Test 3 (immuno- chapter 1-6) Flashcards by Julia Gumirov

What is the main function of the immune system?

distinguish self from nonself

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Which immune system branch is specific and has memory?

acquired/adaptive immunity

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Which immune system branch is non-specific and has no memory?

innate immunity

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Who is the father of immunology?

Elie Metchnikoff
-he was the first to observe phagocytosis and found Ab forming by plasma cells

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What are the anatomical barriers?

Note: for exam 3 just know main idea, specifics of this will be on final

Anatomical barriers can be mechanical, chemical, and biological

mechanical factors
-skin (desquamation)
-mucus membranes (flushing action of tears, saliva, mucus, urine, mucociliary elevator, peristalsis)

chemical factors
-skin (antimicrobial fatty acids of sweat)
-lysozyme and phospholipase A of tears and saliva
-antimicrobial effects of defensins from respiratory and GI tract
-opsonin of surfactants from lungs
-bile

biological factors
-normal flora on skin competing with pathogens for nutrients and attachment sites

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What are the 5 basic humoral components?

Note: just know main idea for exam 3, specifics will be on final

1) complement
2) coagulation system
3) lactoferrin and transferrin
4) lysozyme
5) cytokines

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What are complement proteins? What do they do?

Think basic level

-group of blood proteins that function with Abs to recognize and eliminate pathogens
-helps Abs and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens

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What are the 3 functions of the coagulation system in humoral immunity?

1) increases vascular permeability
2) recruits phagocytic cells
3) platelets secrete B-lysins

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What competes with bacteria for iron?

lactoferrin and transferrin

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Lysozyme breaks down….

bacterial cell walls

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What are cytokines?

-cell signaling proteins like interleukins (ILs), interferons (IFNs), and lymphokines
-ex: macrophages secrete IL1

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Which cells are involved in the innate immune system?

-neutrophils
-monocytes/macrophages
-NK cells
-eosinophils (kill parasites)
-basophils

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define racial immunity

natural immunity shared by most of the members of a genetically related population, ex Native Americans vs European races

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define species immunity

natural immunity shared by all members of a species

ex: resistance of birds to brucellosis

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define individual immunity

natural immunity not shared by most other members of the race and species, it is rare

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Adaptive immunity reacts with a _________ pathogen

specific

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Cell mediated and humoral/Ab immunity is a part of which immune system branch?

adaptive/acquired immunity

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What are the 4 hallmarks of adaptive immune response?

1) self vs non-self discrimination (typically responds to only foreign molecules)
2) memory (each pathogen is remembered by a signature Ab)
3) specificity (distinguishes minor differences in molecular structure to determine non-self antigens)
4) diversity (can produce a highly diverse set of recognition molecules)

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What are the primary central lymphoid organs? What happens at these sites?

-BM
-thymus
-fetal liver

-its like a boot camp, prepping for stress
-this is where lymphocytes are developed
-stem cells are differentiated and become functional mature lymphocytes

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What is the primary lymphoid organ for fetuses?

fetal liver

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What are the primary lymphoid organs for everyone besides fetuses?

BM and thymus

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What are the secondary peripheral lymphoid organs/tissues?

-spleen
-lymph nodes
-tonsils
-peyer’s patches
-appendix
-various mucosa associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)

MALTs are aggregates of non-encapsulated lymphoid tissue found in lamina propria and submucosal areas of GI tract, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts (BALT, GALT, SALT)

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Mature lymphocytes migrate from primary lymphoid organs to secondary lymphoid organs. Which lymph cells can be found in secondary peripheral lymphoid tissues?

B and T cells

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What are the 3 blood cells?

-erythrocytes (RBCs)
-platelets (thrombocytes)
-leukocytes (WBCs)

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RBCs are involved in…..

oxygen transfer

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Platelets are involved in….

blood clotting and inflammation

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Leukocytes are derived from where?

polymorphonuclear (PMN) granulocytes (multiple shaped nucleus, multi-lobed nucleus, granules in cytoplasm)

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What are the 3 types of WBCs?

