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Human Lab > Test 3 Lecture > Flashcards

Test 3 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

serves as the pump that imparts pressure to move the blood to the tissues

A

Heart

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2
Q

the conveyance through which blood travels

A

Blood vessels

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3
Q

carry blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

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4
Q

return blood to the heart

A

Veins

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5
Q

medium to transport materials long distance in the body

A

Blood

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6
Q

prevents blood from mixing from the two sides

A

septum

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7
Q

Located centrally in the thoracic cavity

A

Heart

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8
Q

Left s rich in

A

oxygenated blood

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9
Q

Right is

A

deoxygenated

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10
Q

receive blood returning to the heart

A

Atria (upper chamber)

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11
Q

carry blood to atria

A

veins

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12
Q

pump blood from the heart

A

ventricles (lower chamber)

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13
Q

carry blood from ventricles

A

arteries

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14
Q

heart to lung

A

pulmonary circulation

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15
Q

herat to body

A

systemic circulation

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16
Q

systemic circulation pathway

A 
Aorta
Branching arteries
Systemic capillaries (gas exchange: O2-rich to O2-poor blood)
Systemic veins
Vena Cavae
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17
Q

vein carries blood from the digestive tract to the liver so absorbed nutrients can be processed

A

Hepatic portal

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18
Q

difference in pressure between the beginning and end of the vessel

A

Pressure gradient (Delta P)

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19
Q

Blood flows from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

A

Pressure gradient

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20
Q

Heart is responsible for creating the high pressure

A

True

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21
Q

Equally exerted in all directions

A

hydrostatic pressure c

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22
Q

A moving fluid has two components

A

A flowing component representing its kinetic energy

And a lateral component that represents its hydrostatic pressure (& potential energy)

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23
Q

Pressure changes without changing volume

A

True

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24
Q

Contracting the wall of a fluid-filled container increases the pressure on the fluid without changing its volume

A

True

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25
Q

Expanding the wall of a fluid-filled container decreases the pressure on the fluid

A

True

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26
Q

gradient is the difference in pressure between two ends of a tube

A

pressure gradient

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27
Q

The higher the pressure gradient the greater the flow

A

direct relationship

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28
Q

The hindrance or opposition to blood flow due to friction between the fluid & vessel walls

A

Resistance R

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29
Q

Inverse relationship between flow and resistance

A

RR

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30
Q

3 factors determine resistance

A

Vessel radius
Vessel length
viscocity

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31
Q

decrease in the radius; increases resistance

A

Vasoconstriction

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32
Q

increase in radius; decreases resistance

A

vasodilation

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33
Q

Blood flow is directly proportional to the pressure gradient and indirectly proportional to the resistance of the vessel

A

Blood flow

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34
Q

the volume of blood passing a given point per unit time.
How much
Expressed as volume/unit time (L/min)

A

Flow

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35
Q

the distance a fixed volume of blood travels in a given unit of time

A

Velocity of flow

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36
Q

is a muscular organ about the size of a fist located in the center of the thoracic cavity

A

Heart

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37
Q

a double walled sac enclosing the heart

A

Pericardium

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38
Q

Pericardium functions

A

Protect the heart
Anchor it to the surrounding structures
Prevents overfilling
Between the two layers is the pericardial cavity filled with serous fluid

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39
Q

composed of cardiac muscle bundles & a fibrous connective tissue network that forms a fibrous skeleton for the heart muscle

A

Myocardium

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40
Q

Spirally arranged around the circumference of the heart

Contraction, results in a wringing effect that pushes blood upward to the arteries

A

myocardium

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41
Q

are the receiving chambers for blood returning from the circulation

A

atria (superior)

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42
Q

receives blood from the systemic circulation (deoxygenated)

A

right atria

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43
Q

receives blood from the pulmonary circulation (oxygenated)

A

left atria

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44
Q

The contractions of the atria contribute very little to the propulsion of blood by the heart

