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Industrial Ergonomics > Test 1 (Into, Musculoskeletal system, WMSD, Anthropometry, Range of Motion) > Flashcards

Test 1 (Into, Musculoskeletal system, WMSD, Anthropometry, Range of Motion) Flashcards

1
Q

Ergonomics Definition

A

Process of designing or evaluating products, tasks, environments and systems to improve performance and/or reduce risk of injury

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2
Q

3 areas of ergonomics

A
  1. )Physical Ergonomics
  2. )cognitive ergonomics
  3. )Organizational ergonomics
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3
Q

Types of Physical Ergonomics

A
  • anthropometric (dimension conflicts)
  • musculoskeletal (posture)
  • metabolic/cardiovascular
  • Environmental
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4
Q

Ergonomic Process

A
  1. ) Characterize existing or potential problems.
  2. ) Perform job analysis
  3. ) Implement controls
  4. ) Evaluate the effectiveness of controls and educate employees
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5
Q

Guiding principle of ergonomics

A

Maintain Demands < Capacity

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6
Q

Hooke’s Law

A

y = Ex where stress = E(strain)

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7
Q

Young’s Modulus

A

Slope of stress/strain curve (E)

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8
Q

Yield Stress/Strain

A

Where blue meets red, point where less force is required to elongate, permanent change beyond

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9
Q

Ultimate stress/strain

A

Right before negative slope

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10
Q

Anisotropic

A

mechanical properties vary as a function of orientation with material

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11
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

Bone adapts to its mechanical environment: added where needed and reabsorbed where not needed

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12
Q

Ligaments connect ___ to ___

A

bone, bone

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13
Q

Tendons connect ___ to ___

A

bone, muscle

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14
Q

Viscoelasticity

A

Material response to force (or displacement) depends not only on force, but also time

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15
Q

Creep

A

Given a constant force applied for an extended time, the material exhibits some additional strain over time before reaching steady-state length.

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16
Q

Load (Stress) Relaxation

A

change in stress for a constant strain

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17
Q

5 Structural units of skeletal muscle

A

muscle, fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril, thick and thin filaments

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18
Q

Muscle Fiber diameter

A

100 um diameter

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19
Q

Sliding theory

A

muscles contract not because of shortening of individual myofilaments, but because they slide.

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20
Q

Types of muscle contractions

A

isometric concentric, eccentric, isokinetic, isotonic

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21
Q

isometric

A

constant length or joint angle

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22
Q

eccentric

A

muscle lengthening due to an external load

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23
Q

Muscle Grouping

A

co-contraction, agonist, antagonist

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24
Q

Antagonist

A

opposes desired effort (good for stabiliztion)

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25
Q

Mechanical Properties of Muscle

A

force-length, force-velocity, force-activation

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26
Q

A motor unit

A

single nerve and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

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27
Q

Which muscle fibers are aerobic and which are anaerobic

A

1 = aerobic, 2 = anaerobic

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28
Q

Force-length relationship

A

looks like an n, amount of force produced depends on length. Capacity of generating force depends on posture.

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29
Q

WMSD abbr.

A

Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorder

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30
Q

What are WMSD

A

injuries to soft tissues that develop over time

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31
Q

Risk Factor

A

an individual characteristic or exposure associated with an increased risk of a disease or injury

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32
Q

3 types of Risk Factors for WMSD

A

Individual(intrinsic), Task-Related(extrinsic), Psychosocial

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33
Q

Examples of Individual Risk Factors

A

age, sex, obesity

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34
Q

Ex. of Task-related risk factors

A

awkward extreme postures, static work, vibration, environmental stress, high force exertions

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35
Q

Ex. of Psychosocial risk factors

A

mental stress, supervisory control, job security

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36
Q

Tendinitis

A

inflammation of tendon. (without sheaths), it is tenosynovitis if the tendon has a sheath

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37
Q

Importance of force-velocity relationship

A

The amount of force generated depends on how quick you are working. Faster work affects strength which is a capacity.

38
Q

What is also a process for preventing WMSDs?

A

The ergonomics process. All of the steps are focused around risk factors.

39
Q

What is the hierarchy of controls in order?

A

elimination, substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls, PPE

40
Q

Awkward Posture

A

requires excessive effort against gravity, or other issue

41
Q

Extreme Posture

A

At or near a joint’s limit of motion

42
Q

Why are awkward and extreme postures bad?

A

Both require more muscle effort, and that results in greater force on joints/tissues

43
Q

What do we look for when analyzing awkward or extreme postures AND high force exertions AND contact force?

A

Determine frequency, duration and/or magnitude

44
Q

How to calculate mechanical stress?