1) neutrophils
2) eosinophils
3) basophils

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95% of polymorphonuclear (PMNs) are which WBC?

neutrophils

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Which WBC is most active with bacterial antigens?

neutrophils

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Which WBC contains defensins, lysozyme, and lactoferrin?

neutrophils

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2-5% of WBCs are….

eosinophils

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Which WBC degranulates upon stimulation, and contains cytotoxic proteins within the granules to defend against parasitic helminth (flatworms and roundworms)?

eosinophils

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Which WBC is involved in the development of allergies and asthma?

eosinophils

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Which WBC is the least numerous one (less than 1% of WBCs)?

basophils

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Which WBC degranulates upon stimulation and performs phagocytosis through the release of histamine and serotonin to induce inflammation?

basophils

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Which WBC is similar to mast cells in tissues that are involved in allergic reactions?

basophils

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Which WBC is responsible for inflammatory reactions during immune response like the formation of acute and chronic allergic diseases including anaphylaxis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and hay fever?

basophils

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Which WBC releases heparin to prevent blood clotting?

basophils

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What do anti-histamines do?

airway constriction and blood vessel dilation (BP decreases)

note: epi would have opposite effects

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Which cells are derived from mononuclear agranulocytes (one lobed nucleus, no granules in the cytoplasm)?

monocytes and macrophages

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What is the difference between monocytes and macrophages?

monocytes stay in peripheral blood for approx. 3 days and then move to the CT to become macrophages

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What are the 3 functions of monocytes and macrophages?

1) phagocytosis (engulf antigens)
2) antigen presentation (adaptive immune system)
3) cytotoxic production (cell signaling with interleukins (ILs))

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What is another name for the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)?

reticuloendothelial system (RES)

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What is the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)/reticuloendothelial system (RES)?

-a part of the immune system that consists of phagocytic cells
-located in reticular CT
-the cells are primarily monocytes and macrophages and accumulate in lymph nodes and the spleen
-brucellosis is a bacterial infection that affects the RES

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Lymphocytes include large granular lymphocytes (ex: NK cells) and the small lymphocytes (ex: T cells and B cells). Lymphocytes usually have different _____ molecules expressed on the cell surfaces, serving as surface receptors that identify cell type and being recognized by antibodies

note: CD stands for clusters of differentiation, there are 250+ CD markers, each coating the surface of various cells

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What cells are the “license to kill” cells?

NK cells

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What CD marker do NK cells have?

CD16

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Which cells play a role in innate immunity by destroying virus infected cells and tumor cells by secreting perforin and granzyme which kills virus infected cells and tumor cells?

NK cells

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Which lymphocyte cells do not require recognition of MHC proteins?

NK cells

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Which cell besides NK cells secretes perfornin and granzyme?

cytotoxic T cells

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20% of WBCs include….

T cells and B cells

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What are the principle cells of the adaptive immune system?

T cells and B cells

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Which cells retain memory of a previous infection so that they can mount a faster and stronger response upon reinfection?

T cells and B cells

B lymphocytes are B cells that have a BCR. What are the CD markers here?

CD19 and CD20

Which cells are primarily responsible for humoral immunity (releasing Abs)?

B lymphocytes

B cells are created in the BM and mature in the BM. This process is called?

antigen-independent

In the presence of antigen (antigen-dependent) in the secondary lymphoid tissues, B cells become metabolically active and differentiate into _________ cells and _________ cells.

plasma, memory

Which cells secrete large quantities of antibodies?

plasma cells

T lymphocytes are T cells that have TCR. What are the CD markers here?

CD2 and CD3

Which cells are chiefly responsible for cell-mediated immunity?

