
Q

What is covalent bonding

A

Sharing of electrons

64
Q

When two or more atoms are joined by chemical bonds what are they called?

A

Molecules

65
Q

Reactants bond together to form entirely new molecule. Require energy output.

A

Synthesis reaction

66
Q

Bonds on a single reactant molecule are permanently broken to release two or more product molecules. Release energy

A

Decomposition reaction

67
Q

Is water polar or nonpolar

A

Polar

68
Q

Molecule attract water to their surface

A

Hydrophilic

Love water

69
Q

Molecules repel water (nonpolar)

A

Hydrophobic

70
Q

Molecules that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties

A

Amphipathic

71
Q

How does water dissolve solutes

A

By forming hydrogen bonds

72
Q

The amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent

A

Concentration

* commonly expressed in molar concentration or molarity (M)

73
Q

Solutions - excess hydrogen ions

A

Acidic

H+

74
Q

Solutions - excess hydroxide ions (OH-)

A

Basic

75
Q

What measures the acid and base concentrations of solutions

A

pH scale

76
Q

pH scale

A

0 most acidic to 14 most basic

7 is neutral

77
Q

What allows four bonds to be made

A

Valence

78
Q

What is the study of the compounds and reactions of living systems

A

Biochemistry

79
Q

What are the four kinds of macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

80
Q

How are macromolecules formed?

A

Polymerization - monomers linked into polymers

81
Q

Main function of carbohydrates

A

Energy

82
Q

Main function of lipids

A

Organization

83
Q

Main function of proteins

A

Actions

84
Q

Main function of nucleic acids

A

Information

85
Q

What forms between the amino group on one amino acid and the carboxyl group on another

A

Peptide bond

86
Q

What does the R on a the amino acid structure mean

A

R means one of 20 different side groups

87
Q

What is MHC

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

88
Q

What does MCH make it hard to do

A

Transplant organs from one person to another

89
Q

What is ATP

A

A nucleotide containing adenine, ribosome, and three phosphates

90
Q

Substance used to increase the resolution of a light microscope

A

Oil

91
Q

Lens located at the eyepiece of a microscope

A

Ocular

92
Q

Type of microscopy 100,000 more powerful than light microscopy

A

Electron

93
Q

Categorizing microbes based on morphology( cell shape and size) , etc.

A

Inspection

94
Q

Media in which one or more components are not defined

A

Complex (non synthetic)

95
Q

Cells that are chemically or physically attached to a slide are …..

A

Fixed

96
Q

Keeping the sample at a temperature to encourage growth

A

Incubation

97
Q

Suitable chemical formulation for microbial growth in the lab

A

Media

98
Q

Species determination using genetics, immunology, etc.

A

Identification

99
Q

Non solid physical of media

A

Liquid

100
Q

Type of microscope that works from 1-1,000 micrometers

A

Light

101
Q

Media that inhibits the growth or certain microbes but not others

A

Selective

102
Q

Adding the sample to the medium

A

Inoculation

103
Q

Media that absorbs oxygen or slows its penetration into the media

A

Anaerobic

104
Q

The capacity of a lens system to distinguish staining techniques for bacteria

A

Resolution

105
Q

The most universal diagnostic staining techniques for bacteria

A

Gram

106
Q

The categories of media are physical, chemical , and ……

A

Functional

107
Q

Separating one species from another

A

Isolation

108
Q

The term that refers to purposeful addition of microorganisms into a laboratory nutrient medium is …..

A

Inoculation

109
Q

A nutrient medium that contains least one ingredient that is NOT chemically definable would be termed …..

A

Complex

110
Q

A reducing media is used to culture _______ organisms

A

Anaerobic

111
Q 
If a microbiologist is studying a specimen at a total magnification of 950X, what is magnifying power of the objective lens if the ocular lens is 10X ? 
A. 100X
B. 950X
C. 85X
D. 850X
E. 95X
A

95X

112
Q

What is the purpose of staining cells on a microscope slide

A

Add contrast in order to see them better

113
Q

Do we know how to culture most microorganisms in lab?