A

true

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45
Q

are the propelling chambers for the blood returning to circulation

A

Ventricles

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46
Q

ventricle pumps blood to the pulmonary circulation (deoxygenated)

A

Right ventricle

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47
Q

ventricle pumps blood to the

A

left ventricle

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48
Q

Aided by one-way valves
Greater pressure behind the valve causes the valve to open
Greater pressure in front of the valve causes the valve to close

A

blood flow is unidirectional

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49
Q

Located between the atrium and ventricles

A

atrioventricular valves

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50
Q

is also called mitral valve

A

left

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51
Q

also called tricuspid valve

A

right

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52
Q

Lie at the junction between the arteries & the ventricles

A

semlunar valves

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53
Q

Leaving left ventricle is called

A

aortic valve

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54
Q

Leaving right ventricle is called

A

pulmonary valve

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55
Q

Back-flow creates pressure on the cusps that hold them shut

A

true

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56
Q

There are no valves between veins and atria

A

true

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57
Q

Atrial pressure not much higher than venous pressure

A

true

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58
Q

becomes partially compressed during atrial contraction

A

vaena caeva

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59
Q

Atrial muscle anchored

A

above the rings

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60
Q

Ventricular muscle anchored

A

below the rings

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61
Q

Uninucleate and smaller than skeletal muscle

A

cardiac muscle

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62
Q

mechanical junctions to hold the cells together

A

desmosomes

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63
Q

allow AP to spread between cells

A

gap junction

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64
Q

are larger than those found in skeletal muscle

A

T-tubules

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65
Q

the volume of a cardiac muscle cell are mitochondria

A

1/3

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66
Q

99% muscle cells
Do mechanical work of pumping
Do not initiate their own AP

A

contractile cells

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67
Q

Specialized cells that initiate & conduct APs

Display pacemaker activity

A

autorhythmic cells

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68
Q

Voltage-gated Na+ channels open to allow Na+ influx (permeability rapidly plummets after an action)

A

Rapid rising phase

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69
Q

positive level is maintained close to initial peak by the slow L-type Ca2+ channels & decreased K+ permeability
Results in a plateau

A

Plateau phase

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70
Q

inactivation of Ca2+ channels & delayed activation of K+ channels

A

Rapid falling phase

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71
Q

During refractory period, a 2nd AP can not be triggered until an excitable membrane has recovered

A

true

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72
Q

3 ions

A

Na+, K+, Ca2+

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73
Q

allows for the movement of cations. In the pacemaker cell, allows a constant, passive influx of Na+ into the cell throughout the cycle

A

If channels (Na+ leak channels)

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74
Q

slow opening channels that allow an efflux of K+ out of the cell; results in a repolarization

A

K+ channels (voltage-gated)

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75
Q

+ channels (voltage-gated) – open prior to threshold causing membrane to reach threshold

A

T-type Ca

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76
Q

channels (voltage-gated) – open causing the rapid rising phase of the action potential

A

L–typed Ca

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77
Q

Sympathetic stimulation

A

Increased Na+ and Ca2+ permeability in the pacemaker cells
Decreased K+ permeability resulting in depolarizing effect
Increases conductive velocity at the AV node (and beyond) to ventricles (using the above mechanics)
Increases Ca2+ permeability thereby increasing contractile strength

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78
Q

heart beats faster

A

end result

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79
Q

parasympathetic stumulation

A

Decreased Na+ and Ca2+ permeability in the pacemaker cells
Enhanced K+ permeability resulting in hyperpolarization
Prolongs transmission of excitation from AV node to ventricles (using the above mechanics)
Reduces the slow inward current of Ca2+ (shrinks the plateau phase of the AP)

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80
Q

End result

A

heart beat less rapidly

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81
Q

specialized region in the right atrial wall near the opening at the superior venae cavae

A

SA node (Sinoatrial node)