T lymphocytes

T cells are created in the BM and mature in the thymus. T cells, after they see an antigen, it will become highly activated and will secrete specific proteins, such as __________________ and __________________, depending on their subtype/function

cytokines (interleukins), cytotoxic granules

HelperT cells are also known as helper T lymphocytes. What CD marker do they have?

CD4

What do TH1 cells do?

-help CD8 cells become activated cytotoxic T cells
-stimulates activities of cytotoxic T cells

What do TH2 cells do?

produce/secrete IL4 and IL5 to help B cells develop into antibody-producing plasma cells (helps humoral immunity)

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are also called CTLs. What CD marker do they have?

CD8

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

kill virus infected cells and tumor cells

What do regulatory T cells do (also known as Tregs or suppressor cells)?

dampen the activity of B and T lymphocytes and inhibit the immune response (prevents body from reacting against self, like autoimmunity)

T cell receptors (TCR) molecules provides the ____________ for an individual T cell to recognize a particular antigen. The function of TCR is to recognize the antigen. This recognition is “MHC restricted” because the TCR also requires interactions with MHC

specificity

note: TCR provides the SPECIFICITY for an individual T cell to recognize its particular Ag, however, this recognition is “MHC restricted” bc the TCR also requires interactions with MHC

What are the co-receptors (think T cells)? What do they do?

CD4 and CD8
-they help the T cell bind to the target cell by “grabbing” onto the MHC molecule

define antigenicity

ability to specifically bind to an antibody or cell-mediated receptor

Antigen = antibody generation

define immunogen

any Ag with the ability to induce a humoral and/or cell-mediated immune response

What are haptens?

-incomplete antigens (small molecules like sugars or chemicals) that are antigenic but not immunogenic (usually bc too small to induce Ab synthesis)
-need a large carrier, which is a larger protein molecule to attach with hapten (this is called a hapten-carrier conjugate)
-the hapten may become one of the antigenic determinants (epitope) toward which Ab synthesis is directed

What are epitopes?

-antigenic determinants
-a section of an Ag molecule that stimulates Ab formations and to which the Ab binds
-only certain parts of a molecule are actually antigenic

One of the factors influencing the immunogenicity is the contribution of the immunogen. What 5 things make something immunogenic?

This was an exam 3 select all that apply question

1) foreignness
-immune system normally discriminates between self and non-self such that only foreign molecules are immunogenic

2) size
-usually the larger the molecule then the more immunogenic it is
-small molecules usually don’t generate immune response

3) chemical composition
-usually the more complex the substance is chemically then the more immunogenic it will be

4) physical form
-particulate antigens are more immunogenic than soluble
-denatured antigens are more immunogenic than native form

5) degradability (Ag processing by APCs)
-antigens that can easily be phagocytosed are generally more immunogenic
-for most antigens, the development of an immune response requires that the antigen be phagocytosed, processed, and presented to helper T cells by an APC

One of the factors influencing the immunogenicity is the chemical nature of immunogens. What are the 4 molecules?

1) proteins
-the vast majority of immunogens are proteins
-these can be pure proteins, glycoproteins, or lipoproteins
-proteins are the best immunogen

2) polysaccharides
-pure polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides are good immunogens

3) nucleic acids
-usually poorly immunogenic
-may become more immunogenic when single-stranded or when complexed with proteins

4) lipids
-lipids are usually NON-immunogenic, but they can be haptens
-lipids are the worst Ag

The vast majority of immunogens are….

proteins

One of the factors influencing the immunogenicity is endogenous Ag vs. exogenous Ag. What is the difference here?

test q

difference is where the Ag came from
-endogenous antigens have been generated within previously normal cells as a result of abnormal cell metabolism like tumor cells or viral infections and binds to MHC 1 and has been processed within the cytoplasm
-exogenous Ag originates from the outside- fragments of extracellular bacterial cells that are engulfed and processed by an APC and bind to MHC II and has been internalized by phagocytosis or endocytosis and processed within the endocytic pathway

One of the factors influencing the immunogenicity is the method of administration of immunization. What are the 3 routes?