A

Force/cross-sectional area

45
Q

Anthropometry definition

A

study of the physical dimensions of the human body

46
Q

Static anthropometry

A

physical dimensions of the body (ie body segment length, mass, COM location, MOI)

47
Q

What are the two types of anthropometric data

A
  1. ) Static anthropometry

2. ) Functional or dynamic anthropometry

48
Q

Functional anthropometry

A

physical dimensions for completion of particular activities (ie reach distance)

49
Q

Units of mass

A

slug or kg

50
Q

Center of mass

A

point at which all the mass of a body can be concentrated so that it results in external forces and moments equivalent to the actual distributed body

51
Q

Design strategies for anthropometric variance

A
  1. ) Design for the average
  2. ) Design for extremes(max or min)
  3. ) Design for adjustability
52
Q

4 steps of percentile calculation

A
  1. ) sketch distribution
  2. )title distribution
  3. ) include the mean, s, percentile of interest
  4. ) SHADE the area of interest
53
Q

Equation for percentile calculation

A

X = mean +/- Z*S

on calc, use invNorm

54
Q

Why evaluate ROM and strength

A
  1. ) Identify high-risk work tasks
  2. ) Identify high-risk workers
  3. )Assess “return to work” status
  4. ) Help improve understanding how risk factors affect capacity
55
Q

Definition of Joint Range of Motion

A

Maximum possible angular deviation of segments forming a joint

56
Q

What are the 2 types of ROM measurements

A

1.) Active ROM: muscle force used to reach ROM limits
2.) Passive ROM: external force used to reach limit.
Active ROM

57
Q

What is Anatomical Position

A

A universally accepted reference position. Standing normally with feet together palms facing forward and thumbs away from body

58
Q

What are the anatomical planes of motion

A
  1. )Sagittal Plane
  2. )Frontal Plane
  3. ) Transverse Plane
59
Q

What movements occur in sagittal plane?

A

flexion and extension

60
Q

What movements occur in the frontal plane?

A

abduction and adduction

61
Q

What movements occur in the transverse plane?

62
Q

Definition of Muscle Strength

A

Maximum force/moment a group of muscles can develop under prescribed conditions.

63
Q

What are the types of strength measurements

A
  1. ) Isometric (static)
  2. ) Dynamic (isokinetic or free dynamic)
  3. ) Psychophysical (subjective)
64
Q

What are some things that affect strength

A

posture, sex, age, obesity

65
Q

What are the types of interactions that are typical in ergonomic studies?

A

Human with machine, machine with human, environment with human

66
Q

Definition of stress as a property of bone

A

Force/initial cross sectional area

67
Q

Definition of strain as a property of bone

A

Change in length/original length

68
Q

Structural differences between ligaments and tendons

A

Tendon: parallel bundles of collagen fibers
Ligaments: nearly parallel bundles of collagen fibers

69
Q

What is cartilage

A

smooth elastic tissue that covers the ends of long bones at joints to provide a low-friction for movement.

70
Q

What is fascia

A

a band or sheet of connective tissue, primarily collagen, beneath the skin that attaches, stabilizes, encloses, and separates muscles and other internal organs

71
Q

Types of joints

A

Cartilage, synovial, and fibrous

72
Q

Intervertebral Discs are composed of

A

Nucleus pulposus(gel-like material) and annulus fibrosus (connective tissue)

73
Q

Ex. of Back WMSD and contributing factors

A

Degenerative disc disease, herniated disc ligament sprain

Prolonged static load, award posture, repetitive lifting

74
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A

Specialized muscle fibers that provide CNS feedback on muscle strain and strain rate

75
Q

What are Golgi Tendon Organs

A

provide CNS feedback on muscle force. Oriented in series with muscle. Could play role in strength testing due to its inhibitory action.

76
Q

Shoulder WMSD. Examples and contributing factors

A

Ex. shoulder or rotator cuff tendonitis
FActors: prolonged shoulder flexion/abduction, frequent reaching above the shoulders, prolonged load on shoulders, repetitive throwing of heavy loads.

77
Q

What are triggers to start the ergonomic process

A

injuries, employee/supervisor concerns, bottlenecks, quality problems

78
Q

What are some tools to start the ergonomic process

A

employee interviews, review company medical claims, review safety committee meeting minutes, review OSHA 300 reports

79
Q

Questions to ask during step 4 of economic process involving WMSD.

A

Did you reduce or create new risk factors? Are workers feeling better? do the employees have a basic awareness of ergonomic principle?

80
Q

What do high force exertions cause?

A

high muscle effort, increased force on joints/tissues, increased risk of muscle fatigue, reduced/no circulation, increased risk of chronic muscle, tendon, and nerve disorders

81
Q

What are some controls for high force exertions?

A

enhance or reduce friction where appropriate, pick up fewer objects at a time, select lighter tools, use hoists or articulated arms to support objects………..

82
Q

What are some controls for high repetition or sustained exertions or postures?

A

adjust the work rate, use mechanical aids, use worker rotation, use work enlargement

83
Q

What are some controls for contact mechanical stress?

A

elongated handles, rounded edges, compliant handle material, lower force requirements

84
Q

What are some limitation of using Anthro data to design

A
  • population-based data can have selection bias
  • averages and proportions don’t represent individuals
  • functional data may vary with things
  • even if guidelines are followed, the workstation may not be completely functional or comfortable
85
Q

When is a D vs C comparison done?

A

When considering a risk factor that is an exposure

86
Q

What are some methods to measure joint angle

A

manual goniometer or electrogoniometer, inclinometer

87
Q

What individual risk factors affect ROM?

A

Age, sex, training, joint or muscle pathology, genetics

88
Q

What are the adv and disadv of isometric strength measurements

A

adv: simplicity, cheap
disadv: poor association with dynamic performance

89
Q

Adv and disadv of dynamic strength measurements

A

adv: more realistic
disadv: more difficult

90
Q

adv and disadv of psychophysical strength measurements

A

adv: mimics actual task well
disadv: workers may have difficulty extrapolating or judging, sensitive to variables

Industrial Ergonomics (3 decks)

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