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82
Q

located at the base of the right atrium near the septum; above the junction of the atrium & ventricles

A

AV node

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83
Q

– tract of cells that originate at the AV node. Divides into two branches down to the tip of the ventricle and back towards the atria

A

Bundle of His (atrioventricular bundle)

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84
Q

terminal fibers that extend from the Bundle of His

A

Purkinje fibers

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85
Q

pacemaker

A

SA node

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86
Q

features of SA node

A

Sets the rate for the rest of the heart
Other nodes have their own natural slower rates, but rate is directed by SA node
If the SA node is damaged, the next fastest node sets the pace.
Once initiated in the SA node, an AP spreads throughout the rest of the heart

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87
Q

Contractile efficiency satisfies 3 criteria

A

Atrial excitation & contraction should be complete before the onset of ventricular contraction
Excitation of cardiac muscle fibers should be coordinated to ensure that each heart chamber contracts as a unit to pump efficiently
The pair of atria & pair of ventricles should be functionally coordinated so that both members of the pair contract simultaneously

88
Q

AP originating in the SA node first spreads throughout both atria via

A

gap junctions (cell to cell)

89
Q

Two conduction pathways speed up conduction

A

Interatrial pathway

Internodal pathway

90
Q

SA node to left atrium

Rapidly transmits AP so that both atria depolarize to contract simultaneously

A

Interatrial pathway

91
Q

SA node to AV node
Only point of electrical contact between atria and ventricles
Ensures sequential contracting of the ventricles following atrial contraction

A

Internodal pathway

92
Q

Causes a delay which enables atria to completely depolarize & contract before ventricles do

A

AV nodal delay

93
Q

At the AV node, the AP is conducted relatively slowly
Causes a delay (called the AV nodal delay) which enables atria to completely depolarize & contract before ventricles do
Impulse travels rapidly down Bundles of His & purkinje fibers to the ventricular myocardium
Ensures that the ventricles contract as a unit
Does not travel to all cells – done by gap junctions from excited cells
More highly organized
Ventricular mass > atrial mass
Ensures a single, smooth, coordinated contraction that simultaneously ejects blood into the pulmonary & system circulation

A

Ventricular excitation

94
Q

Recording of the electrical currents generated by cardiac muscles

A

The Electrocardiogram (ECG)

95
Q

A recording of the electrical activity induced in the body fluids by the cardiac muscles that reaches the surface… NOT a direct recording of electrical activity of the heart
An overall spread of activity throughout the heart during depolarization and hyperpolarization… NOT a recording of a single AP
Comparison in voltage detected by electrodes at two different points

A

ECG

96
Q

3 distinct wave forms

A

P wave: atrial depolarization
QRS complex: ventricular depolarization
T wave: ventricular repolarization

97
Q

important notes to think about

A

Firing of the SA node is not detectable
No separate wave for atrial repolarization (masked by QRS complex)
P wave is smaller than QRS because atria have less mass & generate less electrical activity

98
Q

PR segment: AV nodal delay
ST segment: plateau phase of ventricular contractile cells
TP interval: heart is at rest & ventricular filling is taking place

A

No net current flow during 3 periods

99
Q

counting the number of peaks of a specific wave form over a period of a minute (e.g. P wave or R peak in QRS complex). Is it between 60-100 beats/min, resting.

A

heart rate

100
Q

– any interruptions in spacing of the P→QRS→T waves

A

irregular rhythm

101
Q

Looking for the presence of the individual waves

A

ECG

102
Q

Is each P wave followed by a QRS complex. Lack of QRS suggests

A

a transmission problem in the AV node

103
Q

can be determined by the distance between QRS complexes

A

Abnormalities of rates

104
Q

rapid heart rate

A

tachycardia

105
Q

slowed heart rate

A

bradycardia

106
Q

variations from the norm in regards to ECG waves

A

abnormalities in rhythm

107
Q

– no definitive P waves resulting from irregular uncoordinated depolarization

A

a fib

108
Q

no detectable pattern or rhythm resulting from irregular uncoordinated chaotic contractions

