Test 1 Flashcards
0
Q
How small is too small to see with the human unaided eye?
A
0.10 mm
1
Q
How many micrometers are there in one centimeter?
A
10,000 micrometers
2
Q
What do we really mean by biological?
A
Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids
3
Q
How much more bacteria than human cells are in the body?
A
Ten times
Approximately 10^14 instead of 10^13
4
Q
How many species of bacteria live in the human gut? Under the skin?
A
500 to 1000 in both
5
Q
Which are bigger prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells? By how much?
A
Eukaryotic are ten times the linear diameter of prokaryotic cells and volumes are about 1000 times greater
6
Q
What’s the difference between cellular and acellular?
A
Cellular- have cell membrane
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are cellular
Acellular- no cell membrane
Viruses are acellular
7
Q
Examples or prokaryotes
A
Bacteria and archaea
8
Q
Examples of eukaryotes
A
Fungi, algae, Protozoa, helminths
Eukaryotes have a nucleus and compartments inside
9
Q
What kinds of viruses are there and what are they known as
A
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic viruses and they are known as bacteriophages
10
Q
Example of prokaryotic single cells
A
Bacteria and archaea
11
Q
Examples of Eukaryotic single cell photosynthetic plants
A
Algae
12
Q
Example of a eukaryotic single cell animals
A
Protozoa
13
Q
Example of eukaryotic multicellular worms
A
Helminths
14
Q
Example of eukaryotic single or multicellular that feed on dead or decaying organic matter aka “saprobes”
A
Fungi
15
Q
What are prions
A
Infectious proteins
16
Q
Example or viroids
A
Infectious nucleic acids
17
Q
What is the study of prokaryotes
A
Bacteriology
18
Q
What is the study of fungi
A
Mycology
19
Q
What is the study of algae
A
Phycology
20
Q
What are social approaches to disease prevention
A
Public health
21
Q
What is the study of disease patterns in populations
A
Epidemiology
22
Q
What is the genetic manipulation of microbes for industrial, medical, and other purposes
A
Biotechnology
23
Q
What is the mechanism that directs the path of change?
A
Evolution
24
At what rate do microbes grow and change
Microbes grow very rapidly and they can change very quickly
25
Where can you find microbes
Everywhere. They are in out bodies and environment, they can live places we can not
26
What is it called when new products and genetic modified organisms (GMOs) are created
Genetic engineering
27
What allows microbes to be engineered to synthesize desirable proteins (drugs, hormones, enzymes)
Recombinant DNA technology
28
What percentage of microbes are associated with infectious disease that can harm our bodies as they grow
Small percentage but they can be deadly
29
What accounts for most of the atmospheric oxygen on earth
Microbial photosynthesis
30
How much smaller are prokaryotic cells than eukaryotic cells
10 times
31
What do eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotic don't ?
Compartments (organelles) --->Nucleus, mitochondria
* all prokaryotes are microorganisms but only some eukaryotes are
32
Which type of cellular microbes have cell walls
Prokaryotic
33
What do some microorganisms come when they are eukaryotes?
Macrophages
34
What is an example of a acellular eukaryote virus
HIV
35
What is an example of a acellular prokaryotic virus
MRSA bacteriophage
36
How has microbiology changed?
Originally descriptive now experimental
37
What is independent variable
Manipulated
38
What is dependent variable
What happens
39
What are control and experimental groups
Unmanipulated
40
What is difference between hypothesis and theory
Hypothesis- testable explanation may be correct or incorrect
Theory-very good explanation of what is happening originally a hypothesis but has been tested a lot and is the best explanation we have
41
What does binomial designation mean
```
Every organism has a two name designation
Genus species (italicized)
```
42
Ranks of microorganisms
Domain, kingdom, phylum (division), class, order, family, genus, species
43
The traditional five kingdom model
1. Animals
2. Plants
3. Fungi (microbes)
4. Protists ( microbes)
5. Monera ( microbes)
44
What does the modern (molecular) classification use
16S ribosomal RNA nucleotide sequences
45
What are the three domains of modern classification
1. Archaea (AAUAGC)- all microbes
2. Bacteria (AAAACC) - all microbes
3. Eukarya (AAUUGC) - some microbes
46
What is Bergey's manual?
