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Industrial Ergonomics > Test 3 Material > Flashcards

Test 3 Material Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of physical work capacity or recommended work rate

A

capacity to generate metabolic energy during continuous work over an extended time

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2
Q

Why evaluate PWC?

A

compare with physical work demands, identify high-risk workers, assess “return to work” status, understanding how individual factors affect PWC

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3
Q

Aerobic metabolism characteristics

A

slow production of ATP
used for lower intensity/most tasks and can be sustained for long periods of time, efficient(36molecules), CO2 and water as biproducts

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4
Q

Anaerobic metabolism characteristics

A

quick production of ATP but short duration, used for high intensity tasks, inefficient(3molecules), CO2/water/lactic acid biproducts

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5
Q

Aerobic Capacity Definition

A

maximum capacity to utilize oxygen AKA VO2max

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6
Q

What are 2 ways to determine recommended work rate

A

as a flat percentage, predict based upon AC and working time

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7
Q

What is Energy expenditure

A

metabolic demands of a task, usually quantified as a rate.

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8
Q

What percentages of AC should EE be below?

A

generally 50%, but NIOSH 33%

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9
Q

What are direct ways to determine energy expenditure of a task?

A

measure o2 consumption of a person performing the task

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10
Q

What are indirect ways to determine EE of a task?

A
  1. ) average values reported for various tasks
  2. ) subjective ratings
  3. ) estimate from heart rate
  4. ) task analysis
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11
Q

What is a MET?

A

Metabolic equivalent of task

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12
Q

What are the components of our metabolism?

A

Basal metabolism(EE required for body to function), activity metabolism(EE required to perform specific activities), digestive metabolism( EE required to digest food)

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13
Q

MET equivalents (1 MET =

A

3.5 mlO2/(kgmin), 1EE of sitting quietly, 1kcal/(kgfr)

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14
Q

What parts of your metabolism are included in a MET calculation?

A

BM and AM

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15
Q

VO2max Calc

A

Practice this

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16
Q

T/F: Fatigue is a task related risk factor

A

True!

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17
Q

Attributes of Acute fatigue

A

short term, temporary state, occurs in response to work demands and/or stress, can progress to chronic fatigue if there is not enough recovery period or over extended period of time.

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18
Q

attributes of chronic fatigue

A

longer term, often considered an illness, associated with persistent tiredness

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19
Q

Hierarchy of fatigue

A

Top: total fatigue,
Middle: mental fatigue, physical fatigue
Under physical: central, peripheral

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20
Q

Definition of mental fatigue

A

psychological and physiological state resulting from prolonged cognitive activity

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21
Q

symptoms of mental fatigue

A

weariness, reduced motivation, reduced alertness, reduced mental performance

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22
Q

definition of physical fatigue

A

inability to continue physical exertion at the level of one’s normal abilities, or a decreased capacity to generate force or expend metabolic energy

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23
Q

Symptoms of physical fatigue

A

physical discomfort, decreased mechanical output, loss of fine motor control

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24
Q

definition of peripheral fatigue

A

metabolic changes in the muscle itself or nerves from CNS to muscle

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25
Q

central fatigue

A

changes in the control of muscles originating in the CNS

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26
Q

definition of localized muscle fatigue

A

physical fatigue that can include central and physical fatigue, but it localized to a specific muscle or muscle group, can be measured by subjective or objective methods

27
Q

symptoms of localized muscle fatigue

A

decline in muscle force capacity, localized pain and cramps, decreased motion control and accuracy, observable effects on productivity and performance

28
Q

definition of strength

A

maximum joint moment or external force that can be generated. short term effort

29
Q

definition of endurance

A

time duration an exertion level can be sustained until exhaustion. longer term effort

30
Q

what kind of exertions is endurance a common measurement for?

A

isometric, isotonic

31
Q

endurance time is when:

A

capacity is < demand

32
Q

What kind of relationship is there between endurance and exertion level

A

nonlinear, backwards J

33
Q

What kind of control is worker selection?

A

administrative

34
Q

What are three major ergonomic approaches for improving safety and efficiency in industry?

A

job design, worker selection, worker training

35
Q

What is Worker’s Compensation

A

state-mandated insurance that provides wage replacement and medical benefits to employees injured in the course of employment. In exchange, the employee relinquishes the right to sue their employer for negligence.

36
Q

What is the court case that changed worker comp requirements?

A

Village v general motors

37
Q

What is OSHA Act of 1970?

A
  1. ) Established OSHA to set and enforce workplace standards
  2. ) established NIOSH
  3. ) General duty clause (free from hazards workplace)
  4. ) Record keeping of substantial occupational injury and accidents. Also maintaining records onsite
38
Q

T/F: there are numerous industry specific ergonomic standards set by different agencies

A

true

39
Q

What is the purpose of the ADA?

A

To provide a national mandate to eliminate discrimination against persons with disabilities

40
Q

What should an employer do when an individual’s disability creates a barrier to employment

A

Must consider whether a reasonable accommodation could remove the barrier

41
Q

If functional impairment impedes job performance, what should an employer do?

A

reasonably accommodate the impediment, unless doing so poses an undue hardship

42
Q

Ex. of reasonable accomodations

A

job restructuring, modifications to existing facilities, equipment, or work schedules, reassignment to vacant positions, provisions for readers and interpreters

43
Q

Procedure for Time study step one

A
  1. ) watch until familiarity
  2. ) define a clear beginning/end point
  3. ) break the assembly down into steps
44
Q

what is work measurement?

A

systematic determinatino of the length of time it should take to complete a job

45
Q

What does work measurement help?

A

plan production, determine time required per task, establish productivity standards, determine product cost

46
Q

Standard time definition

A

the time required for an average, qualified worker, working at a normal pace, to perform an operation and achieve a standard performance

47
Q

What is a time study?

A

most widely used work measurement technique.

48
Q

What are the direct observation measurement techniques?

A

time study and work sampling

49
Q

Why is rating worker performance important?

A

people do not work consistently from day to day or minute to minute

50
Q

what is standard performance?

A

100%, rate of output achieved by the qualified workers without over-exertion, using standard method

51
Q

How to calculate NT

A

= observed time * rating/100

52
Q

What are different allowances?

A

personal needs, fatigue, delays

53
Q

What are allowances for?

A

increase standard time to compensate for losses in time

54
Q

Standard time equ

A

ST = NT + (1+allowances)

55
Q

Adv of work sampling over time study

A

doesn’t require continuous observations, better for jobs that have long cycle, total observation time is typically shorter

56
Q

Adv of time study of work sampling

A

more detailed analysis of job elements

57
Q

What does the elemental ratio study determine?

A

determine the percentage of total time that each element of a work task takes

58
Q

What does the performance sampling study determine?

A

percentage of total time that each element of a work task takes AND evaluates performance rating

59
Q

What does the time standard development study determine?

A

percentage of total time that each element of a work task takes AND evaluates performance rating AND develops time standards

60
Q

When would you use a predetermined time system as a work measurement technique?

A

when there are no machines, no assembly stations, no operators to study.

61
Q

How does a PTS develop time standards?

A

Breaks all work into standard motions with a time value assigned.

62
Q

Adv of PTS

A
  1. ) can develop time standards before a job is started
  2. ) can find inefficiencies and standardize job procedures
  3. ) does not require a performance rating therefore more accurate and less subjective
  4. ) can be used to quantify learning time and performance rating for worker evaluation
63
Q

Disadv of PTS

A
  1. ) significant training time before consistent results
  2. ) difficult when studying machine-based operations
  3. ) not all PTS will give good standards for all work

Industrial Ergonomics (3 decks)

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