A

Ventricular fibrillation

109
Q

atria contract faster than ventricles and thus not all impulses are translated by to the ventricles (due to refractory period)

A

atria flutters

110
Q

ventricles fail to be stimulated & thus fail to contract

A

heart blocks

111
Q

damage to the heart muscle

A

cardiac myopathy

112
Q

Abnormal QRS waveforms because the muscle is unable to contract properly as a result of damaged or necrotic tissue

A

cardiac myopathy

113
Q

contraction and emptying; spread of excitation

A

systole

114
Q

relaxation and filling; subsequent repolarization

A

diastole

115
Q

Usually referring to ventricles unless otherwise stated

A

Both atria and ventricles have their own cycles of systole and diastole

116
Q

TP interval
Atrial pressure > ventricular pressure (due to venous inflow)
AV valve is open
Ventricular volume increases

A

Mid-ventricular diastole

117
Q

Corresponds to the P wave
Atrial contraction
Atrial pressure increases and more blood is pushed into the ventricle
Rise in ventricular pressure
Atrial pressure > ventricular pressure (due to venous inflow)
AV valve is open

A

Late ventricular diastole

118
Q

Volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole

A

End-Diastolic Volume (EDV)

119
Q 
Corresponds to the QRS complex
Beginning of ventricular systole
Impulse travels to AV node & beyond to excite the ventricle
Sharp increase in ventricular pressure
Closing of the AV valve
A

Ventricular excitation

120
Q

Ventricular pressure must be greater than aortic pressure to open aortic valve
No blood enters or leaves
Muscles don’t change length

A

Isometric ventricular contraction

121
Q

Ventricular pressure > aortic pressure
Aortic valve opens
Ventricular volume decreases
Subsequent rise in aortic pressure (resulting from the blood volume increasing faster than it is leaving the aorta)
Blood volume ejected is called the stroke volume

A

ventricular ejection

122
Q

Not all of the blood is ejected during the systole

A

End of ventricular systole

123
Q

Volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of systole

A

ESV

124
Q

(stroke volume) or the amount of blood pumped per contraction

A

EDV – ESV = SV

125
Q

Corresponds to the T wave

A

Ventricular repolarization

126
Q

Results in slight disturbance in aortic pressure curve

A

docrotic notch

127
Q

Corresponds to the T wave
Onset of diastole
Ventricular pressure

A

Ventricular repolarization

128
Q

Both the AV and aortic valves are closed

No blood enters or leaves

A

Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

129
Q

Ventricular pressure

A

Ventricular filling

130
Q

Most ventricular filling occurs early

A

daistole

131
Q

If heart rate increases, diastole time decreases

A

BUT this doesn’t affect the fill volume

132
Q

The amount of blood pumped per minute

A

cardiac output

133
Q

cardiac output formula

A

CO = HR x SV

134
Q

cardiac output is

A

Dependent on heart rate and stroke volume

135
Q

Heart rate is determined by _____influence on the SA node

A

autonomic

136
Q

primarily supplies atrium (esp. SA & AV nodes) as well as the ventricles (sparsely innervated)

A

Parasympathetic innervation (via Vagus nerve)

137
Q

supplies the atria and ventricles

A

Sympathetic innervation

138
Q

inhibits heart rate

A

parasympathetic fibers

139
Q

increases heart rate

A

sympathetic fibers

140
Q

Control of heart rate

A

Antagonistic autonomic control

141
Q

Determined by the extent of venous return and sympathetic activity

A

stroke volume

142
Q

inherent ability of the heart to control stroke volume

A

intrinsic

143
Q

the heart pumps out the volume of blood during systole, the amount that is returned to it during diastole
Increase venous return (stretch) → increase stroke volume (force)