Now organized using 16S sequences
47
What cause gastric ulcers
Heliopactor pylori
48
What is a infectious RNA molecule
Viroid
49
Acellular obligate intracellular parasite
Virus
50
Methicillin resistant Staph aureus
MRSA
51
Cellular organism with no nucleus
Prokaryote
52
First name of both Hooke and Koch
Robert
53
Size of yeast if polio size is a quarter
Elephant
54
Using microbes to clean up environment
Bioremediation
55
Correct spelling of instructors last name
Lawrance
56
Type of RNA used in classification
Ribosomal
57
Provided convincing evidence against spontaneous generation
Pasteur
58
Atomic number=
Number of protons
59
What are elements
Different kinds of atoms each with a different number or protons and different inherent and unique properties
60
What is the form of most oxygen in body
Water
61
What does the octet rule mean
Atoms tend to establish completely full shells, two in the forts and and eight in the second. This information allows us to predict chemical behavior of elements
62
Left of arrow -->
| Right of arrow -->
Left of arrow --> reactants
| Right of arrow --> products
63
What is covalent bonding
Sharing of electrons
64
When two or more atoms are joined by chemical bonds what are they called?
Molecules
65
Reactants bond together to form entirely new molecule. Require energy output.
Synthesis reaction
66
Bonds on a single reactant molecule are permanently broken to release two or more product molecules. Release energy
Decomposition reaction
67
Is water polar or nonpolar
Polar
68
Molecule attract water to their surface
Hydrophilic
| Love water
69
Molecules repel water (nonpolar)
Hydrophobic
70
Molecules that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties
Amphipathic
71
How does water dissolve solutes
By forming hydrogen bonds
72
The amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent
Concentration
| * commonly expressed in molar concentration or molarity (M)
73
Solutions - excess hydrogen ions
Acidic
| H+
74
Solutions - excess hydroxide ions (OH-)
Basic
75
What measures the acid and base concentrations of solutions
pH scale
76
pH scale
0 most acidic to 14 most basic
| 7 is neutral
77
What allows four bonds to be made
Valence
78
What is the study of the compounds and reactions of living systems
Biochemistry
79
What are the four kinds of macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
80
How are macromolecules formed?
Polymerization - monomers linked into polymers
81
Main function of carbohydrates
Energy
82
Main function of lipids
Organization
83
Main function of proteins
Actions
84
Main function of nucleic acids
Information
85
What forms between the amino group on one amino acid and the carboxyl group on another
Peptide bond
86
What does the R on a the amino acid structure mean
R means one of 20 different side groups
87
What is MHC
Major Histocompatibility Complex
88
What does MCH make it hard to do
Transplant organs from one person to another
89
What is ATP
A nucleotide containing adenine, ribosome, and three phosphates
90
Substance used to increase the resolution of a light microscope
Oil
91
Lens located at the eyepiece of a microscope
Ocular
92
Type of microscopy 100,000 more powerful than light microscopy
Electron
93
Categorizing microbes based on morphology( cell shape and size) , etc.
Inspection
94
Media in which one or more components are not defined
Complex (non synthetic)
95
Cells that are chemically or physically attached to a slide are .....
Fixed
96
Keeping the sample at a temperature to encourage growth
Incubation
97
Suitable chemical formulation for microbial growth in the lab
Media
98
Species determination using genetics, immunology, etc.
Identification
99
Non solid physical of media
Liquid
100
Type of microscope that works from 1-1,000 micrometers
Light
101
Media that inhibits the growth or certain microbes but not others
Selective
102
Adding the sample to the medium
Inoculation
103
Media that absorbs oxygen or slows its penetration into the media
Anaerobic
104
The capacity of a lens system to distinguish staining techniques for bacteria
Resolution
105
The most universal diagnostic staining techniques for bacteria
Gram
106
The categories of media are physical, chemical , and ......