Note 3rd route WILL NOT be tested till final

1) dose
2) route (subcutaneous and intramuscular routes are best compared to IV or intragastric routes (these routes can alter the nature of the response)
3) adjuvant (substances that can enhance the immune response to an immunogen (ex: vaccine) while having few if any direct effects when given by themselves, although adjuvants can cause fever and inflammation)

One of the factors influencing the immunogenicity is the contribution of the biological system. What 2 big things play in here?

genetics and age!

What are the other names for antibody?

gamma globulins or immunoglobulins

define antibody

proteins produced by plasma cells as a response of stimulation by antigen

What is the structure of Abs?

Y configuration

What is the function of the Fab region in an antibody?

test q

-antigen binding
-the variation/sequence differences in AAs allows a wide range of specific activity and recognizes many different kinds of antigens

What is the function of the Fc region in an antibody?

-constant region
-this is where complement activation occurs
-this region attracts inflammatory cells
-in charge of opsonization (phagocytosis by macrophages with assistance of Ab and complement)
-macrophages have receptor for Fc region and complement, so this also enhances opsonization

How many Ab classes are there?

test q

Which Ab is the most abundant?

test q

IgG

Which Ab is the smallest (monomer)?

test q

IgG

Which Ab is transplacental and confers immunity to fetus and neonate within first few weeks of birth?

test q

IgG

this is the smallest Ab, so it can easily cross placenta barrier

Which Ab helps opsonization?

test q

IgG

Which Abs help in neutralization? Rank them from best to least best

test q

1) IgM (best/highest neutralization function)
2) IgA
3) IgG

What are the 2 types of IgA?

test q

1) serum type (circulatory in blood)
2) secretory type (slgA, dimer, seen in tears, mouth, breast milk/colostrum, and secretory mucosomembrane surfaces such as GI tract and urinary tract)

Where is secretory IgA found?

test q

-tears, mouth, breast milk/colostrum
-secretory mucosomembrane surfaces such as GI tract and urinary tract

Rank the Abs from highest to lowest conc.

test q

1) IgG (highest conc.)
2) IgA
3) IgM
4) IgD
E) IgE (lowest conc.)

Which Ab is the largest (pentamer)?

test q

IgM

Which Ab is the first to be made by the fetus with B cells and follows antigen stimulus?

test q

IgM

Which Ab has similar function to IgG but with higher valency/strength?

test q

IgM

Which Ab is found on the surface of B cells with the BCR?

test q

IgD

Which Ab does not bind complement?

test q

IgD

Which Ab binds to basophils and mast cells and is associated with allergies and parasitic infections?

test q

IgE

What are agglutinins?

Will not be tested till final

Ab that combines with particulate Ag and causes agglutination (clumping) (ex: Wdial test of typhoid fever)

What are precipitins?

Will not be tested till final

Ab that combines with soluble Ag (toxins, viruses or any soluble antigenic protein) to form a precipitation complex (ex: ouchterlony precipitation test)

What are lysins?

Will not be tested till final

-Ab that will lyse particulate Ag
-usually needs the presence of complement (a normal serum protein) to complete this reaction

What is antitoxin?

soluble Ab that neutralizes toxins (ex: tetanus toxin, diphtheria toxin, botulism toxin)

define affinity

strength of the reaction between a single antigenic determinant and a single Ab

define avidity

overall strength of binding between an Ag with many determinants and multivalent Abs (multiple binding sites)

define specificity

ability of an individual antibody combining site to react with only one antigenic determinant and the ability of a population of antibody molecules to react with only one antigen

define cross reactivity

ability of an individual Ab combining site to react with more than one antigenic determinant and the ability of a population of Ab molecules to react with more than one Ag

Abs are formed or acquired through….