A

NO

114
Q

What is the temperature most microorganisms like to grow at?

A

37* C
98.6* F
Normal body temperature

115
Q

What does culturing mean

A

Growing of microorganisms

116
Q

What are the five I’s

A 
Inoculation
Incubation 
Isolation
Inspection 
Identification
117
Q

What is an alternative approach to microorganisms not being cultured in the lab

A

Meta-genomic approach

Direct DNA sequencing of uncultured samples

118
Q

What does a medium do

A

Allows microbes to grow it is a liquid or solid material that provides nutrients

119
Q

Growth of only a single unknown species. Usually generated by a subculture.
* isolate individual species

A

Pure culture

120
Q

Holds two or more identified species

A

Mixed culture

121
Q

Includes unwanted microorganisms of uncertain identity, or contaminants

A

Contaminated culture

122
Q

What color would Serratia show up on a incubation

A

Red

123
Q

What is isolation

A

Separating one species from another

124
Q

What is a colony

A

A mound of cells .

Group of bacteria that are all descending from a bacteria

125
Q

How do bacteria produce

A

Asexually

126
Q

What does the term genetically uniform mean

A

If formed from a single cell each colony contains cells from just that species and it’s clonal

127
Q

What are the three methods of isolation? Which is the most common?

A

Streak plate, loop dilution (pour plate) , spread plate.

Streak plate is the most common

128
Q

Using biochemical, genetic, and immunologic techniques to identify the specific organisms in a culture

A

Identification

129
Q

Materials for microbial growth

A

Media

130
Q

Compositions are precisely chemically defined

A

Defined/synthetic

131
Q

One or more components not chemically defined

A

Complex/non-synthetic

132
Q

Purpose and composition of GENERAL media

A

Purpose: to grow a broad spectrum of microbes
Composition: usually non-synthetic, containing a mixture of nutrients to support a variety of microbes

133
Q

Purpose and composition of FUNCTIONAL media

A

Purpose: to support the growth of fastidious microbes
Composition: contains specific chemically defined complex organic substances (ex: growth factors)

134
Q

Purpose and composition of SELECTIVE media

A

Purpose: to allow the growth of certain microbes and inhibit the growth of others
Composition: contains one or more agents that inhibit the growth of certain microbes
Ex: antibiotics

135
Q

Purpose and composition of DIFFERENTIAL media

A

Purpose: to allow multiple types of microorganisms to grow but display visible differences (e.g. Color) among those microorganisms
Composition: contains, e.g. the substrate for an enzymatic reaction that produces a colored product and catalyzed by only one microbe

136
Q

What is the process of making an object appear larger than it is, typically using a lens

A

Magnification

137
Q

Does increasing magnification increase/decrease resolution

A

Decreases. Reduces the resolutions which makes it blurry

138
Q

Light is ________ and the observed image is enlarged

A

Refracted

139
Q

What does fixed mean

A

Dead bacteria

140
Q

What is positive staining

A

The dye sticks to the specimen to give it color

141
Q

What is negative staining

A

The dye does not stick to the specimen, instead settles around it’s boundaries, creating a silhouette.

142
Q

What is a simple stain

A

A single dye, used to enhance resolution of shape,size, arrangement

143
Q

What does acid fast staining detect

A

Mycobacterium

**tuberculosis

144
Q

Most widely used type of microscopy

A

Bright-field optical microscopy

145
Q

What does fluorescence UV microscopy use?

A

Ultraviolet (UV) light

Makes them a lot more colorful and easier to see than the bright field optical

146
Q

Campus emergency telephone number

A

1222

147
Q

Where do we store energy in our body

A

Glycogen

148
Q

1/1,000,000 of a meter = one _____

A

Micrometer

Microbiology (5 decks)

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