Functional
107
Separating one species from another
Isolation
108
The term that refers to purposeful addition of microorganisms into a laboratory nutrient medium is .....
Inoculation
109
A nutrient medium that contains least one ingredient that is NOT chemically definable would be termed .....
Complex
110
A reducing media is used to culture _______ organisms
Anaerobic
111
```
If a microbiologist is studying a specimen at a total magnification of 950X, what is magnifying power of the objective lens if the ocular lens is 10X ?
A. 100X
B. 950X
C. 85X
D. 850X
E. 95X
```
95X
112
What is the purpose of staining cells on a microscope slide
Add contrast in order to see them better
113
Do we know how to culture most microorganisms in lab?
NO
114
What is the temperature most microorganisms like to grow at?
37* C
98.6* F
Normal body temperature
115
What does culturing mean
Growing of microorganisms
116
What are the five I's
```
Inoculation
Incubation
Isolation
Inspection
Identification
```
117
What is an alternative approach to microorganisms not being cultured in the lab
Meta-genomic approach
| Direct DNA sequencing of uncultured samples
118
What does a medium do
Allows microbes to grow it is a liquid or solid material that provides nutrients
119
Growth of only a single unknown species. Usually generated by a subculture.
* isolate individual species
Pure culture
120
Holds two or more identified species
Mixed culture
121
Includes unwanted microorganisms of uncertain identity, or contaminants
Contaminated culture
122
What color would Serratia show up on a incubation
Red
123
What is isolation
Separating one species from another
124
What is a colony
A mound of cells .
| Group of bacteria that are all descending from a bacteria
125
How do bacteria produce
Asexually
126
What does the term genetically uniform mean
If formed from a single cell each colony contains cells from just that species and it's clonal
127
What are the three methods of isolation? Which is the most common?
Streak plate, loop dilution (pour plate) , spread plate.
| Streak plate is the most common
128
Using biochemical, genetic, and immunologic techniques to identify the specific organisms in a culture
Identification
129
Materials for microbial growth
Media
130
Compositions are precisely chemically defined
Defined/synthetic
131
One or more components not chemically defined
Complex/non-synthetic
132
Purpose and composition of GENERAL media
Purpose: to grow a broad spectrum of microbes
Composition: usually non-synthetic, containing a mixture of nutrients to support a variety of microbes
133
Purpose and composition of FUNCTIONAL media
Purpose: to support the growth of fastidious microbes
Composition: contains specific chemically defined complex organic substances (ex: growth factors)
134
Purpose and composition of SELECTIVE media
Purpose: to allow the growth of certain microbes and inhibit the growth of others
Composition: contains one or more agents that inhibit the growth of certain microbes
Ex: antibiotics
135
Purpose and composition of DIFFERENTIAL media
Purpose: to allow multiple types of microorganisms to grow but display visible differences (e.g. Color) among those microorganisms
Composition: contains, e.g. the substrate for an enzymatic reaction that produces a colored product and catalyzed by only one microbe
136
What is the process of making an object appear larger than it is, typically using a lens
Magnification
137
Does increasing magnification increase/decrease resolution
Decreases. Reduces the resolutions which makes it blurry
138
Light is ________ and the observed image is enlarged
Refracted
139
What does fixed mean
Dead bacteria
140
What is positive staining
The dye sticks to the specimen to give it color
141
What is negative staining
The dye does not stick to the specimen, instead settles around it's boundaries, creating a silhouette.
142
What is a simple stain
A single dye, used to enhance resolution of shape,size, arrangement
143
What does acid fast staining detect
Mycobacterium
| **tuberculosis
144
Most widely used type of microscopy
Bright-field optical microscopy
145
What does fluorescence UV microscopy use?
Ultraviolet (UV) light
| Makes them a lot more colorful and easier to see than the bright field optical
146
Campus emergency telephone number
1222
147
Where do we store energy in our body
Glycogen
148
1/1,000,000 of a meter = one _____
Micrometer