A

Frank Starling Law

144
Q

results from sympathetic stimulation

A

Extrinsic

145
Q

Enhancing contraction strength thus ejecting a greater volume (and enhancing venous return)

A

Extrinsic

146
Q

Sympathetically-induced venous vasoconstriction

A

Modest elevation of venous pressure → increased DP to drive more blood to heart → increased venous return
Decreased venous capacity → increased blood flow → increased venous return
Increased cardiac output → helps sustain increased venous return

147
Q

Muscle contraction yields external venous compression
AKA skeletal muscle pump
Pushes blood out of veins to heart

A

Skeletal muscle activity

148
Q

Pressure within the chest is 5 mm Hg less than ATM

Creates a pressure gradient towards the chest that promotes venous return

A

Respiratory activity

149
Q

blood from heart to organs

A

arteries

150
Q

smaller arteries of the organs receiving blood supply

A

arterioles

151
Q

smaller vessels; exchanges between blood and organs

A

capilliaries

152
Q

carry blood from the organs

A

venules

153
Q

convergence of venules to return blood to heart

A

veins

154
Q

Composed of layers of smooth muscle, epithelium and connective tissues

A

blood vessels

155
Q

Inner most layer of all blood vessels is epithelium called

A

endothelium

156
Q

which plays an important role in regulating blood pressure through paracrines

A

endothelium

157
Q

surrounds the epithelium in most vessels which modulate the diameter of the vessel

A

smooth muscle

158
Q

allows vessels to stretch and recoil

A

elastic connective tissue

159
Q

resists stretch

A

fibrous connective

160
Q

arteries 2 function

A 
Rapid transit for blood from heart to organs
Pressure reservoir (due to elasticity of the vessel) to drive blood forward when heart is relaxing
161
Q

are the major resistance organs due to their small radii

A

arterioles

162
Q

Responsible for converting the pulsatile pressure in arteries into a nonfluctuating pressure in capillaries
Marked drop in mean pressure encourages blood flow from heart to organs

A

arterioles

163
Q

Radii (& thus resistance) can be adjusted independently to

A

Variably distribute cardiac output among systemic organs dependent on need
Help to regulate arteriole pressure

164
Q

are small arteriole-like vessels possessing very little smooth muscle that form precapillary sphincters

A

metaarterioles

165
Q

regulate blood flow into the capillary beds in response to metabolic change

A

precapilliary sphincters

166
Q

narrowing of the vessel

A

vasoconstriction

167
Q

enlargement of vessel

A

vasodilation

168
Q

baseline arteriole resistance

A

vascular tone (partial constriction)

169
Q

vascular tone depends on 2 factors

A

self induced activity and sympathetic fibers

170
Q

Primary site for material exchange (primarily by diffusion)

A

capilliaries

171
Q

no cell is further than ~10 μm from a capillary

A

extensive branching

172
Q

Increased surface area for exchange due to the massive networks
Slow blood flow (velocity of flow mm/sec) NOT flow rate (liters/min)

A

capiliaries function

173
Q

Capillaries drain into venules
Have little tone & resistance
Extensive communication between arterioles & venules via chemical signals to match inflow ; outflow

A

venules

174
Q

Large in radius
Little resistance to flow
Serves as a blood reservoir

A

Veins

175
Q

Allow blood to move towards the heart & prevent backward flow despite the low pressure in veins

A

Venous valves

176
Q

venous valves

A

One-way valves
2-4 cm apart
Counteracts gravitational effects

177
Q

provides tensile strength against the high pressure caused by blood leaving from the heart

A

collagen

178
Q

provides elasticity

A

elastin

179
Q

When blood leaves heart during systole, more blood enters arteries than is leaving (due to R in smaller vessels) therefore

A

arteries expand temporarily

180
Q

During heart relaxation, arteries passively recoil to ensure

A

continuous blood flow

181
Q

pressure exerted in the arteries when blood is ejected into them during ventricular systole (maximum pressure)

