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psyc > test 3 - Memory > Flashcards

test 3 - Memory Flashcards

1
Q

whats memory

A

the learning that has persisted over time through encoding (getting info into memory), storage (maintaining info in memory), & retrieval (getting info out of the memory)

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2
Q

insight

A

the sudden understanding of how to solve a problem as a result of reorganizing the problem

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3
Q

how do we measure memory?

A

recall, recognition, relearning

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4
Q

who made the 3-stage model of memory (1968)

A

Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin

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5
Q

what does sensory memory do

A

preserves memory in its original form for a short time

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6
Q

where does info enter for sensory memory

A

enters via our sensory organs

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7
Q

How long does iconic memory (visual S) last?

A

a fraction of a second

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8
Q

How long does echoic memory (auditory S) last?

A

3-4 seconds

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9
Q

whats needed for info to be encoded in STM? what happens when it’s not?

A

attention. Info not attended to decays and won’t be recalled

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10
Q

what is short-term memory (STM) sometimes called?

A

working memory

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11
Q

how long can unreheased info be held on short-term memory?

A

20 seconds

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12
Q

whats the limit on the short term memory capacity

A

holds 5-9 items at a time

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13
Q

how long can short-term memory hold unrehearsed info

A

20 seconds

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14
Q

what can cause Information loss

A

decay or displacement

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15
Q

what is required to maintain info in STM

A

rehearsal

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16
Q

chunk

A

meaningful piece of information

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17
Q

Strategies used when memorizing a list (for ex)

A

Hierarchy, Repetition, imagery

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18
Q

what are the 2 diff kinds of rehearsals’

A

maintenance & elaborative rehearsal

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19
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A
  • repeating the words over and over again
  • helps maintain and keep the info alive in short-term memory (STM)
  • keeps it circulating in the STM
  • but when you have too much info in STM itll get kicked out (displacement)
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20
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A
  • better strategy
  • not repeating over and over
  • trying to relate the info ur trying to remember to something you already have stored in ur long term memory (LTM)
  • creating association
21
Q

Mnemonics

A

memory aids (the knuckle trick for remembering how many days are in a month)

22
Q

Are high or low-imagery words easier to remember

A

low imagery

23
Q

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

A
  • unlimited capacity
  • info stored indefinitely maybe even permanently
24
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

memories of great detail surrounding memorable or traumatic events

25
Q

Age regression through hypnosis

A

if you hypnotize someone and convince them that this memory is real and allows them to gain that memory back

26
Q

Electric stimulation of the brain (penfield)

A

during surgery their skull is open and the brain is being worked on to remember certain stuff

27
Q

How to improve LTM

A
  1. use elaborative rehearsal
  2. use “distributed” rather than “massed” practice
    - Ex of massed practice: cramming when studying
    - distributing practice ex: spreading out what you have to study and give yourself enough time
  3. repeatedly test yourself (testing effect)
  4. make the info personally meaningful (self referent effect)
28
Q

Levels (depth) of processing

A

levels 1 - process info strictly based of its appearance

       2 - sound

      3 - meaning (most effective)
29
Q

Procedural memory (storage in LTM)

A

memory for how to do things (actions & skills)

30
Q

Declarative memory (storage in LTM)

A

memory for facts (explicit memories, very deliberate & effortful)

31
Q

Semantic memory (storage in LTM)

A

general knowledge

32
Q

Episodic memory (storage in LTM)

A

tied to a given event, things that we’ve personally experienced

33
Q

implicit memory (storage in LTM)

A

(automatic, unconscious)

34
Q

why are we unable to recall info in LTM

A

Context-dependent memory (encoding specificity principle
- not being able to remember because the cues
used for retrieval are different from those used at encoding
- using an inappropriate search strategy
State-dependent memory
- physical/mental state at encoding & retrieval

35
Q

during recall/retrieval what the percent of words recalled when places match

A

when the places matched they recalled 40% more

36
Q

Mood-congruent memory

A

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ur good or bad mood

37
Q

what are the 2 types of interference:

A
  • Retroactive interference (backward-acting)
  • Proactive interference (forward acting)
38
Q

Retroactive interference (backward-acting)

A

new or recently acquired info interferes with the recall of previously learned material

39
Q

Proactive interference (forward acting)

A

older info interferes with ability to recall of newer info

40
Q

Serial-position effect

A

the last few words (recency effect) & the first few words (primacy effect) are better recalled than words in the middle of the list

41
Q

Distortion

A

produce changes or inaccuracies

42
Q

Construction

A

we add to info stored in memory. Not only do we encode the info that we saw but we also encode the implications

ex: you see a girl wearing a bathing suit and towel and she goes missing ur asked if you know anything and you say she was going to the community pool

43
Q

Types of memory construction errors

A
  1. Imagination effect
  2. Source amnesia

3.Déjà Vu

4.Misinformation effect

44
Q

Imagination effect

A
  • repeatedly imagine something that happened then remember it as real
45
Q

Source amnesia

A
  • incorrectly recall the source of ur info
46
Q

Déjà Vu

A
  • you feel as though you had that experience before
47
Q

Misinformation effect

A
  • incorporating misleading or wrong info into ones memory of an event
48
Q
A

psyc (5 decks)

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