-natural infection and recovery
-vaccination (killed or attenuated)
-transplacental (only IgG)
-breast milk feeding for secretory IgA
-receiving Abs from another person (ex: tetanus antitoxin)

All blood and immune cells originate from ___________________ in the bone marrow

pluripotent stem cells

B cells are mainly involved in _________ immunity

humoral (Ab production)

The first Ab always secreted is….

test q

IgM

The first Ab always secreted is IgM, but then can undergo class switching. What can it switch to?

IgG, IgA, or IgE

6 participants are involved to prepare B lymphocyte to be converted to a plasma cell (Ab forming cell). What are the 6 participants?

test q

3 cells, 3 molecules
-macrophage or another professional APC like DCs or B cells (note: if B cells are the APC then this process will only need 2 cells not 3 in total)
-CD4 lymphocyte/T helper cell
-B lymphocyte/B cell
-exogenous antigen
-MHC class 2
-cytokines IL4 and IL5

6 participants are involved to prepare endogenous antigen. What are the 6 participants?

test q

3 cells, 3 molecules
-any nucleated cell (can be nonprofessional APC or professional APC)
-cytotoxic T lymphocyte
-target cell
-endogenous antigen
-MHC class 1
-perforin and granzyme

MHC is a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for ____________________ and antigen presentation. The MHC molecules control the immune response through recognition of self and non-self

Lymphocyte recognition

The MHC is encoded by several genes located on human chromosome ____. MHC genes encode MHC classes ___________

6, 1-3 molecules

MHC class 1 molecules are glycoproteins expressed on the surface of ____________________. The major function is presentation of ________________ peptide antigens to CTL cells

Every nucleated cell (non-professional APCs), endogenous

Are viruses usually considered endogenous or exogenous?

Endogenous

MHC class 2 molecules are glycoproteins that are expressed primarily on ________________________, where they present processed _______________ antigenic peptides to T helper cells

Professional APCs, exogenous

Is bacteria usually considered endogenous or exogenous?

Exogenous

What is MHC class 3?

-various secreted proteins that have immune functions
-responsible for levels of components of the complement system
-not structurally related to MHC class 1 or 2

What are the professional APCs? Where can they be found?

Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
-APCs can be found in skin, lymph nodes, spleen, underneath mucosal epithelium , thymus

What MHC class do professional APCs have?

Both MHC class 1 and 2

What MHC class do non-professional APCs have?

Only class 1

What are some examples of non-professional APCs?

Any nucleated cells for example:
-fibroblasts (skin)
-glial cells (brain)
-pancreatic beta cells
-thymic epithelial cells
-thyroid epithelial cells
-vascular endothelial cells
-any of the professional APCs

What is antigen processing and presentation? What role do T cells play here?

-processing= antigenic protein must be degraded into peptides (inside APC) in order to be presented for destruction
-T cells must recognize processed Ag
-CTLs recognize the antigen fragment by the way of the TCR
-antigenic presentation= peptide MHC complex is transported to APC cell membrane and is displayed for recognition by T cells

Which WBC is best for allergies?

Basophils

Which WBC is best for parasites?

Eosinophils

Which IL do macrophages produce?

IL1

Interactions between ____ molecule (CTL) and MHC class 1 stabilizes and consummate the antigen recognition process allowing CTL to respond to endogenous antigen leading to target cell destruction

CD8

MHC class 2 is found on…..

B cells, DCs, and macrophages, aka all are professional APCs

The professional APCs present antigen to ___________ cells and they will recognize the antigen through TCR

helper T (CD4)

The professional APCs present antigen to helper T (CD4) cells and they will recognize the antigen through TCR. The helper T cells then activate ____________________________ that will lead to destruction of the pathogen

B cells by sending IL4 and IL5 to produce Abs

(interactions between the CD4 molecule (T helper cells) and class 2 MHC stabilize and consummate the antigen recognition process allowing T helper cells to respond to exogenous antigen leading to B cell activation and production of the antibody)

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Test 3 (immuno- chapter 1-6) Flashcards

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