A

systolic pressure

182
Q

pressure within the arteries when blood is draining into the rest of the vessels during ventricular diastole (minimum pressure)

A

diastolic pressure

183
Q

pressure difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

A

pulse pressure

184
Q

average pressure driving blood forward

A

MAP Mean Arterial pressure

185
Q

sounds are used to determine the blood pressure

A

korotkoff

186
Q

pressure is the blood pressure monitored & regulated in the body

A

mean arterial pressure

187
Q

determined by heart rate & stroke volume

A

cardiac output

188
Q

resistance determined by the diameter of the arterioles

A

Peripheral resistance

189
Q

↑ blood volume yields

A

↑ blood pressure

190
Q

Blood distribution is determined by

A

diameter of vein

191
Q

Matches tissue blood flow to metabolic needs

Accomplished through paracrines and myogenic autoregulation

A

local control

192
Q

Neural control maintaining mean arterial pressure & blood distribution

A

sympathetic reflexes

193
Q

Regulating resistance through catecholamines & other hormones
Regulation of solute and water balance by the kidneys to influence blood pressure

A

hormones

194
Q

increased blood flow resulting from increased metabolic need

A

active hypermia

195
Q

increase in blood flow after an occlusion

A

reactive hyperemia

196
Q

local arteriolar mechanisms that keep tissue blood flow fairly constant despite variations in mean arterial driving pressure

A

myogenic autoregulation

197
Q

The local chemical changes are detected and release paracrine factors that influence nearby smooth muscle

A

endothelial cells

198
Q

Causes arteriolar vasodilation by inhibiting Ca2+ movement into the smooth muscle

A

NO

199
Q

Causes arteriolar vasoconstriction

A

Endothilin

200
Q

NorE on smooth muscles
Acts on a1 adrenergic receptors
Results in vasoconstriction
Only exception is brain that doesn’t have a1 receptors

A

Neural Reflex

201
Q

release epinephrine & norepinephrine

A

adrenal medulla

202
Q

generalized vasoconstriction

Localized in digestive organs & kidneys

A

The a1 receptors

203
Q

reinforce local vasodilation

A

b2 receptors

204
Q

results in increased arteriolar pressure

A

Increased H2O retention

205
Q

Released from posterior pituitary
Potent vasoconstrictor
Primarily involved in regulating H2O balance promoting H2O retention

A

Vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone, ADH)

206
Q

Part of a larger solute/water regulatory system
Potent vasoconstrictor
Regulates salt balance promoting water retention

A

Angiotensin II

207
Q

organs that provide nutrients and remove waste & heat

A

reconditioning organs

208
Q

Learn Blood Flow

A

notes

209
Q

joined together with leaky junction. Most common. In neural tissue, evolved tight junctions to form the blood brain barrier

A

Continuous capillaries

210
Q

capillaries possess large pores to allow high volumes of fluid to pass between the plasma and IF. Located predominantly in kidney andintestine

A

Fenestrated capillaries

211
Q

have large gaps between cells which allow blood cells, proteins, and plasma to cross

A

Sinusoids

212
Q

Material exchange

A

Exchangeable proteins move through capillary endothelium by vesicular transport (transcytosis)
Lipid soluble substances pass through
Gases diffuse through the epithelium and via cell junctions
Capillary pores/junctions permit the passage of small H2O soluble substances to pass through

213
Q

Two mechanisms for capillary exchange

A

Two mechanisms for capillary exchange

Bulk flow

214
Q

Passive diffusion & vesicular transport

Down concentration gradients

A

Exchange of individual solutes

215
Q

Movement of plasma out of capillaries (filtration) & interstitial fluid into the capillaries (absorption)
Plasma mixes with interstitial fluid
Dependent on pressure inside and outside of capillary
Important role in regulating the distribution of the ECF and thus helps to maintain arterial blood pressure

A

Bulk Flow

Human Lab (12 decks)

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